The DOI matches its Crossref record.
Models of Information Processing in the Basal Ganglia
Abstract
This book brings together the biology and computational features of the basal ganglia and their related cortical areas along with select examples of how this knowledge can be integrated into neural network models. Recent years have seen a remarkable expansion of knowledge about the anatomical organization of the part of the brain known as the basal ganglia, the signal processing that occurs in these structures, and the many relations both to molecular mechanisms and to cognitive functions. This book brings together the biology and computational features of the basal ganglia and their related cortical areas along with select examples of how this knowledge can be integrated into neural network models. Organized in four parts - fundamentals, motor functions and working memories, reward mechanisms, and cognitive and memory operations - the chapters present a unique admixture of theory, cognitive psychology, anatomy, and both cellular- and systems- level physiology written by experts in each of these areas. The editors have provided commentaries as a helpful guide to each part. Many new discoveries about the biology of the basal ganglia are summarized, and their impact on the computational role of the forebrain in the planning and control of complex motor behaviors discussed. The various findings point toward an unexpected role for the basal ganglia in the contextual analysis of the environment and in the adaptive use of this information for the planning and execution of intelligent behaviors. Parallels are explored between these findings and new connectionist approaches to difficult control problems in robotics and engineering. Contributors James L. Adams, P. Apicella, Michael Arbib, Dana H. Ballard, Andrew G. Barto, J. Brian Burns, Christopher I. Connolly, Peter F. Dominey, Richard P. Dum, John Gabrieli, M. Garcia-Munoz, Patricia S. Goldman-Rakic, Ann M. Graybiel, P. M. Groves, Mary M. Hayhoe, J. R. Hollerman, George Houghton, James C. Houk, Stephen Jackson, Minoru Kimura, A. B. Kirillov, Rolf Kotter, J. C. Linder, T. Ljungberg, M. S. Manley, M. E. Martone, J. Mirenowicz, C. D. Myre, Jeff Pelz, Nathalie Picard, R. Romo, S. F. Sawyer, E Scarnat, Wolfram Schultz, Peter L. Strick, Charles J. Wilson, Jeff Wickens, Donald J. Woodward, S. J. Young Bradford Books imprint
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Actor-critic models145-147 operate within the evaluation system”
From Resolving the neural circuits of anxiety (2015) · cites this paper as [145]
In the citing paper
“dopamine inputs to the striatum push the animal toward obtaining maximum reward, a process that must take into account possible dangers.”
From Resolving the neural circuits of anxiety (2015) · cites this paper as [145]
Citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 701–800 of 999
Rubin, J. E., Vich, C., Clapp, M., Noneman, K. K., & Verstynen, T. (2020) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.14745 · Cited by 24
A modular neural model of motor synergies
Byadarhaly, K. V., Perdoor, M. C., & Minai, A. A. (2012) · Neural Networks · doi:10.1016/j.neunet.2012.02.003 · Cited by 20
Speech and language disorders associated with subcortical pathology
Murdoch, B. E., & Whelan, B. (2009) · Wiley-Blackwell eBooks · Cited by 20
Criteria for an effective theory of consciousness and some preliminary attempts
Coward, L. A., & Sun, R. (2003) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2003.09.002 · Cited by 20
Chemical architecture of the basal ganglia
Graybiel, A. M., & Penney, J. B. (1999) · Handbook of chemical neuroanatomy · doi:10.1016/s0924-8196(99)80025-6 · Cited by 20
Model-based reinforcement learning: a computational model and an fMRI study
Yoshida, W., & Ishii, S. (2004) · Neurocomputing · doi:10.1016/j.neucom.2004.04.012 · Cited by 20
Caligiore, D., Mirolli, M., Parisi, D., et al. (2010) · Cited by 19
Berthet, P., Lindahl, M., Tully, P. J., Kotaleski, J. H., & Lansner, A. (2016) · Frontiers in Neural Circuits · doi:10.3389/fncir.2016.00053 · Cited by 19
A Computational Model of Learned Avoidance Behavior in a One-Way Avoidance Experiment
Johnson, J. D., Li, W., Li, J., & Klopf, A. H. (2001) · Adaptive Behavior · doi:10.1177/105971230200900205 · Cited by 20
Gerdjikov, T. V., & Beninger, R. J. (2005) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04256.x · Cited by 19
Self-Organization in the Basal Ganglia with Modulation of Reinforcement Signals
Nakahara, H., Амари, Ш.-И., & Hikosaka, O. (2002) · Neural Computation · doi:10.1162/089976602317318974 · Cited by 19
Comparing a Brain-inspired Robot Action Selection Mechanism with Winner-takes-all
Girard, B., Cuzin, V., Guillot, A., et al. (2002) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/3121.003.0015 · Cited by 19
Selective enhancement of recall through plasticity modulation in an autoassociative memory
Sandberg, A., Lansner, A., & Petersson, K. M. (2001) · Neurocomputing · doi:10.1016/s0925-2312(01)00363-0 · Cited by 19
Effects of potassium channel blockers on synaptic plasticity in the corticostriatal pathway
Wickens, J. R., Mckenzie, D., Costanzo, E. M., et al. (1998) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0028-3908(98)00054-9 · Cited by 19
Crossed Corticostriatal Projections in the Macaque Brain
Borra, E., Biancheri, D., Rizzo, M., Leonardi, F., & Luppino, G. (2022) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0071-22.2022 · Cited by 18
Bonaiuto, J. J., & Arbib, M. A. (2015) · Biological Cybernetics · doi:10.1007/s00422-015-0666-2 · Cited by 18
Baldassarre, G., Caligiore, D., & Mannella, F. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-39875-9_11 · Cited by 18
Theoretical note: the C/T ratio in artificial neural networks
Burgos, J. E. (2005) · Behavioural Processes · doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2005.02.008 · Cited by 18
The storehouse/correspondence partition in memory research: Promises and perils
Kruglanski, A. W. (1996) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00042242 · Cited by 18
Adaptive learning via selectionism and Bayesianism, Part I: Connection between the two
Zhang, J. (2009) · Neural Networks · doi:10.1016/j.neunet.2009.03.018 · Cited by 17
Dopamine-Glutamate Interactions in Reward-Related Incentive Learning
Beninger, R. J., & Gerdjikov, T. V. (2005) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-59259-852-6_14 · Cited by 17
Physiotherapy for people with movement disorders arising from basal ganglia dysfunction
Bilney, B., Morris, M. E., & Denisenko, S. (2003) · Figshare · doi:10.26181/22200505 · Cited by 17
Dopamine disruption increases cleanerfish cooperative investment in novel client partners
Soares, M. C., Santos, T. P., & Messias, J. P. M. (2017) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.160609 · Cited by 17
Cross-modal information integration in category learning
Smith, J. D., Johnston, J. R., Musgrave, R. D., Zakrzewski, A. C., Boomer, J. B., Church, B. A., & Ashby, F. G. (2014) · Attention Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/s13414-014-0659-6 · Cited by 16
Prospection by Any Other Name? A Response to Seligman et al. (2013)
Fukukura, J., Helzer, E. G., & Ferguson, M. J. (2013) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691612474320 · Cited by 18
Mathematical properties of neuronal TD-rules and differential Hebbian learning: a comparison
Kolodziejski, C., Porr, B., & Wörgötter, F. (2008) · Biological Cybernetics · doi:10.1007/s00422-007-0209-6 · Cited by 17
Houghton, G., & Tipper, S. P. (1999) · Perspectives in neural computing · doi:10.1007/978-1-4471-0813-9_25 · Cited by 17
Chapter IV Structural and functional interactions in the striatum at the receptor level
Wickens, J. R., & Arbuthnott, G. W. (2005) · Handbook of chemical neuroanatomy · doi:10.1016/s0924-8196(05)80008-9 · Cited by 19
Pérez-Uribe, A. (2001) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/3-540-44597-8_37 · Cited by 17
The Corticospinal System: A Structural Framework for the Central Control of Movement
Dum, R. P., & Strick, P. L. (1996) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/cphy.cp120106 · Cited by 20
Shah, A., & Barto, A. G. (2009) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2009.07.006 · Cited by 16
Kambara, H., Shin, D., & Koike, Y. (2013) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00542.2011 · Cited by 16
A Spiking Neural Model for Stable Reinforcement of Synapses Based on Multiple Distal Rewards
O'Brien, M. J., & Srinivasa, N. (2012) · Neural Computation · doi:10.1162/neco_a_00387 · Cited by 16
Learning to select actions shapes recurrent dynamics in the corticostriatal system
Márton, C. D., Schultz, S. R., & Averbeck, B. B. (2020) · Neural Networks · doi:10.1016/j.neunet.2020.09.008 · Cited by 18
The Basal Ganglia System as an Engine for Exploration
Chakravarthy, V. S., & Balasubramani, P. P. (2018) · Cognitive science and technology · doi:10.1007/978-981-10-8494-2_5 · Cited by 16
Murray, R. C., Gilbert, Y. E., Logan, A. S., Hebbard, J. C., & Horner, K. A. (2013) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-013-0559-x · Cited by 17
Garforth, J., McHale, S., & Meehan, A. S. (2006) · Neurocomputing · doi:10.1016/j.neucom.2005.11.018 · Cited by 16
Filoteo, J. V., Maddox, W. T., Salmon, D. P., et al. (2007) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/0894-4105.21.2.183 · Cited by 16
Preferences Constructed From Dynamic Microprocessing Mechanisms
Busemeyer, J. R., Johnson, J. G., & Jessup, R. K. (2006) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511618031.012 · Cited by 16
An overview of AIDS dementia complex
Meehan, R. A., & Brush, J. (2001) · American Journal of Alzheimer s Disease & Other Dementias® · doi:10.1177/153331750101600411 · Cited by 16
Campana, A., Duci, A., Gambini, O., & Scarone, S. (1999) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a033419 · Cited by 17
On the Role of Dopamine in Cognitive Vision
Vitay, J., & Hamker, F. H. (2007) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-77343-6_23 · Cited by 16
Selection Networks: Simulation of Plasticity through Reinforcement Learning
Donahoe, J. W. (1997) · Advances in psychology · doi:10.1016/s0166-4115(97)80104-5 · Cited by 16
Mannella, F., & Baldassarre, G. (2007) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2006.1966 · Cited by 18
Rigid reduced successor representation as a potential mechanism for addiction
Shimomura, K., Kato, A., & Morita, K. (2021) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.15227 · Cited by 15
Exploration from Generalization Mediated by Multiple Controllers
Dayan, P. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-32375-1_4 · Cited by 15
Ciancio, A. L., Zollo, L., Guglielmelli, E., Caligiore, D., & Baldassarre, G. (2011) · IEEE International Conference on Development and Learning (ICDL) · doi:10.1109/devlrn.2011.6037370 · Cited by 15
Decision making under uncertainty in a spiking neural network model of the basal ganglia
Héricé, C., Khalil, R., Moftah, M. Z., Boraud, T., Guthrie, M., & Garenne, A. (2016) · Journal of Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.1142/s021963521650028x · Cited by 14
Why noise is useful in functional and neural mechanisms of interval timing?
Oprisan, S. A., & Buhusi, C. V. (2013) · BMC Neuroscience · doi:10.1186/1471-2202-14-84 · Cited by 15
Organization of Corticostriatal Projection Neuron Types
Reiner, A. J., & Deng, Y. (2016) · Handbook of behavioral neuroscience · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-802206-1.00020-9 · Cited by 16
Syed, E. C. J., Sharott, A., Moll, C. K. E., et al. (2010) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07549.x · Cited by 15
Gajendiran, M., Ling, G. Y., Pang, Z. P., et al. (2001) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/s0306-4522(01)00163-4 · Cited by 15
Perceptual-motor sequence learning of general regularities and specific sequences.
Marsolek, C. J., & Field, J. E. (1999) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037//0096-1523.25.3.815 · Cited by 15
Rao, R. P. N. (2000) · Neural Networks · doi:10.1016/s0893-6080(99)00098-2 · Cited by 15
‘Proactive’ use of cue-context congruence for building reinforcement learning’s reward function
Zsuga, J., Bíró, K., Tajti, G., Szilasi, M. E., Papp, C., Juhász, B., & Gesztelyi, R. (2016) · BMC Neuroscience · doi:10.1186/s12868-016-0302-7 · Cited by 13
Baldassarre, G., & Mirolli, M. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-32375-1_11 · Cited by 14
Caligiore, D., Tommasino, P., Sperati, V., & Baldassarre, G. (2014) · Adaptive Behavior · doi:10.1177/1059712314539710 · Cited by 15
CHANGE DETECTION, MULTIPLE CONTROLLERS, AND DYNAMIC ENVIRONMENTS: INSIGHTS FROM THE BRAIN
Pearson, J. M., & Platt, M. L. (2012) · Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior · doi:10.1002/jeab.5 · Cited by 14
Basal Ganglia Neural Coding of Natural Action Sequences
Aldridge, J. W., & Berridge, K. C. (2002) · Advances in behavioral biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-0179-4_28 · Cited by 14
Dopamine and serotonin signals for reward across time scales
Cohen, J. Y. (2015) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aad3003 · Cited by 14
Dual-System Learning Models and Drugs of Abuse
Simon, D. A., & Daw, N. D. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-0751-5_5 · Cited by 22
Bio-inspired Model of Robot Adaptive Learning and Mapping
Ramírez, A. B., & Ridel, A. W. (2006) · IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS) · doi:10.1109/iros.2006.282344 · Cited by 14
Independent Judgment-Linked and Motor-Linked Forms of Artificial Grammar Learning
Seger, C. A. (1998) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1006/ccog.1997.0331 · Cited by 12
Molecular Adaptations to Psychostimulants in Striatal Neurons: Toward a Pathophysiology of Addiction
Genova, L. M., Berke, J. D., & Hyman, S. E. (1997) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1006/nbdi.1997.0154 · Cited by 14
Optimal neurocontrol: practical benefits, new results and biological evidence
Werbos, P. J. (2002) · Western Electronic Show and Convention (WESCON) · doi:10.1109/wescon.1995.485445 · Cited by 14
Searching for the Holy Grail: Temporally Informative Firing Patterns in the Rat
Matell, M. S. (2014) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-1782-2_12 · Cited by 16
Dandurand, F., & Shultz, T. R. (2009) · IEEE Transactions on Autonomous Mental Development · doi:10.1109/tamd.2009.2031234 · Cited by 15
Cumulative Learning Through Intrinsic Reinforcements
Santucci, V. G., Baldassarre, G., & Mirolli, M. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-37577-4_7 · Cited by 14
Neuroscientific implications for situated and embodied artificial intelligence
Downing, K. L. (2007) · Connection Science · doi:10.1080/09540090701192584 · Cited by 13
Witkowski, M. (2007) · Adaptive Behavior · doi:10.1177/1059712306076254 · Cited by 13
DYT1 dystonia increases risk taking in humans
Arkadir, D., Radulescu, A., Raymond, D., Lubarr, N., Bressman, S., Mazzoni, P., & Niv, Y. (2016) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.14155 · Cited by 14
Correlates of reward‐predictive value in learning‐related hippocampal neural activity
Okatan, M. (2009) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.20535 · Cited by 14
Synaptic plasticity model of a spiking neural network for reinforcement learning
Lee, K., & Kwon, D. (2008) · Neurocomputing · doi:10.1016/j.neucom.2007.09.009 · Cited by 13
A Model of Reaching that Integrates Reinforcement Learning and Population Encoding of Postures
Ognibene, D., Rega, A., & Baldassarre, G. (2006) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/11840541_32 · Cited by 12
The organization of behaviour revisited.
Fentress, J. C. (1999) · Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology/Revue canadienne de psychologie expérimentale · doi:10.1037/h0087296 · Cited by 13
Neuroanatomía funcional de los aprendizajes implícitos: asociativos, motores y de hábito
Sanz, M. C. (2007) · Revista de Neurología · doi:10.33588/rn.4404.2006060 · Cited by 13
Ciancio, A. L., Zollo, L., Baldassarre, G., Caligiore, D., & Guglielmelli, E. (2013) · International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems · doi:10.5772/56479 · Cited by 11
Crossley, M. J., Horvitz, J. C., Balsam, P. D., & Ashby, F. G. (2015) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00473.2015 · Cited by 13
Inokawa, H., Matsumoto, N., Kimura, M., & Yamada, H. (2020) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.08.007 · Cited by 9
The dopamine circuit as a reward-taxis navigation system
Karin, O., & Alon, U. S. (2022) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010340 · Cited by 14
Basal Ganglia Circuitry and Synaptic Connectivity
Charara, A., Sidibé, M., & Smith, Y. (2003) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-59259-312-5_2 · Cited by 12
A Neurocomputational Model of Automatic Sequence Production
Hélie, S., Roeder, J. L., Vucovich, L. E., Rünger, D., & Ashby, F. G. (2015) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00794 · Cited by 12
Gating of Cortical Input to the Striatum
Wickens, J. R., & Arbuthnott, G. W. (2010) · Handbook of behavioral neuroscience · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-374767-9.00019-6 · Cited by 15
Static and Dynamic State Feedback Control Model of Basal Ganglia-Thalamocortical Loops
Lörincz, A. (1997) · International Journal of Neural Systems · doi:10.1142/s0129065797000343 · Cited by 12
Age-Related Change in Cognitive Function
Wilson, R. S., Bennett, D. A., & Swartzendruber, A. L. (1997) · Critical issues in neuropsychology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-1857-4_2 · Cited by 14
Using Classification to Understand the Motivation‐Learning Interface
Maddox, W. T., Markman, A. B., & Baldwin, G. C. (2006) · The Psychology of learning and motivation/The psychology of learning and motivation · doi:10.1016/s0079-7421(06)47007-9 · Cited by 12
Tamošiūnaitė, M., Ainge, J. A., Kulvičius, T., Porr, B., Dudchenko, P. A., & Wörgötter, F. (2010) · Journal of Computational Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s10827-010-0217-8 · Cited by 12
Baldassarre, G., Santucci, V. G., Cartoni, E., & Caligiore, D. (2017) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x17000036 · Cited by 11
An immersive virtual reality tool for assessing left and right unilateral spatial neglect
Thomasson, M., Pérez-Marcos, D., Crottaz‐Herbette, S., Brenet, F., Saj̈, A., Bernati, T., Serino, A., Tadi, T., Blanke, O., & Ronchi, R. (2024) · Journal of Neuropsychology · doi:10.1111/jnp.12361 · Cited by 11
Creating the brain and interacting with the brain: an integrated approach to understanding the brain
Morimoto, J., & Kawato, M. (2015) · Journal of The Royal Society Interface · doi:10.1098/rsif.2014.1250 · Cited by 10
Modeling the sub-cellular signaling pathways involved in reinforcement learning at the striatum
Wanjerkhede, S. M., & Bapi, R. S. (2007) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(07)68016-9 · Cited by 11
The Development of Action Sequences
Fentress, J. C., & Gadbois, S. (2001) · Handbook of behavioral neurobiology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-1209-7_11 · Cited by 13
Joseph, D., Garipelli, G., & Chakravarthy, V. S. (2010) · Neurocomputing · doi:10.1016/j.neucom.2010.03.001 · Cited by 11
An implementation of reinforcement learning based on spike timing dependent plasticity
Roberts, P. D., Santiago, R. A., & Lafferriere, G. (2008) · Biological Cybernetics · doi:10.1007/s00422-008-0265-6 · Cited by 11
On the psychobiological complexity and stability of traits
Depue, R. A., & Collins, P. F. (1999) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x99462041 · Cited by 13
THE EFFECTS OF MOTIVATION ON HABITUAL INSTRUMENTAL BEHAVIOR
Niv, Y. (2007) · Cited by 11
Fraser, K. M., Chen, B. J., & Janak, P. H. (2023) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.16210 · Cited by 11
Chapter V Motor function(s) of the nigrostriatal dopamine system: Studies of lesions and behavior
Dunnett, S. B. (2005) · Handbook of chemical neuroanatomy · doi:10.1016/s0924-8196(05)80009-0 · Cited by 10
Conditional visuo-motor learning and dimension reduction
Hadj‐Bouziane, F., Frankowska, H., Meunier, M., Coquelin, P.-A., & Boussaoud, D. (2006) · Cognitive Processing · doi:10.1007/s10339-005-0028-4 · Cited by 10
A Population-Based Model of the Temporal Memory in the Hippocampus
Oprisan, S. A., Buhusi, M. C., & Buhusi, C. V. (2018) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2018.00521 · Cited by 11
Metadata
- Venue
- The MIT Press eBooks
- Publisher
- The MIT Press
- Published
- 1994-11-07
- OpenAlex
- W1607052939
- Cited by
- 1,190
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 38 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 47 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 26 · 2015: 29 · 2014: 28 · 2013: 46 · 2012: 33
- FWCI
- 16.11
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The MIT Press eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Motor Control and Adaptation
- Keywords
- basal ganglia, information processing, neural network model, motor control, working memory, reward processing, cognitive function, memory, cortical regions, forebrain, robot control, computational neuroscience
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review