The DOI matches its Crossref record; 1 of the 28 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Genesis of Animal Play: Testing the Limits
Open accessAbstract
In The Genesis of Animal Play, Gordon Burghardt examines the origins and evolution of play in humans and animals. He asks what play might mean in our understanding of evolution, the brain, behavioral organization, and psychology. Is play essential to development? Is it the driving force behind human and animal behavior? What is the proper place for the study of play in the cognitive, behavioral, and biological sciences? The engaging nature of play—who does not enjoy watching a kitten attack a ball of yarn?—has made it difficult to study. Some scholars have called play undefinable, nonexistent, or a mystery outside the realm of scientific analysis. Using the comparative perspectives of ethology and psychology, The Genesis of Animal Play goes further than other studies in reviewing the evidence of play throughout the animal kingdom, from human babies to animals not usually considered playful. Burghardt finds that although playfulness may have been essential to the origin of much that we consider distinctive in human (and mammalian) behavior, it only develops through a specific set of interactions among developmental, evolutionary, ecological, and physiological processes. Furthermore, play is not always beneficial or adaptive. Part I offers a detailed discussion of play in placental mammals (including children) and develops an integrative framework called surplus resource theory. The most fascinating and most controversial sections of the book, perhaps, are in the seven chapters in part II in which Burghardt presents evidence of playfulness in such unexpected groups of animals as kangaroos, birds, lizards, and "Fish That Leap, Juggle, and Tease." Burghardt concludes by considering the implications of the diversity of play for future research, and suggests that understanding the origin and development of play can shape our view of society and its accomplishments through history. The open access edition of this book was made possible by generous funding from Arcadia – a charitable fund of Lisbet Rausing and Peter Baldwin.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Social play (also referred to as play-fighting or rough-and-tumble play) is predominantly displayed among juveniles of both sexes across many mammalian species (Bekoff and Byers, 1998; Pellis and Iwaniuk, 2000; Burghardt, 2005).”
From Sex-specific modulation of juvenile social play behavior by vasopressin and oxytocin depends on social context (2014) · cites this paper as Burghardt, 2005
In the citing paper
“Playful contexts produce different types of play (e.g., solitary and/or social play) which are characterized by repeated yet non-stereotypic sequences of behavior (Burghardt, 2005).”
From Play in Rats: Association across Contexts and Types, and Analysis of Structure (2014) · cites this paper as Burghardt, 2005
In the citing paper
“supporting the theory that different types of play may have had independent evolutionary origins and trajectories (Burghardt, 2005).”
From Play in Rats: Association across Contexts and Types, and Analysis of Structure (2014) · cites this paper as Burghardt, 2005
Citations
Cites
Zebra Finches (Taeniopygia guttata )
Law, G., Nager, R., & Wilkinson, M. (2018) · Companion Animal Care and Welfare · doi:10.1002/9781119333708.ch15 · Cited by 3
Flagged first, then by citations
27 of the 28 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–200 of 1,001
Fair play and its connection with social tolerance, reciprocity and the ethology of peace
Palagi, E., Cordoni, G., Demuru, E., & Bekoff, M. (2016) · Behaviour · doi:10.1163/1568539x-00003336 · Cited by 76
Perinatal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls alters social behaviors in rats
Jolous-Jamshidi, B., Cromwell, H. C., McFarland, A. M., & Meserve, L. A. (2010) · Toxicology Letters · doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2010.08.015 · Cited by 72
The development of human causal learning and reasoning
Goddu, M. K., & Alison Gopnik, C. (2024) · Nature Reviews Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44159-024-00300-5 · Cited by 104
Optimal marine mammal welfare under human care: Current efforts and future directions
Brando, S. I. C. A., Broom, D. M., Acasuso-Rivero, C., & Clark, F. E. (2017) · Behavioural Processes · doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2017.09.011 · Cited by 74
Comparing Object Play in Captive and Wild Dolphins
Greene, W. E., Melillo‐Sweeting, K., & Dudzinski, K. M. (2011) · International Journal of Comparative Psychology · doi:10.46867/ijcp.2011.24.03.01 · Cited by 70
Palagi, E., & Mancini, G. (2011) · Journal of comparative psychology · doi:10.1037/a0020869 · Cited by 71
Nahallage, C., & Huffman, M. A. (2011) · Primates · doi:10.1007/s10329-011-0279-x · Cited by 69
Leconstant, C., & Spitz, É. (2022) · Frontiers in Veterinary Science · doi:10.3389/fvets.2022.656833 · Cited by 72
Laughter, play faces and mimicry in animals: evolution and social functions
Davila‐Ross, M., & Palagi, E. (2022) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2021.0177 · Cited by 71
Evidence for litter differences in play behaviour in pre-weaned pigs
Brown, S. M., Klaffenböck, M., Nevison, I. M., & Lawrence, A. B. (2015) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2015.09.007 · Cited by 71
Burleson, C. A., Pedersen, R. W., Seddighi, S., DeBusk, L. E., Burghardt, G. M., & Cooper, M. A. (2016) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/bne0000148 · Cited by 69
Self-citationShimada, M., & Sueur, C. (2014) · American Journal of Primatology · doi:10.1002/ajp.22289 · Cited by 76
Himmler, S. M., Modlinska, K., Stryjek, R., Himmler, B. T., Pisula, W., & Pellis, S. M. (2014) · Journal of Comparative Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0036104 · Cited by 67
Behavioural expression of positive anticipation for food or opportunity to play in lambs.
Anderson, C., Yngvesson, J., Boissy, A., Uvnäs-Moberg, K., & Lidfors, L. (2015) · Behavioural Processes · doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2015.02.003 · Cited by 65
The playful experiences (PLEX) framework as a guide for expert evaluation
Lucero, A., Holopainen, J. P., Ollila, E. M. I., Suomela, R., & Karapanos, E. (2013) · Conference on Designing Pleasurable Products and Interfaces (DPPI) · doi:10.1145/2513506.2513530 · Cited by 66
Sánchez-Villagra, M. R. (2012) · Journal of Mammalian Evolution · doi:10.1007/s10914-012-9220-3 · Cited by 66
Social play among juvenile wild Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) strengthens their social bonds
Shimada, M., & Sueur, C. (2017) · American Journal of Primatology · doi:10.1002/ajp.22728 · Cited by 67
On the significance of adult play: what does social play tell us about adult horse welfare?
Hausberger, M., Fureix, C., Bourjade, M., Wessel-Robert, S., & Richard‐Yris, M. (2012) · Die Naturwissenschaften · doi:10.1007/s00114-012-0902-8 · Cited by 72
Why do dogs play? Function and welfare implications of play in the domestic dog
Sommerville, R., O’Connor, E., & Asher, L. (2017) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2017.09.007 · Cited by 73
Kenward, B., Schloegl, C., Rutz, C., et al. (2011) · Biological Journal of the Linnean Society · doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2011.01613.x · Cited by 64
Bredewold, R., Schiavo, J. K., van der Hart, M., Verreij, M., & Veenema, A. H. (2015) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.08.052 · Cited by 64
Leonardi, R. J., Buchanan‐Smith, H. M., Dufour, V., MacDonald, C., & Whiten, A. (2009) · American Journal of Primatology · doi:10.1002/ajp.20748 · Cited by 62
Towards Designing Bodily Integrated Play
Mueller, F., Kari, T., Li, Z., Wang, Y., Mehta, Y. D., Andrés, J., Márquez, J., & Patibanda, R. (2020) · International Conference on Tangible, Embedded, and Embodied Interaction (TEI) · doi:10.1145/3374920.3374931 · Cited by 68
A new method for studying problem solving and tool use in stingrays (Potamotrygon castexi)
Kuba, M. J., Byrne, R. A., & Burghardt, G. M. (2009) · Animal Cognition · doi:10.1007/s10071-009-0301-5 · Cited by 61
Self-citationÇankaya, Ö., Rohatyn-Martin, N., Leach, J., Taylor, K., & Bulut, O. (2023) · Journal of Intelligence · doi:10.3390/jintelligence11080151 · Cited by 139
The Right Time to Happen: Play Developmental Divergence in the Two Pan Species
Palagi, E., & Cordoni, G. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0052767 · Cited by 63
(2010) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.48-0567 · Cited by 61
Play and social dynamics in a captive herd of gelada baboons (Theropithecus gelada)
Mancini, G., & Palagi, E. (2009) · Behavioural Processes · doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2009.07.007 · Cited by 59
A place for emotions in behavior systems research
Burghardt, G. M. (2019) · Behavioural Processes · doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2019.06.004 · Cited by 58
Self-citationHewes, J. (2014) · Children · doi:10.3390/children1030280 · Cited by 58
Play, variation in play and the development of socially competent rats
Himmler, S. M., Himmler, B. T., Pellis, V. C., & Pellis, S. M. (2016) · Behaviour · doi:10.1163/1568539x-00003307 · Cited by 57
Proyer, R. T. (2014) · European Review of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.erap.2014.06.001 · Cited by 66
Make-Believe in Gameful and Playful Design
Deterding, S. (2016) · Human-computer interaction series · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-29553-4_7 · Cited by 60
Play and Aesthetics in Ancient Greece
Kidd, S. E. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108590914 · Cited by 56
Adult play fighting and potential role of tail signals in ringtailed lemurs (Lemur catta).
Palagi, E. (2009) · Journal of comparative psychology · doi:10.1037/0735-7036.123.1.1 · Cited by 56
Sharing playful mood: rapid facial mimicry in Suricata suricatta
Palagi, E., Marchi, E., Cavicchio, P., & Bandoli, F. (2019) · Animal Cognition · doi:10.1007/s10071-019-01269-y · Cited by 56
van Leeuwen, E. J. C., Mulenga, I. C., & Chidester, D. L. (2013) · Animal Cognition · doi:10.1007/s10071-013-0672-5 · Cited by 55
The Red Hat Society®: Exploring the Role of Play, Liminality, and Communitas in Older Women's Lives
Yarnal, C. (2006) · Journal of Women & Aging · doi:10.1300/j074v18n03_05 · Cited by 57
Learmonth, M. J. (2020) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani10050901 · Cited by 60
Leisure as a cross-cultural concept
Purrington, A., & Hickerson, B. D. (2013) · World Leisure Journal · doi:10.1080/04419057.2013.782564 · Cited by 51
Tool‐like behavior in the sixbar wrasse, Thalassoma hardwicke (Bennett, 1830)
Paśko, Ł. (2010) · Zoo Biology · doi:10.1002/zoo.20307 · Cited by 51
Animal Welfare: Could Adult Play be a False Friend?
Blois‐Heulin, C., Rochais, C., Camus, S. M. J., Fureix, C., Lemasson, A., Lunel, C., Bézard, E., & Hausberger, M. (2015) · Animal Behavior and Cognition · doi:10.12966/abc.05.04.2015 · Cited by 52
Clarke, T., & Basilio, M. (2018) · Thinking Skills and Creativity · doi:10.1016/j.tsc.2018.06.005 · Cited by 56
Play as Self-Realization: Toward a General Theory of Play.
Henricks, T. S. (2014) · American journal of play · Cited by 50
The relationship between play, brain growth and behavioural flexibility in primates
Montgomery, S. H. (2014) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2014.02.004 · Cited by 49
Modeling play: distinguishing between origins and current functions
Pellis, S. M., Burghardt, G. M., Palagi, E., et al. (2015) · Adaptive Behavior · doi:10.1177/1059712315596053 · Cited by 50
“This represents only one of the possible ‘‘why’’ questions that can be asked about a trait (Bolhuis & Verhulst, 2009; Burghardt, 2005).”
InfluentialSelf-citationThe Comparative Reach of Play and Brain: Perspective, Evidence, and Implications.
Burghardt, G. M. (2010) · Cited by 50
Self-citationGames for/with strangers - captive orangutan (Pongo Pygmaeus) touch screen play
Wirman, H. (2014) · PolyU Institutional Research Archive (Hong Kong Polytechnic University) · Cited by 49
Play and Mate Preference: Testing the Signal Theory of Adult Playfulness.
Chick, G., Yarnal, C., & Purrington, A. (2012) · American journal of play · Cited by 47
Socialisation and its effect on play behaviour and aggression in the domestic pig (Sus scrofa)
Weller, J. E., Camerlink, I., Turner, S. P., Farish, M., & Arnott, G. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-40980-1 · Cited by 55
Play vocalisations and human laughter: a comparative review
Winkler, S. L., & Bryant, G. A. (2021) · Bioacoustics · doi:10.1080/09524622.2021.1905065 · Cited by 48
“For example, if we consider the criteria of play described earlier (Burghardt 2005), cases of verbal taunting or teasing, while often construed as negative, certainly qualify.”
BackgroundInfluentialWhere do we stand with the covariation framework in primate societies?
Thierry, B. (2021) · American Journal of Biological Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.24441 · Cited by 47
Heintz, M. R., Murray, C. M., Markham, A. C., Pusey, A. E., & Lonsdorf, E. V. (2017) · American Journal of Primatology · doi:10.1002/ajp.22716 · Cited by 48
Play behaviour reduced by environmental enrichment in fast-growing broiler chickens
Liu, Z., Torrey, S., Newberry, R. C., et al. (2020) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2020.105098 · Cited by 47
Functions of Landscape in Games—A Theoretical Approach with Case Examples
Kühne, O., Jenal, C., & Edler, D. (2020) · Arts · doi:10.3390/arts9040123 · Cited by 47
Adult-adult social play in captive chimpanzees: Is it indicative of positive animal welfare?
Yamanashi, Y., Nogami, E., Teramoto, M., Morimura, N., & Hirata, S. (2017) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2017.10.006 · Cited by 47
Wild Justice Redux: What We Know About Social Justice in Animals and Why It Matters
Pierce, J., & Bekoff, M. (2012) · Social Justice Research · doi:10.1007/s11211-012-0154-y · Cited by 46
Sub-adult Ravens Synchronize their Play: A Case of Emotional Contagion?
Osvath, M., & Sima, M. J. (2014) · Animal Behavior and Cognition · doi:10.12966/abc.05.09.2014 · Cited by 46
Леонидович, Д. В. (2015) · Animal Behavior and Cognition · doi:10.12966/abc.02.04.2015 · Cited by 46
Lawrence, R. C., Bonner, H., Newsom, R. J., & Kelly, S. J. (2007) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2007.10.028 · Cited by 46
Colston, H. L. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108377546 · Cited by 48
Highly Repetitive Object Play in a Cichlid Fish (Tropheus duboisi)
Burghardt, G. M., Леонидович, Д. В., & Murphy, J. B. (2014) · Ethology · doi:10.1111/eth.12312 · Cited by 45
Self-citationDysfunctional play and dopamine physiology in the Fischer 344 rat
Siviy, S. M., Crawford, C. A., Akopian, G. K., & Walsh, J. P. (2011) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2011.02.009 · Cited by 45
Du game design au gamefulness : définir la gamification
Deterding, S., Dixon, D., Khaled, R., & Nacke, L. E. (2014) · Sciences du jeu · doi:10.4000/sdj.287 · Cited by 46
Juvenile rough-and-tumble play predicts adult sexual behaviour in American mink
Dallaire, J. A., & Mason, G. J. (2016) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2016.10.023 · Cited by 42
Til forsvar for barns spontane lek
Sundsdal, E., & Øksnes, M. (2015) · Nordisk tidsskrift for pedagogikk og kritikk · doi:10.17585/ntpk.v1.89 · Cited by 44
Play behaviour during early ontogeny in free-ranging dogs (Canis familiaris)
Pal, S. (2010) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2010.06.005 · Cited by 42
Nahallage, C., Leca, J., & Huffman, M. A. (2016) · Behaviour · doi:10.1163/1568539x-00003361 · Cited by 46
A review of the development and functions of cat play, with future research considerations
Delgado, M., & Hecht, J. (2019) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2019.03.004 · Cited by 44
Play at work: revisiting data focusing on chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)
Palagi, E. (2007) · Journal of anthropological sciences · Cited by 50
The Case for Octopus Consciousness: Temporality
Mather, J. A. (2022) · NeuroSci · doi:10.3390/neurosci3020018 · Cited by 43
Hill, H. M. M., Dietrich, S., & Cappiello, B. M. (2017) · Learning & Behavior · doi:10.3758/s13420-017-0291-0 · Cited by 44
The physiology of play: potential relevance for higher education
Koeners, M. P., & Francis, J. (2020) · International Journal of Play · doi:10.1080/21594937.2020.1720128 · Cited by 52
Envisioning Future Playful Interactive Environments for Animals
Pons, P., Javier, J., & Catalá, A. (2015) · Gaming media and social effects · doi:10.1007/978-981-287-546-4_6 · Cited by 42
Hunter-Gatherer Children’s Object Play and Tool Use: An Ethnohistorical Analysis
Lew‐Levy, S., Andersen, M. M., Lavi, N., & Riede, F. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.824983 · Cited by 43
Dallaire, J. A., Meagher, R. K., & Mason, G. J. (2012) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2012.09.012 · Cited by 42
Play behavior and responses to novel situations in juvenile ground squirrels
Marks, K. A., Vizconde, D. L., Gibson, E. S., Rodriguez, J. R., & Nunes, S. (2017) · Journal of Mammalogy · doi:10.1093/jmammal/gyx049 · Cited by 46
Exploring Research through Design in Animal Computer Interaction
French, F., Mancini, C., & Sharp, H. (2017) · International Conference on Animal-Computer Interaction (ACI) · doi:10.1145/3152130.3152147 · Cited by 43
Cordoni, G., Norscia, I., Bobbio, M., & Palagi, E. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0193096 · Cited by 44
Growing into adulthood—a review on sex differences in the development of sociality across macaques
Amici, F., Kulik, L., Langos, D., & Widdig, A. (2019) · Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology · doi:10.1007/s00265-018-2623-2 · Cited by 42
“Given that play is a social arena in which individuals practice social behaviour and future adult skills (see e.g. Burghardt 2005; Kuczaj and Horback 2013; see Palagi 2018 in this Topical Collection), early sex differences in social play might trigger further sex differences in social behaviour.”
Finlay, B. L. (2007) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2007.00560.x · Cited by 39
Object play in parrots and corvids
O’Hara, M., & Auersperg, A. M. I. (2017) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2017.05.008 · Cited by 41
Object Use in Childhood: Development and Possible Functions
Pellegrini, A. D. (2016) · Evolutionary psychology · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-29986-0_4 · Cited by 40
Pruitt, J. N., Burghardt, G. M., & Riechert, S. E. (2011) · Ethology · doi:10.1111/j.1439-0310.2011.01980.x · Cited by 40
Self-citationRetractedEvolution and Genetics of Precocious Burrowing Behavior in Peromyscus Mice
Metz, H. C., Bedford, N. L., Pan, Y. L., & Hoekstra, H. E. (2017) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.10.061 · Cited by 39
Nunes, S. (2014) · Journal of Ethology · doi:10.1007/s10164-014-0403-7 · Cited by 39
2010 Presidential Address: "Religion" in the Humanities and the Humanities in the University
Taves, A. (2011) · Journal of the American Academy of Religion · doi:10.1093/jaarel/lfr004 · Cited by 38
Social object play among young Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) in Arashiyama, Japan
Shimada, M. (2006) · Primates · doi:10.1007/s10329-006-0187-7 · Cited by 39
Childhood, Play and the Evolution of Cultural Capacity in Neanderthals and Modern Humans
Nowell, A. (2016) · Vertebrate paleobiology and paleoanthroplogy series/Vertebrate paleobiology and paleoanthropology series · doi:10.1007/978-94-017-7426-0_9 · Cited by 39
Felino : The Philosophical Practice of Making an Interspecies Videogame
Westerlaken, M., & Gualeni, S. (2014) · OAR@UM (University of Malta) · Cited by 39
High tech cognitive and acoustic enrichment for captive elephants
French, F., Mancini, C., & Sharp, H. (2017) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2017.09.009 · Cited by 40
Evolved to adapt: A computational approach to animal innovation and creativity
Kolodny, O., Edelman, S., & Lotem, A. (2015) · Current Zoology · doi:10.1093/czoolo/61.2.350 · Cited by 38
Anti-anthropomorphism and Its Limits
Bruni, D., Perconti, P., & Plebe, A. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02205 · Cited by 38
Play behaviour, not tool using, relates to brain mass in a sample of birds
Kaplan, G. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-76572-7 · Cited by 39
Pellegrini, A. D., Long, J. D., Roseth, C. J., Bohn, C. M., & Ryzin, M. J. V. (2007) · Journal of comparative psychology · doi:10.1037/0735-7036.121.3.282 · Cited by 38
Dapporto, L., Turillazzi, S., & Palagi, E. (2006) · Journal of comparative psychology · doi:10.1037/0735-7036.120.4.394 · Cited by 37
The evolution of two types of play
Smaldino, P. E., Palagi, E., Burghardt, G. M., & Pellis, S. M. (2019) · Behavioral Ecology · doi:10.1093/beheco/arz090 · Cited by 43
Self-citationInsights found in century-old writings on animal behaviour and some cautions for today
Burghardt, G. M. (2020) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2020.02.010 · Cited by 36
Self-citationBrauer, K., Proyer, R. T., & Chick, G. (2021) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12589 · Cited by 41
Play behavioural tactics under space reduction: social challenges in bonobos, Pan paniscus
Tacconi, G., & Palagi, E. (2009) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2009.06.004 · Cited by 36
Metadata
- Authors
- Burghardt, G. M.
- Corresponding author
- Burghardt, Gordon M.
- ORCID
- Burghardt, Gordon M.
- Venue
- The MIT Press eBooks
- Publisher
- The MIT Press
- Published
- 2005-02-04
- OpenAlex
- W4235808493
- Cited by
- 1,094
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 47 · 2025: 80 · 2024: 53 · 2023: 73 · 2022: 71 · 2021: 59 · 2020: 60 · 2019: 97 · 2018: 84 · 2017: 64 · 2016: 51 · 2015: 61 · 2014: 64 · 2013: 39 · 2012: 36
- FWCI
- 19.86
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- The MIT Press eBooks (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Primate Behavior and Ecology
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Animal Behavior and Reproduction
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Keywords
- animal play, evolution of play, playfulness, placental mammals, human development, comparative ethology
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
