The DOI matches its Crossref record; 521 of the 561 references it cites were found in a registry or an index, and 1 are not checked yet.
The Bias That Divides Us: The Science and Politics of Myside Thinking
Open accessAbstract
Why we don't live in a post-truth society but rather a myside society: what science tells us about the bias that poisons our politics. In The Bias That Divides Us, psychologist Keith Stanovich argues provocatively that we don't live in a post-truth society, as has been claimed, but rather a myside society. Our problem is not that we are unable to value and respect truth and facts, but that we are unable to agree on commonly accepted truth and facts. We believe that our side knows the truth. Post-truth? That describes the other side. The inevitable result is political polarization. Stanovich shows what science can tell us about myside bias: how common it is, how to avoid it, and what purposes it serves. Stanovich explains that although myside bias is ubiquitous, it is an outlier among cognitive biases. It is unpredictable. Intelligence does not inoculate against it, and myside bias in one domain is not a good indicator of bias shown in any other domain. Stanovich argues that because of its outlier status, myside bias creates a true blind spot among the cognitive elite—those who are high in intelligence, executive functioning, or other valued psychological dispositions. They may consider themselves unbiased and purely rational in their thinking, but in fact they are just as biased as everyone else. Stanovich investigates how this bias blind spot contributes to our current ideologically polarized politics, connecting it to another recent trend: the decline of trust in university research as a disinterested arbiter.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“All of these mechanisms, which are sometimes grouped under the general rubric of ‘myside bias’111–113, can contribute to issue polarization, insofar as individuals often become more extreme in their opinions after selectively processing the evidence on specific topics such as capital punishment, immigration, healthcare policy or climate change114,115.”
From Cognitive–motivational mechanisms of political polarization in social-communicative contexts (2022) · cites this paper as [113]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
1 retracted
Items 401–522 of 522
Hatemi, P., & McDermott, R. (2016) · Annual Review of Political Science · doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-103113-034929 · Cited by 64
The Perception Gap: How False Impressions are Pulling Americans Apart
Yudkin, D. A., Hawkins, S., & Dixon, T. (2019) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/r3h5q · Cited by 64
COEVOLUTION: GENES, CULTURE, AND HUMAN DIVERSITY
Durham, W. H. (1991) · DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library) · Cited by 64
(2015) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.188259 · Cited by 62
From Bacteria to Bach and Back
Dennett, D. P. (2017) · Cited by 62
Weller, J. A., Ceschi, A., Hirsch, L., Sartori, R., & Costantini, A. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02258 · Cited by 61
Multiple Methods for Examining Biased Information Use in Contingency Judgments
Levin, I. P., Wasserman, E. A., & Kao, S. (1993) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1006/obhd.1993.1032 · Cited by 61
Does Activism in Social Science Explain Conservatives’ Distrust of Scientists?
Cofnas, N., Carl, N., & Menie, M. A. W. O. (2017) · The American Sociologist · doi:10.1007/s12108-017-9362-0 · Cited by 60
The Gender Pay Gap, Fringe Benefits, and Occupational Crowding
Solberg, E. J., & Laughlin, T. (1995) · Industrial and Labor Relations Review · doi:10.1177/001979399504800406 · Cited by 60
Partisanship, Political Awareness, and Retrospective Evaluations, 1956–2016
Jones, P. E. (2019) · Political Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11109-019-09543-y · Cited by 60
Confirmation bias – myside bias
Evans, J. S. B. T. (2016) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315696935-11 · Cited by 59
Answering Unresolved Questions About the Relationship Between Cognitive Ability and Prejudice
Brandt, M. J., & Crawford, J. T. (2016) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550616660592 · Cited by 58
Warne, R. T., Astle, M. C., & Hill, J. C. (2018) · Archives of Scientific Psychology · doi:10.1037/arc0000038 · Cited by 58
Andreoni, J., & Mylovanov, T. (2012) · American Economic Journal Microeconomics · doi:10.1257/mic.4.1.209 · Cited by 58
Half of All Authoritarians Are Left Wing: A Reply to Eysenck and Stone
Ray, J. J. (1983) · Political Psychology · doi:10.2307/3791178 · Cited by 58
Voelkel, J. G., & Brandt, M. J. (2018) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167218798822 · Cited by 57
Proch, J., Elad‐Strenger, J., & Kessler, T. (2018) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12559 · Cited by 57
Ideological (A)symmetries in prejudice and intergroup bias
Crawford, J. T., & Brandt, M. J. (2019) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2019.11.007 · Cited by 57
Motivated Reasoning and Political Decision Making
Bolsen, T., & Palm, R. I. (2019) · Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.923 · Cited by 57
The relationship between cognitive style and political orientation depends on the measures used
Yılmaz, O., & Sarıbay, S. A. (2017) · Judgment and Decision Making · doi:10.1017/s1930297500005684 · Cited by 56
The sexual paradox : men, women, and the real gender gap
Pinker, S. (2008) · Cited by 54
Sterelny, K. (2006) · The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science · doi:10.1093/bjps/axi157 · Cited by 53
Ideological diversity, hostility, and discrimination in philosophy
Peters, U., Honeycutt, N., BLOCK, A. D., & Jussim, L. J. (2020) · Philosophical Psychology · doi:10.1080/09515089.2020.1743257 · Cited by 52
The Madness of Crowds: Gender, Race and Identity
Christidi, E. O., & Papathanasiou, N. (2022) · European Journal of Psychotherapy & Counselling · doi:10.1080/13642537.2022.2089960 · Cited by 52
Partisan Bias and Its Discontents
Ditto, P. H., Clark, C. J., Liu, B. S., Wojcik, S. P., Chen, E. E., Grady, R. H., Celniker, J. B., & Zinger, J. F. (2019) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691618817753 · Cited by 51
Madison, G., & Fahlman, P. (2020) · Studies in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/03075079.2020.1723533 · Cited by 51
Education is Related to Greater Ideological Prejudice
Henry, P. J., & Napier, J. L. (2017) · Public Opinion Quarterly · doi:10.1093/poq/nfx038 · Cited by 50
Crawford, J. T., & Jussim, L. (2017) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315112619 · Cited by 50
Rindermann, H., Becker, D., & Coyle, T. R. (2020) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2019.101406 · Cited by 50
Rationality, belief and commitment
Foley, R. (1991) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/bf00413503 · Cited by 49
Fish, S. E. (2019) · FIU Law Review · Cited by 49
Belief bias in informal reasoning
Thompson, V. L., & Evans, J. S. B. T. (2012) · Thinking & Reasoning · doi:10.1080/13546783.2012.670752 · Cited by 48
Microaggression Research and Application: Clarifications, Corrections, and Common Ground
Lilienfeld, S. O. (2019) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691619867117 · Cited by 48
Do People Naturally Cluster into Liberals and Conservatives?
Weeden, J., & Kurzban, R. (2015) · Evolutionary Psychological Science · doi:10.1007/s40806-015-0036-2 · Cited by 48
We Wanted Workers: Unraveling the Immigration Narrative
Borjas, G. J. (2016) · Cited by 48
Sour grapes studies in the subversion of rationality
Elster, J. (1993) · Cited by 48
Not so simple: The multidimensional nature and diverse origins of political ideology
Feldman, S., & Huddy, L. (2014) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x13002562 · Cited by 46
Broadening behavioral decision research: Multiple levels of cognitive processing
Medin, D. L., & Bazerman, M. H. (1999) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/bf03212961 · Cited by 45
Predicting World Cup results: Do goals seem more likely when they pay off?
Bar‐Hillel, M., Budescu, D. V., & Amar, M. (2008) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/pbr.15.2.278 · Cited by 45
Turner, J. H. (2019) · The American Sociologist · doi:10.1007/s12108-019-09420-5 · Cited by 45
Dual processes, probabilities, and cognitive architecture
Oaksford, M., & Nick Chater, A. (2012) · Mind & Society · doi:10.1007/s11299-011-0096-3 · Cited by 43
Dawes, R. M. (1975) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e377462004-001 · Cited by 43
The illusion of argument justification.
Fisher, M., & Keil, F. C. (2013) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/a0032234 · Cited by 42
Science left behind: feel-good fallacies and the rise of the anti-scientific Left
(2013) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.50-4400 · Cited by 42
Hufer, A., Kornadt, A. E., Kandler, C., & Riemann, R. (2019) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000258 · Cited by 40
Democracy and decision the pure theory of electoral preference
Brennan, G., & Lomasky, L. Ε. (1993) · Cited by 39
What Dilemma? Moral Evaluation Shapes Factual BeliefPreprint
Liu, B., & Ditto, P. H. (2012) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2071478 · Cited by 38
Who Decides What Is Acceptable Speech on Campus? Why Restricting Free Speech Is Not the Answer
Ceci, S. J., & Williams, W. M. (2018) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691618767324 · Cited by 38
Scientific literacy, optimism about science and conservatism
Carl, N., & Cofnas, N. (2016) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.01.046 · Cited by 37
Race and the Race for the White House: On Social Research in the Age of Trump
al‐Gharbi, M. (2018) · The American Sociologist · doi:10.1007/s12108-018-9373-5 · Cited by 37
Predisposed: Liberals, Conservatives, and the Biology of Political Differences
Oliver, E. (2015) · Political Science Quarterly · doi:10.1002/polq.12372 · Cited by 36
Does “putting on your thinking cap” reduce myside bias in evaluation of scientific evidence?
Drummond, C., & Fischhoff, B. (2019) · Thinking & Reasoning · doi:10.1080/13546783.2018.1548379 · Cited by 35
In the Eye of the Beholder? Motivated Reasoning in Disputed Elections
Kopko, K. C., Bryner, S. M., Budziak, J., Devine, C. J., & Nawara, S. P. (2010) · Political Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11109-010-9133-x · Cited by 34
Does domain matter? Monitoring accuracy across domains
Dentakos, S., Saoud, W., Ackerman, R., & Toplak, M. E. (2019) · Metacognition and Learning · doi:10.1007/s11409-019-09198-4 · Cited by 34
Klaczynski, P. A. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00665 · Cited by 33
Twito-Weingarten, L., & Knafo‐Noam, A. (2020) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.12.029 · Cited by 33
The semantic side of decision making
Medin, D. L., Schwartz, H. C., Blok, S. V., & Birnbaum, L. A. (1999) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/bf03212964 · Cited by 33
What Does It Mean to be Biased: Motivated Reasoning and Rationality
Hahn, U., & Harris, A. (2014) · UCL Discovery (University College London) · Cited by 33
Hartmann, S., & Sprenger, J. (2015) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203839065.ch55 · Cited by 31
Dimensions of Judgment: Factor Analysis of Individual Differences
Weaver, E. A., & Stewart, T. R. (2011) · Journal of Behavioral Decision Making · doi:10.1002/bdm.748 · Cited by 30
Origins of Value Conflict: Babies Do Not Agree to Disagree
Wynn, K. (2015) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2015.08.018 · Cited by 30
On the failure of intelligence to predict myside bias and one-sided bias
Stanovich, K. E., & West, R. F. (2008) · Cited by 30
Self-citationDo reasoning limitations undermine discourse?
Kuhn, D., & Modrek, A. (2017) · Thinking & Reasoning · doi:10.1080/13546783.2017.1388846 · Cited by 29
The mediating effect of reflective-analytic cognitive style on rational thought
Viator, R. E., Harp, N. L., Rinaldo, S. B., & Marquardt, B. B. (2019) · Thinking & Reasoning · doi:10.1080/13546783.2019.1634151 · Cited by 29
The role of motivation in the association of political ideology with cognitive performance
Burger, A. M., Pfattheicher, S., & Jauch, M. (2019) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2019.104124 · Cited by 28
Palaeoanthropological perspectives on the theory of mind
Mithen, S. (1999) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198524465.003.0020 · Cited by 28
Conspiratorial Thinking and Political Constraint
Enders, A. M. (2019) · Public Opinion Quarterly · doi:10.1093/poq/nfz032 · Cited by 27
The scientific study of ideology is too often more ideological than scientific
Ray, J. J. (1989) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(89)90106-2 · Cited by 27
The link between intuitive thinking and social conservatism is stronger in WEIRD societies
Yilmaz, O., & Alper, S. (2019) · Judgment and Decision Making · doi:10.1017/s1930297500003399 · Cited by 27
Horowitz, M., Haynor, A. L., & Kickham, K. (2018) · The American Sociologist · doi:10.1007/s12108-018-9381-5 · Cited by 27
Belief Bias Effect in Older Adults: Roles of Working Memory and Need for Cognition
Ding, D., Chen, Y., Lai, J., Chen, X., Han, M., & Zhang, X. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02940 · Cited by 26
The Great Revolt – Inside the Populist Coalition Reshaping American Politics
Wagner, R. L. (2018) · The Forum · doi:10.1515/for-2018-0045 · Cited by 26
(2022) · Harvard University Press eBooks · doi:10.2307/j.ctv3006zpt.6 · Cited by 25
Zigerell, L. J. (2018) · Research & Politics · doi:10.1177/2053168017753862 · Cited by 24
Neimark, E. D., & Kagan, J. (1987) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 24
Thought as a determinant of political opinion
Sloman, S. A., & Rabb, N. (2019) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2019.02.014 · Cited by 21
Ganzach, Y., Hanoch, Y., & Choma, B. L. (2018) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550618800494 · Cited by 21
Neither liberal nor conservative ideological innocence in the American public
Kinder, D. R., & Kalmoe, N. P. (2017) · Cited by 21
Blackmore, S. (2001) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192632449.003.0002 · Cited by 20
It depends: Partisan evaluation of conditional probability importance
Leaf Van Boven, A., Ramos, J., Montal‐Rosenberg, R., Kogut, T., Sherman, D. K., & Slovic, P. (2019) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2019.01.020 · Cited by 19
Political Disparities in the Academy: It’s More Than Self-Selection
WRIGHT, J. P., Motz, R. T., & Nixon, T. S. (2019) · Academic Questions · doi:10.1007/s12129-019-09815-3 · Cited by 19
Critical Thinking and the Critical Person
Paul, R. W. (2018) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315802015-27 · Cited by 19
(Ideo)Logical Reasoning: Ideology Impairs Sound ReasoningPreprint
Gampa, A., Wojcik, S. P., Motyl, M. S., Nosek, B. A., & Ditto, P. H. (2019) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/hspjz · Cited by 19
Gender wage gap may be much smaller than most think
Kolesnikova, N. A., & Liu, Y. (2011) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 18
Eichmeier, A. A., & Stenhouse, N. (2019) · Research & Politics · doi:10.1177/2053168019872045 · Cited by 18
Baker, S., Patel, N. P., Gunten, C. D. V., Valentine, K. D., & Scherer, L. D. (2020) · Judgment and Decision Making · doi:10.1017/s193029750000735x · Cited by 17
Liberal bias and the five-factor model
Charney, E. (2015) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x14001174 · Cited by 17
Wolff, R. P., Moore, B., & and Marcuse, H. (1969) · DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library) · Cited by 17
Human evolution our brains and behavior
Dunbar, R. (2016) · Cited by 17
A Theory of Rational Attitude PolarizationPreprint
Benoît, J., & Dubra, J. (2014) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2529494 · Cited by 16
Levy, S. (2020) · Cited by 16
Cognitive ability and party identity in the United States
Carl, N. (2014) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2014.08.003 · Cited by 14
The Neuroscience of Intelligence
Haier, R. J. (2023) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009295055 · Cited by 14
A Theory of Rational Attitude PolarizationPreprint
Benoît, J. (2016) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2754316 · Cited by 13
Weber, C. R. (2015) · Political Science Quarterly · doi:10.1002/polq.12416 · Cited by 13
Uninformed why people know so little about politics and what we can do about it
Lupia, A. (n.d.) · Cited by 13
Ditto, P. H., Liu, B., & Wojcik, S. P. (2012) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2012.669248 · Cited by 12
Belief bias in deductive reasoning
Teigen, K. H. (2016) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315696935-15 · Cited by 12
Swing and a myth: a review of Caplan’s The Myth of the Rational Voter
Lomasky, L. Ε. (2008) · Public Choice · doi:10.1007/s11127-007-9273-7 · Cited by 11
Cognitive ability and party identity: No important differences between Democrats and Republicans
Ganzach, Y. (2016) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2016.05.009 · Cited by 11
Yılmaz, O., Sarıbay, S. A., & Iyer, R. (2019) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-019-0130-x · Cited by 11
A Causal Understanding of When and When Not to Jeffrey Conditionalize
Schwan, B., & Stern, R. (2017) · University of Michigan Library Repository · Cited by 11
Factor-Analytic Models of Intelligence
Walrath, R., Willis, J. O., Dumont, R., & Kaufman, A. S. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108770422.006 · Cited by 10
« Rapid-Onset Gender Dysphoria »
Ashley, F. (2022) · GLAD! · doi:10.4000/glad.5756 · Cited by 9
The Gun Control Debate: A Culture-TheoryManifesto
Kahan, D. M. (2003) · Washington and Lee law review · Cited by 9
Rationality and Belief in Human EvolutionPreprint
Kahan, D. M., & Stanovich, K. E. (2016) · SSRN Electronic Journal · Cited by 9
Self-citationTowards meaningful inferences from attitudinal thermometer ratings.
Regenwetter, M., Hsu, Y., & Kuklinski, J. H. (2019) · Decision · doi:10.1037/dec0000106 · Cited by 9
Denying science: conspiracy theories, media distortions, and the war against reality
(2012) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.49-3829 · Cited by 9
Klein, D. B., & Buturović, Ž. (2011) · Econ journal watch · Cited by 7
The Great Revolt: Inside the Populist Coalition Reshaping American Politics
Zito, S. (2018) · Cited by 7
Political bias, explanatory depth, and narratives of progress
Pinker, S. A. (2015) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x1400137x · Cited by 6
Fuller, R. (2019) · Cited by 6
The Politics of the Psychology of Prejudice
Crawford, J. T. (2017) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315112619-7 · Cited by 5
Feather, N. T. (1963) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e685262012-122 · Cited by 4
The Threat to Academic Freedom
Lennard, R. (1948) · Bulletin of the American Association of University Professors · doi:10.2307/40220327 · Cited by 2
Can Universities Survive America’s Leveling?
Randall, D. J. (2019) · Academic Questions · doi:10.1007/s12129-019-09830-4 · Cited by 1
The Democrats’ Left Turn Is Not an Illusion
(2023) · Princeton University Press eBooks · doi:10.2307/j.ctv2zp50d8.25 · Cited by 1
(2002)
(1982)
(2005)
Dunbar, R. I. M. (1998) · Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews · doi:10.1002/(sici)1520-6505(1998)6:5
Flagged first, then by citations
39 of the 561 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 82
- Atran, S., and Henrich, J. 2010. The evolution of religion: How cognitive by- products, adaptive learning heuristics, ritual displays, and group competition gener- ate deep commitments to prosocial religions. Biological Theory 5 (1): 18-30.
- Aunger, R., ed. 2000. Darwinizing culture: The status of memetics as a science. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Baron, J. 1988. Thinking and deciding. New York: Cambridge University Press.
- Baron, J. 2008. Thinking and deciding. 4th ed. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
- Baron, J. 2015. Supplement to Deppe and colleagues (2015). Judgment and Decision Making 10 (4): 1-2.
- Bartels, L. M. 2002. Beyond the running tally: Partisan bias in political perceptions. Political Behavior 24 (2): 117-150.
- Beyth-Marom, R., and Fischhoff, B. 1983. Diagnosticity and pseudodiagnositicity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 45 (6): 1185-1195.
- Blackmore, S. 1999. The meme machine. New York: Oxford University Press.
- In W. Thompson, ed., Oxford Research Encyclopedia, Politics. doi:10.1093/acrefore /9780190228637.013.923. https:// oxfordre . com / politics / politics / view / 10 . 1093 / acrefore / 9780190228637 . 001 . 0001 / acrefore -9780190228637 -e -923 · DOI
- Brandt, M. J., Reyna, C., Chambers, J. R., Crawford, J. T., and Wetherell, G. 2014. The ideological-conflict hypothesis: Intolerance among both liberals and conserva- tives. Current Directions in Psychological Science 23 (1): 27-34.
- Carney, R. K., and Enos, R. 2019. Conservatism, just world belief, and racism: An experimental investigation of the attitudes measured by modern racism scales. 2017 NYU CESS Experiments Conference. Working paper under review. http:// www Downloaded from http://direct.mit.edu/books/monograph/5183/bookpreview-pdf/2242801 by guest on 27 April 2024 . rileycarney . com / research; or https:// pdfs . semanticscholar . org / ad3f / 1d704c09d5a80 c9b3af6b8abb8013881c4a3 . pdf .
- Chambers, J. R., Schlenker, B. R., and Collisson, B. 2013. Ideology and prejudice: The role of value conflicts. Psychological Science 24 (2): 140-149.
- Chua, A. 2018. Political tribes. New York: Penguin.
- Crawford, J. T., Kay, S. A., and Duke, K. E. 2015. Speaking out of both sides of their mouths: Biased political judgments within (and between) individuals. Social Psycho- logical and Personality Science 6 (4): 422-430.
- Crawford, J. T., and Pilanski, J. M. 2014. Political intolerance, right and left. Political Psychology 35 (6): 841-851.
- Dawkins, R. 1976/1989. The selfish gene. New York: Oxford University Press.
- Dawkins, R. 1993. Viruses of the mind. In B. Dahlbom, ed., Dennett and his critics: Demystifying mind, 13-27. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.
- Dawson, E., Gilovich, T., and Regan, D. T. 2002. Motivated reasoning and perfor- mance on the Wason selection task. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 28 (10): 1379-1387.
- Deary, I. J. 2013. Intelligence. Current Biology 23 (16): R673-R676.
- De Finetti, B. 1989. Probabilism: A critical essay on the theory of probability and on the value of science. Erkenntnis 31 (2-3): 169-223.
- De Neys, W., ed. 2018. Dual process theory 2.0. London: Routledge.
- Distin, K. 2005. The selfish meme. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Earman, J. 1992. Bayes or bust. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
- Evans, J. St. B. T. 2007. Hypothetical thinking: Dual processes in reasoning and judgment. New York: Psychology Press.
- Evans, J. St. B. T., and Stanovich, K. E. 2013. Dual-process theories of higher cogni- tion: Advancing the debate. Perspectives on Psychological Science 8 (3): 223-241.
- Fodor, J. A. 1983. The modularity of mind. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
- Fraley, R. C., Griffin, B. N., Belsky, J., and Roisman, G. I. 2012. Developmental ante- cedents of political ideology: A longitudinal investigation from birth to age 18 years. Psychological Science 23 (11): 1425-1431.
- French, D. 2018. Let's talk about "tolerance." National Review, April 6. https:// www . nationalreview . com / 2018 / 04 / lets -talk -about -tolerance / .
- Frost, A. A'L. 2019. Why the left can't stand the New York Times. Columbia Journalism Review, winter. https:// www . cjr . org / special_report / why -the -left -cant -stand -the -new -york -times . php .
- Gul, P., and Kupfer, T. R. 2019. Benevolent sexism and mate preferences. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 45 (1): 146-161.
- Hankins, J. 2020. Hyperpartisanship: A barbarous term for a barbarous age. Clare- mont Review of Books 20 (1): 8-17.
- Hardin, G. 1968. The tragedy of the commons. Science 162 (3859): 1243-1248.
- Hargreaves Heap, S. P. 1992. Rationality. In S. P. Hargreaves Heap, M. Hollis, B. Lyons, R. Sugden, and A. Weale, eds., The theory of choice: A critical guide, 3-25. Oxford: Blackwell. References 203
- Henry, P. J., and Sears, D. O. 2002. The Symbolic Racism 2000 Scale. Political Psychol- ogy 23 (2): 253-283. References
- Hollis, M. 1992. Ethical preferences. In S. Hargreaves Heap, M. Hollis, B. Lyons, R. Sugden, and A. Weale, eds., The theory of choice: A critical guide, 308-310. Oxford:
- Horwitz, J. 2020. Facebook delivers long-awaited trove of data to outside research- ers. Wall Street Journal, February 13. https:// www . wsj . com / articles / facebook -delivers -long -awaited -trove -of -data -to -outside -researchers -11581602403 .
- Huemer, M. 2015. Why people are irrational about politics. In J. Anomaly, G. Bren- nan, M. Munger, and G. Sayre-McCord, eds., Philosophy, politics, and economics: An anthology, 456-467. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Iyengar, S., Sood, G., and Lelkes, Y. 2012. Affect, not ideology: A social identity per- spective on polarization. Public Opinion Quarterly 76 (3): 405-431.
- Kaufmann, E. 2019. Whiteshift. New York: Abrams Press.
- Klaczynski, P. A., and Lavallee, K. L. 2005. Domain-specific identity, epistemic regu- lation, and intellectual ability as predictors of belief-based reasoning: A dual-process perspective. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 92 (1): 1-24.
- Klaczynski, P. A., and Robinson, B. 2000. Personal theories, intellectual ability, and epistemological beliefs: Adult age differences in everyday reasoning tasks. Psychology and Aging 15 (3): 400-416.
- Kokis, J., Macpherson, R., Toplak, M., West, R. F., and Stanovich, K. E. 2002. Heuris- tic and analytic processing: Age trends a:nd associations with cognitive ability and cognitive styles. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 83 (1): 26-52. References 209
- Komorita, S. S., and Parks, C. D. 1994. Social dilemmas. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
- Kraft, P. W., Lodge, M., and Taber, C. S. 2015. Why people "don't trust the evi- dence": Motivated reasoning and scientific beliefs. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 658 (1): 121-133.
- Kronman, A. 2019. The assault on American excellence. New York: Free Press.
- Kurzban, R., and Aktipis, C. 2007. Modularity and the social mind: Are psychologists too self-ish? Personality and Social Psychology Review 11 (2): 131-149.
- Langbert, M., and Stevens, S. 2020. Partisan registration and contributions of faculty in flagship colleges. National Association of Scholars. January 17. https:// www . nas . org / blogs / article / partisan -registration -and -contributions -of -faculty -in -flagship -colleges . Downloaded from http://direct.mit.edu/books/monograph/5183/bookpreview-pdf/2242801 by guest on 27 April 2024 References
- Lilienfeld, S. O. 2017. Microaggressions: Strong claims, inadequate evidence. Perspec- tives on Psychological Science 12 (1): 138-169.
- Lind, M. 2020. The new class war: Saving democracy from the managerial elite. New York: Penguin. Downloaded from http://direct.mit.edu/books/monograph/5183/bookpreview-pdf/2242801 by guest on 27 April 2024
- Lipman, M. 1991. Thinking in education. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Lott, J., and Moody, C. 2016. Do white police officers unfairly target black suspects? SSRN. November 15. https:// ssrn . com / abstract=2870189 .
- Lumsden, C. J., and Wilson, E. O. 1981. Genes, mind and culture. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- Mac Donald, H. 2018. The diversity delusion: How race and gender pandering corrupt the university and undermine our culture. New York: St. Martin's Press. References
- Malka, A., and Soto, C. J. 2015. Rigidity of the economic right? Menu-independent and menu-dependent influences of psychological dispositions on political attitude. Current Directions in Psychological Science 24 (2): 137-142.
- Manktelow, K. I. 2004. Reasoning and rationality: The pure and the practical. In K. I. Manktelow and M. C. Chung, eds., Psychology of reasoning: Theoretical and historical perspectives, 157-177. Hove, UK: Psychology Press.
- Margolis, H. 1987. Patterns, thinking, and cognition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
- McNamee, R. 2019. Zucked: Waking up to the Facebook catastrophe. New York: Penguin.
- Mercier, H., and Sperber, D. 2017. The enigma of reason. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- Nagel, T. 1986. The view from nowhere. New York: Oxford University Press.
- Nichols, S., and Stich, S. P. 2003. Mindreading: An integrated account of pretence, self- awareness, and understanding other minds. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Nisbet, M. 2020. Against climate change tribalism: We gamble with the future by dehumanizing our opponents. Skeptical Inquirer 44 (1): 26-28.
- O'Neill, J., and O'Neill, D. 2012. The declining importance of race and gender in the labor market: The role of federal anti-discrimination policies and other factors. Washington, DC: AEI Press.
- Paresky, P., Haidt, J., Strossen, N., and Pinker, S. 2020. The New York Times surren- dered to an outrage mob. Journalism will suffer for it. Politico, May 14. https:// www Downloaded from http://direct.mit.edu/books/monograph/5183/bookpreview-pdf/2242801 by guest on 27 April 2024 References . politico . com / news / magazine / 2020 / 05 / 14 / bret -stephens -new -york -times -outrage -backlash -256494 .
- Paul, R. W. 1984. Critical thinking: Fundamental to education for a free society in North America. Educational Leadership 42 (1): 4-14.
- Pew Research Center. 2013. What the public knows-In words, pictures, maps and graphs. September 5. https:// www . people -press . org / 2013 / 09 / 05 / what -the -public -knows -in -words -pictures -maps -and -graphs / .
- Pew Research Center. 2015. What the public knows-In words, pictures, maps and graphs. April 28. https:// www . people -press . org / 2015 / 04 / 28 / what -the -public -knows -in -pictures -words -maps -and -graphs / .
- Pew Research Center. 2017. Sharp partisan divisions in views of national institu- tions. July 10. https:// www . people -press . org / 2017 / 07 / 10 / sharp -partisan -divisions -in -views -of -national -institutions / .
- Pew Research Center. 2019. Partisan antipathy: More intense, more personal. Octo- ber 10. https:// www . people -press . org / 2019 / 10 / 10 / partisan -antipathy -more -intense -more -personal / .
- Pluckrose, H., Lindsay, J., and Boghossian, P. 2018. Academic grievance studies and the corruption of scholarship. Areo, October 2. https:// areomagazine . com / 2018 / 10 / 02 / academic -grievance -studies -and -the -corruption -of -scholarship / . Downloaded from http://direct.mit.edu/books/monograph/5183/bookpreview-pdf/2242801 by guest on 27 April 2024 References
- Ray, J. J. 1988. Cognitive style as a predictor of authoritarianism, conservatism, and racism. Political Psychology 9 (2): 303-308.
- Reeves, R. V. 2017. Dream hoarders. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.
- Reyna, C. 2018. Scale creation, use, and misuse: How politics undermines measure- ment. In J. T. Crawford and L. Jussim, eds., The politics of social psychology, 81-98. New York: Routledge.
- Serwer, A. 2017. The nationalist's delusion. Atlantic, November 20. https:// www . theatlantic . com / politics / archive / 2017 / 11 / the -nationalists -delusion / 546356 / . Downloaded from http://direct.mit.edu/books/monograph/5183/bookpreview-pdf/2242801 by guest on 27 April 2024 References
- Siegel, H. 1988. Educating reason. New York: Routledge.
- Stephens, B. 2016. Staring at the conservative gutter: Donald Trump gives credence to the left's caricature of bigoted conservatives. Wall Street Journal, February 29. https:// www . wsj . com / articles / staring-at -the -conservative -gutter -1456791777 .
- Sternberg, R. J. 2018. "If intelligence is truly important to real-world adaptation, and IQs have risen 30+ points in the past century (Flynn Effect), then why are there References 223 so many unresolved and dramatic problems in the world, and what can be done about it?". Journal of Intelligence 6 (1): 4. https:// www . mdpi . com / journal / jintelligence / special_issues / Intelligence_IQs_Problems
- Toner, K., Leary, M. R., Asher, M. W., and Jongman-Sereno, K. P. 2013. Feeling superior is a bipartisan issue: Extremity (not direction) of political views predicts perceived belief superiority. Psychological Science 24 (12): 2454-2462.
- Toplak, M. E., West, R. F., and Stanovich, K. E. 2014a. Assessing miserly process- ing: An expansion of the Cognitive Reflection Test. Thinking & Reasoning 20 (2): 147-168.
- Wason, P. C. 1969. Regression in reasoning? British Journal of Psychology 60 (4): 471-480.
- Westfall, J., Van Boven, L., Chambers, J. R., and Judd, C. M. 2015. Perceiving politi- cal polarization in the United States: Party identity strength and attitude extremity Downloaded from http://direct.mit.edu/books/monograph/5183/bookpreview-pdf/2242801 by guest on 27 April 2024 exacerbate the perceived partisan divide. Perspectives on Psychological Science 10 (2): 145-158.
- Wetherell, G. A., Brandt, M. J., and Reyna, C. 2013. Discrimination across the ideo- logical divide: The role of value violations and abstract values in discrimination by liberals and conservatives. Social Psychological and Personality Science 4 (6): 658-667.
- Zimmer, B. 2020. "Infodemic": When unreliable information spreads far and wide. Wall Street Journal, March 5. https:// www . wsj . com / articles / infodemic -when -unreliable -information -spreads -far -and -wide -11583430244 .
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Cognitive–motivational mechanisms of political polarization in social-communicative contexts
Jost, J. T., Baldassarri, D. S., & Druckman, J. N. (2022) · Nature Reviews Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44159-022-00093-5 · Cited by 276
Flores, A., Cole, J. C., Dickert, S., Eom, K., Jiga‐Boy, G. M., Kogut, T., Loria, R. N., Mayorga, M. W., Pedersen, E. J., Pereira, B. D. C. S., et al. (2022) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2117543119 · Cited by 157
Actively Open-Minded Thinking and Its Measurement
Stanovich, K. E., & Toplak, M. E. (2023) · Journal of Intelligence · doi:10.3390/jintelligence11020027 · Cited by 114
Self-citationSternberg, R. J. (2024) · Journal of Intelligence · doi:10.3390/jintelligence12070069 · Cited by 65
Tragic Choices and the Virtue of Techno-Responsibility Gaps
Danaher, J. (2022) · Philosophy & Technology · doi:10.1007/s13347-022-00519-1 · Cited by 53
Metadata
- Authors
- Stanovich, K. E.
- Corresponding author
- Stanovich, Keith E.
- ORCID
- Stanovich, Keith E.
- Venue
- The MIT Press eBooks
- Publisher
- The MIT Press
- Published
- 2021-08-31
- OpenAlex
- W4252880621
- Cited by
- 152
- References
- 561
- Citations by year
- 2026: 39 · 2025: 42 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 1
- FWCI
- 22.64
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The MIT Press eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Misinformation and Its Impacts
- Keywords
- myside bias, confirmation bias, political polarization, post-truth, cognitive biases, bias blind spot, public trust in science, ideological partisanship, rationality
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review