The DOI matches its Crossref record; 49 of the 49 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Elevated Serum Estradiol and Testosterone Concentrations Are Associated with a High Risk for Breast Cancer
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The relation between endogenous steroid hormones and risk for breast cancer is uncertain. Measurement of sex hormone levels may identify women at high risk for breast cancer who should consider preventive therapies. OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that serum concentrations of estradiol and testosterone predict risk for breast cancer. DESIGN: Prospective case-cohort study. SETTING: Four clinical centers in the United States. PARTICIPANTS: 97 women with confirmed incident breast cancer and 244 randomly selected controls; all women were white, 65 years of age or older, and were not receiving estrogen. MEASUREMENTS: Sex-steroid hormone concentrations were assayed by using serum that was collected at baseline and stored at -190 degrees C. Risk factors for breast cancer were ascertained by questionnaire. Incident cases of breast cancer were confirmed by review of medical records during an average period of 3.2 years. RESULTS: The relative risk for breast cancer in women with the highest concentration of bioavailable estradiol (> or = 6.83 pmol/L or 1.9 pg/mL) was 3.6 (95% CI, 1.3 to 10.0) compared with women with the lowest concentration. The risk for breast cancer in women with the highest concentration of free testosterone compared with those with the lowest concentration was 3.3 (CI, 1.1 to 10.3). The estimated incidence of breast cancer per 1000 person-years was 0.4 (CI, 0.0 to 1.3) in women with the lowest levels of bioavailable estradiol and free testosterone compared with 6.5 (CI, 2.7 to 10.3) in women with the highest concentrations of these hormones. Traditional risk factors for breast cancer were similar in case-patients and controls. Adjustments for these risk factors had little effect on the results. CONCLUSIONS: Estradiol and testosterone levels may play important roles in the development of breast cancer in older women. A single measurement of bioavailable estradiol and free testosterone may be used to estimate a woman's risk for breast cancer. Women identified as being at high risk for breast cancer as determined by these hormone levels may benefit from antiestrogen treatment for primary prevention.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Secondly, alcohol may affect serum levels of hormones and related signalling pathways, leading to an increased risk of breast cancer, and possibly of prostate, ovarian and endometrial cancers 153, 154, 155.”
From The relationship between different dimensions of alcohol use and the burden of disease—an update (2017) · cites this paper as [153]
Citations
Cites
Fisher, B., Costantino, J. P., Wickerham, D. L., Redmond, C. K., Kavanah, M. T., Cronin, W. M., Vogel, V. G., Robidoux, A., Dimitrov, N. S., Atkins, J. N., et al. (1998) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/90.18.1371 · Cited by 5,450
Design of the Women’s Health Initiative Clinical Trial and Observational Study
The Women’s Health Initiative Study Group (1998) · Controlled Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/s0197-2456(97)00078-0 · Cited by 2,580
Parker, S. L., Tong, T., Bolden, S., & Wingo, P. A. (1997) · CA A Cancer Journal for Clinicians · doi:10.3322/canjclin.47.1.5 · Cited by 2,000
A Case-Cohort Design for Epidemiologic Cohort Studies and Disease Prevention Trials
Prentice, R. L. (1986) · Biometrika · doi:10.1093/biomet/73.1.1 · Cited by 1,444
Cummings, S. R. (1990) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.263.5.665 · Cited by 1,014
Self-citationPlasma Sex Steroid Hormone Levels and Risk of Breast Cancer in Postmenopausal Women
Hankinson, S. E., Willett, W. C., Manson, J. E., Colditz, G. A., Hunter, D. J., Spiegelman, D. L., Barbieri, R. L., & Speizer, F. E. (1998) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/90.17.1292 · Cited by 687
A Prospective Study of Endogenous Estrogens and Breast Cancer in Postmenopausal Women
Toniolo, P. G., Levitz, M., Zeleniuch‐Jacquotte, A., Banerjee, S., Koenig, K. L., Shore, R. E., Strax, P., & Pasternack, B. S. (1995) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/87.3.190 · Cited by 619
THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF SERUM SEX HORMONES IN POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN
Cauley, J. A., Gutai, J. P., Kuller, L. H., LEDONNE, D., & POWELL, J. G. (1989) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115234 · Cited by 485
Self-citationModerate Alcohol Consumption and the Risk of Breast Cancer
Willett, W. C., Stampfer, M. J., Colditz, G. A., ROSNER, B. A., Hennekens, C. H., & Speizer, F. E. (1987) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198705073161902 · Cited by 448
Reproductive Endocrinology: Physiology, Pathophysiology and Clinical Management.
(1986) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-105-3-484_1 · Cited by 413
Research works printed but not linked: 8
- Dorgan JF, 1996, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 5, 533
- Helzlsouer KJ, 1994, Cancer Detect Prev, 18, 79
- Dorgan JF, 1997, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 6, 177
- 10.1001/jama.1990.03440050059033 · DOI
- Armstrong BK, 1981, J Natl Cancer Inst, 67, 761
- Rink JD, 1996, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 81, 2443
- Hankinson SE, 1996, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 4, 649
- Muti P, 1996, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 5, 917
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Cummings, S. R., Eckert, S., Krueger, K. A., Grady, D., Powles, T. J., Cauley, J. A., Norton, L., Nickelsen, T., Bjarnason, N. H., Morrow, M., et al. (1999) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.281.23.2189 · Cited by 1,872
Self-citationThe relationship between different dimensions of alcohol use and the burden of disease—an update
Rehm, J., Gmel, G. E., Gmel, G., Hasan, O. S. M., Imtiaz, S., Popova, S., Probst, C., Roerecke, M., Room, R., Samokhvalov, A. V., et al. (2017) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.13757 · Cited by 1,204
Body mass index, serum sex hormones, and breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women
Endogenous Hormones Breast Cancer Collaborative Group (2003) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/djg022 · Cited by 1,093
Martino, S., Cauley, J. A., Barrett-Connor, E., Powles, T. J., Mershon, J., Disch, D., Secrest, R. J., Cummings, S. R., & For the CORE Investigators (2004) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/djh319 · Cited by 684
Self-citationCauley, J. A., Norton, L., Lippman, M. E., Eckert, S., Krueger, K. A., Purdie, D. W., Farrerons, J., Karasik, A., Mellstrom, D., Ng, K. W., et al. (2001) · Breast Cancer Research and Treatment · doi:10.1023/a:1006478317173 · Cited by 678
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Cauley, J. A., Lucas, F. L., Kuller, L. H., Stone, K., Browner, W., Cummings, S. R., & for the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group
- Affiliations
- San Francisco VA Medical Center (US)
- From University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Maine Medical Center, Portland, Maine; University of California, San Francisco; and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California.
- Corresponding author
- Cauley, Jane A.
- Venue
- Annals of Internal Medicine
- Publisher
- American College of Physicians
- Published
- 1999-02-16
- Volume
- 130
- Issue
- 4_Part_1
- Pages
- 270-277
- ISSN
- 0003-4819 (ISSN-L)
- 1539-3704
- OpenAlex
- W2026802581
- Cited by
- 409
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 20.06
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Annals of Internal Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (AM35584)
- National Institute on Aging (AG-05407)
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (AR 35582, R01AR035582)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Endocrinology › Estrogen and related hormone effects
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Risks and Factors
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Menopause: Health Impacts and Treatments
- Keywords
- breast cancer risk, serum estradiol, free testosterone, sex hormones, bioavailable estradiol, older women, breast cancer incidence, antiestrogen therapy, breast cancer prevention
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Androstenedione, Breast Neoplasms, Dehydroepiandrosterone, Estradiol, Female, Humans, Prospective Studies, Risk Factors, Testosterone, Incidence, Case-Control Studies
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
