The DOI matches its Crossref record.
The New Science of Cities
Abstract
A proposal for a new way to understand cities and their design not as artifacts but as systems composed of flows and networks. In The New Science of Cities, Michael Batty suggests that to understand cities we must view them not simply as places in space but as systems of networks and flows. To understand space, he argues, we must understand flows, and to understand flows, we must understand networks—the relations between objects that compose the system of the city. Drawing on the complexity sciences, social physics, urban economics, transportation theory, regional science, and urban geography, and building on his own previous work, Batty introduces theories and methods that reveal the deep structure of how cities function. Batty presents the foundations of a new science of cities, defining flows and their networks and introducing tools that can be applied to understanding different aspects of city structure. He examines the size of cities, their internal order, the transport routes that define them, and the locations that fix these networks. He introduces methods of simulation that range from simple stochastic models to bottom-up evolutionary models to aggregate land-use transportation models. Then, using largely the same tools, he presents design and decision-making models that predict interactions and flows in future cities. These networks emphasize a notion with relevance for future research and planning: that design of cities is collective action.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Network approach allows us to study the city as a formal emergent phenomenon, with a Bhidden hand^guiding its growth, and no top-down decision-maker guiding its physical and spatial organization (Batty 2013;Batty 2003).”
From A Network Approach to Link Visibility and Urban Activity Location (2018) · cites this paper as Batty 2013
Citations
Cites
Still being checked.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 301–400 of 1,000
Feng, M., & Porter, M. A. (2020) · Physical Review Research · doi:10.1103/physrevresearch.2.033426 · Cited by 34
Living concrete: Democratizing living walls
Riley, B., Larrard, F. D., Malécot, V., Dubois-Brugger, I., Lequay, H., & Lecomte, G. (2019) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.065 · Cited by 43
The Global Urban: Difference and Complexity in Urban Studies and the Science of Cities
Parnell, S. M., & Robinson, J. (2017) · SAGE Publications Ltd eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781526402059.n2 · Cited by 34
Tracking urban activity growth globally with big location data
Daggitt, M. L., Noulas, A., Shaw, B., & Cecilia Mascolo, C. (2016) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.150688 · Cited by 33
Geographic information science III
Roche, S. (2016) · Progress in Human Geography · doi:10.1177/0309132516650352 · Cited by 33
Crooks, A. T., Heppenstall, A. J., & Malleson, N. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-409548-9.09704-9 · Cited by 42
AlFanatseh, A. (2021) · GeoJournal · doi:10.1007/s10708-021-10488-1 · Cited by 33
Generic patterns in the evolution of urban water networks: Evidence from a large Asian city
Krueger, E., Klinkhamer, C., Urich, C., Zhan, X., & Rao, P. S. C. (2017) · Physical review. E · doi:10.1103/physreve.95.032312 · Cited by 33
Manley, E., & Cheng, T. (2018) · Transportation Research Part A Policy and Practice · doi:10.1016/j.tra.2018.01.020 · Cited by 33
More bark than bytes? Reflections on 21+ years of geocomputation
Harris, R., O’Sullivan, D., GAHEGAN, M. N., Charlton, M. E., Comber, A., Longley, P., Brunsdon, C., Malleson, N., Heppenstall, A. J., Singleton, A. D., et al. (2017) · Environment and Planning B Urban Analytics and City Science · doi:10.1177/2399808317710132 · Cited by 34
Human-Centric Data Science for Urban Studies
Resch, B., & Szell, M. (2019) · ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information · doi:10.3390/ijgi8120584 · Cited by 32
An urban informatics approach to understanding residential mobility in Metro Chicago
Pan, H., Chen, S., Gao, Y., Deal, B. M., & Liu, J. (2020) · Environment and Planning B Urban Analytics and City Science · doi:10.1177/2399808320924437 · Cited by 32
Consuming water smartly: the significance of sociocultural differences to water-saving initiatives
Watson, S. (2017) · Local Environment · doi:10.1080/13549839.2017.1334143 · Cited by 32
Constructing a universal logic of urban control?
Schindler, S., & Marvin, S. (2018) · City · doi:10.1080/13604813.2018.1451021 · Cited by 32
Reinvestigating China’s urbanization through the lens of allometric scaling
Lang, W., Long, Y., Chen, T., & Li, X. (2019) · Physica A Statistical Mechanics and its Applications · doi:10.1016/j.physa.2019.04.075 · Cited by 32
AwaP-IC—An Open-Source GIS Tool for Measuring Walkable Access
Majić, I., & Pafka, E. (2019) · Urban Science · doi:10.3390/urbansci3020048 · Cited by 32
Big geodata mining: Objective, connotations and research issues
Pei, T., Song, C., Guo, S., Shu, H., Liu, Y., Du, Y., Ma, T., & Zhou, C. (2020) · Journal of Geographical Sciences · doi:10.1007/s11442-020-1726-7 · Cited by 32
The metabolic urban network: Urbanisation as hierarchically ordered space of flows
Inostroza, L., & Zepp, H. (2020) · Cities · doi:10.1016/j.cities.2020.103029 · Cited by 32
Urbanization and Socioeconomic Development in Inner Mongolia in 2000 and 2010: A GIS Analysis
Huang, G., & Jiang, Y. (2017) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su9020235 · Cited by 32
Acheampong, R. A. (2018) · Land Use Policy · doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.07.007 · Cited by 32
The wicked city: Genealogies of interdisciplinary hubris in urban thought
Barnett, C. (2021) · Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers · doi:10.1111/tran.12483 · Cited by 31
The right tools for the job: The case for spatial science tool‐building
Boeing, G. (2020) · Transactions in GIS · doi:10.1111/tgis.12678 · Cited by 32
Multi-Objective Optimisation of Urban Form: A Framework for Selecting the Optimal Solution
Showkatbakhsh, M., & Makki, M. (2022) · Buildings · doi:10.3390/buildings12091473 · Cited by 31
The UN, the Urban Sustainable Development Goal, and the New Urban Agenda
Rudd, A., Simon, D., Cardama, M., Birch, E. L., & Revi, A. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316647554.011 · Cited by 32
Automated Detection of Missing Links in Bicycle Networks
Vybornova, A., Cunha, T., Gühnemann, A., & Szell, M. (2022) · Geographical Analysis · doi:10.1111/gean.12324 · Cited by 30
Sim, A., Yaliraki, S. N., Barahona, M., & Stumpf, M. P. H. (2015) · Journal of The Royal Society Interface · doi:10.1098/rsif.2015.0315 · Cited by 30
Visualizing aggregate movement in cities
Batty, M. (2018) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2017.0236 · Cited by 28
Self-citationA global analysis of cities’ geosocial temporal signatures for points of interest hours of operation
Sparks, K. A., Thakur, G. M., Pasarkar, A., & Urban, M. (2019) · International Journal of Geographical Information Systems · doi:10.1080/13658816.2019.1615069 · Cited by 30
The spatiotemporal scaling laws of urban population dynamics
Tan, X., Huang, B., Batty, M., Li, W., Wang, Q., Zhou, Y., & Gong, P. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-58286-4 · Cited by 32
Self-citationWang, C., & Meng, Q. (2020) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su12031122 · Cited by 29
Citywide Traffic Analysis Based on the Combination of Visual and Analytic Approaches
Liu, F., Andrienko, G., Andrienko, N. V., Chen, S., Janssens, D., Wets, G., & Theodoridis, Y. (2020) · Journal of Geovisualization and Spatial Analysis · doi:10.1007/s41651-020-00057-4 · Cited by 29
The strategic, organizational, and entrepreneurial evolution of smart cities
Schiavone, F., Appio, F. P., Mora, L., & Risitano, M. (2020) · International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal · doi:10.1007/s11365-020-00696-5 · Cited by 29
Urban Spatial Organization, Multifractals, and Evolutionary Patterns in Large Cities
Tan, X., Huang, B., Batty, M., & Li, J. (2020) · Annals of the American Association of Geographers · doi:10.1080/24694452.2020.1823203 · Cited by 29
Self-citationQuantifying ethnic segregation in cities through random walks
Sousa, S., & Nicosia, V. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-33344-3 · Cited by 29
A Zipf’s Law-Based Method for Mapping Urban Areas Using NPP-VIIRS Nighttime Light Data
Wu, W., Zhao, H., & Jiang, S. (2018) · Remote Sensing · doi:10.3390/rs10010130 · Cited by 29
Human mobility in bike-sharing systems: Structure of local and non-local dynamics
Loaiza-Monsalve, D., & Riascos, A. P. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0213106 · Cited by 29
Spatial inequalities and cities: A review
Sarkar, S., Cottineau, C., & Wolf, L. J. (2024) · Environment and Planning B Urban Analytics and City Science · doi:10.1177/23998083241263422 · Cited by 29
Knowledge politics in the smart city: A case study of strategic urban planning in Cambridge, UK
Nochta, T., Wahby, N., & Schooling, J. M. (2021) · Data & Policy · doi:10.1017/dap.2021.28 · Cited by 28
Feng, Y., & Liu, Y. (2016) · Environmental Monitoring and Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10661-016-5558-y · Cited by 28
Urban data and city dashboards
Kitchin, R., & McArdle, G. (2017) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315407388-9 · Cited by 28
Shreevastava, A., Bhalachandran, S., McGrath, G., Huber, M. S., & Rao, P. S. C. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-56091-w · Cited by 29
Spatial interactions in urban scaling laws
Altmann, E. G. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0243390 · Cited by 29
Scaling laws in intra-urban systems and over time at the district level in Shanghai, China
Xu, G., Xu, Z., Gu, Y., Lei, W., Pan, Y., Liu, J., & Jiao, L. (2020) · Physica A Statistical Mechanics and its Applications · doi:10.1016/j.physa.2020.125162 · Cited by 28
Waste-to-Energy Framework: An intelligent energy recycling management
Kaya, K., Ak, E., Yaslan, Y., & Oktuğ, S. (2021) · Sustainable Computing Informatics and Systems · doi:10.1016/j.suscom.2021.100548 · Cited by 28
The Image of the Smart City: New Challenges
Borruso, G., & Balletto, G. (2022) · Urban Science · doi:10.3390/urbansci6010005 · Cited by 28
Sonnenschein, T., Scheider, S., de Wit, G. A., Tonne, C. C., & Vermeulen, R. C. H. (2022) · Exposome · doi:10.1093/exposome/osac009 · Cited by 28
Aalto, H. E., Marcus, L., & Torsvall, J. (2018) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su10030717 · Cited by 31
Inostroza, L. (2018) · Sustainable Cities and Society · doi:10.1016/j.scs.2018.03.001 · Cited by 28
Balancing sustainability and security: A review of 5G and IoT in smart cities
Aldehim, G., Khan, S., Shahzad, T., Khan, M. A., Ghadi, Y., Jiang, W.-W., Mazhar, T., & Hamam, H. (2025) · Digit. Commun. Networks · doi:10.1016/j.dcan.2025.06.007 · Cited by 24
Viewpoint: Integrated urban modeling: Past, present, and future
Miller, E. J. (2018) · Journal of Transport and Land Use · doi:10.5198/jtlu.2018.1273 · Cited by 27
Stoddart, S. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781139043687 · Cited by 29
Complex networks to understand the past: the case of roads in Bourbon Spain
Pablo-Martí, F., Pardo, A., & Sánchez, Á. (2020) · Cliometrica · doi:10.1007/s11698-020-00218-x · Cited by 30
Commuting network effect on urban wealth scaling
Alves, L. G. A., Diego Rybski, A., & Ribeiro, H. V. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-02327-7 · Cited by 26
Erdoğan, E., Flynn, P., Nasya, B., Paabort, H., & Lendzhova, V. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su132112053 · Cited by 27
A Geometric Classification of World Urban Road Networks
Badhrudeen, M., Derrible, S., Verma, T., Kermanshah, A., & Furno, A. (2022) · Urban Science · doi:10.3390/urbansci6010011 · Cited by 27
Bai, N., Nourian, P., Luo, R., & Roders, A. P. (2022) · ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information · doi:10.3390/ijgi11090469 · Cited by 31
Lai, S. (2017) · Cities · doi:10.1016/j.cities.2017.10.014 · Cited by 29
Thinking about complexity and planning
Friedmann, J. R. P. (2019) · International Planning Studies · doi:10.1080/13563475.2018.1517594 · Cited by 27
Why Archaeology Is Necessary for a Theory of Urbanization
Ortman, S. G., Smith, M. E., Lobo, J., & Bettencourt, L. M. A. (2020) · Journal of Urban Archaeology · doi:10.1484/j.jua.5.120914 · Cited by 28
The spatially conscious machine learning model
Kiely, T. J., & Bastian, N. D. (2019) · Statistical Analysis and Data Mining The ASA Data Science Journal · doi:10.1002/sam.11440 · Cited by 26
People and Nature in an Urban World
Girardet, H. (2020) · One Earth · doi:10.1016/j.oneear.2020.02.005 · Cited by 28
Contrasting social and non-social sources of predictability in human mobility
Chen, Z., Kelty, S., Evsukoff, A. G., Welles, B. F., Bagrow, J. P., de Menezes, R. P., & Ghoshal, G. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-29592-y · Cited by 25
Mushayt, N. S. A., Cin, F. D., & Proença, S. B. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su132011442 · Cited by 26
Lei, W., Jiao, L., & Xu, G. (2021) · Land Use Policy · doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2021.105781 · Cited by 26
Xie, Y., Liu, C., Chang, S., & Jiang, B. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su14159142 · Cited by 26
Rivers as integration devices in cities
Abshirini, E., & Koch, D. (2016) · City Territory and Architecture · doi:10.1186/s40410-016-0030-4 · Cited by 26
Generating and Analyzing Spatial Social Networks
Alizadeh, M., Cioffi‐Revilla, C. A., & Crooks, A. T. (2016) · Computational and Mathematical Organization Theory · doi:10.1007/s10588-016-9232-2 · Cited by 26
Transportation in Agent-Based Urban Modelling
Wise, S., Crooks, A. T., & Batty, M. (2017) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-51957-9_8 · Cited by 26
Self-citationLearning from community indicators movements: Towards a citizen-powered urban data revolution
Pires, S. M., Magee, L., & Holden, M. (2017) · Environment and Planning C Politics and Space · doi:10.1177/2399654417691512 · Cited by 26
Social Network Sites and Knowledge Transfer: An Urban Perspective
Tranos, E. (2020) · Journal of Planning Literature · doi:10.1177/0885412220921526 · Cited by 26
Underlying rules of evolutionary urban systems in Africa
Xu, G., Zhu, M., Чэн, Б., Salem, M., Xu, Z., Cobbinah, P. B., Li, X., Sumari, N. S., Zhang, X., Jiao, L., et al. (2025) · Nature Cities · doi:10.1038/s44284-025-00208-y · Cited by 25
Calibration of a density-based model of urban morphogenesis
Raimbault, J. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0203516 · Cited by 25
Shreevastava, A., Rao, P. S. C., & McGrath, G. (2019) · Physical review. E · doi:10.1103/physreve.100.032142 · Cited by 25
Zhang, J., Liu, X., & Senousi, A. M. (2021) · Transactions in GIS · doi:10.1111/tgis.12817 · Cited by 25
Uitermark, J., & van Meeteren, M. (2021) · Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie · doi:10.1111/tesg.12480 · Cited by 28
Paliou, E., & Bevan, A. (2016) · Journal of Anthropological Archaeology · doi:10.1016/j.jaa.2016.04.006 · Cited by 25
Batty, M. (2017) · Understanding complex systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-42424-8_6 · Cited by 25
Self-citationCatch Me if You Can: Workplace Mobility and Big Data
Pajević, F., & Shearmur, R. (2017) · Journal of Urban Technology · doi:10.1080/10630732.2017.1334855 · Cited by 25
The case for microsimulation frameworks for integrated urban models
Miller, E. J. (2018) · Journal of Transport and Land Use · doi:10.5198/jtlu.2018.1257 · Cited by 25
He, M., Glasser, J., Pritchard, N., Bhamidi, S., & Kaza, N. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0230941 · Cited by 25
On the relation between transversal and longitudinal scaling in cities
Ribeiro, F. L., Meirelles, J., Netto, V. M., Neto, C. R., & Baronchelli, A. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0233003 · Cited by 26
Delineating the perceived functional regions of London from commuting flows
Shen, Y., & Batty, M. (2018) · Environment and Planning A Economy and Space · doi:10.1177/0308518x18786253 · Cited by 24
Self-citationde Andrade, S. C., Restrepo‐Estrada, C., Nunes, L. H., Morales, C. A., Estrella, J. C., Delbem, A. C. B., & de Albuquerque, J. P. (2020) · International Journal of Geographical Information Systems · doi:10.1080/13658816.2020.1755039 · Cited by 24
Contextual Influences on Political Behavior in Cities: Toward Urban Electoral Geography
Weaver, R. C. (2014) · Geography Compass · doi:10.1111/gec3.12186 · Cited by 25
Effective Urban Structure Inference from Traffic Flow Dynamics
Sarkar, S., Chawla, S., Ahmad, S., Srivastava, J., Hammady, H., Filali, F., Znaidi, W., & Borge‐Holthoefer, J. (2017) · IEEE Transactions on Big Data · doi:10.1109/tbdata.2016.2641003 · Cited by 24
Geographic information science II: Mesogeography
Miller, H. J. (2017) · Progress in Human Geography · doi:10.1177/0309132517712154 · Cited by 24
Zhang, S., Zhu, D., Yao, X., Cheng, X., He, H., & Liu, Y. (2018) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2018.2869378 · Cited by 24
Applying a Systems Perspective on the Notion of the Smart City
Colding, J., Wallhagen, M., Sörqvist, P., Marcus, L., Hillman, K. M., Samuelsson, K., & Barthel, S. (2020) · Smart Cities · doi:10.3390/smartcities3020022 · Cited by 26
Liu, C., & Duan, D. (2020) · Journal of Transport Geography · doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2020.102768 · Cited by 24
Organizing for Smart City Development: Research at the crossroads. Introduction to the Special Issue
Mora, L., Appio, F. P., Foss, N. J., Gault, D. A., & Zhang, X. (2023) · Organization Studies · doi:10.1177/01708406231197815 · Cited by 29
On critical dynamics and thermodynamic efficiency of urban transformations
Crosato, E., Nigmatullin, R., & Prokopenko, M. (2018) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.180863 · Cited by 21
Marijuán, P. C., & Navarro, J. (2020) · Biosystems · doi:10.1016/j.biosystems.2020.104170 · Cited by 24
Goldenberg, R., Kalantari, Z., & Destouni, G. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-03140-y · Cited by 23
Reconciling big data and thick data to advance the new urban science and smart city governance
Hong, A., Baker, L., Prieto-Curiel, R., Duminy, J., Buswala, B., Guan, C., & Ravindranath, D. (2022) · Journal of Urban Affairs · doi:10.1080/07352166.2021.2021085 · Cited by 27
Langenheim, N., & White, M. R. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19138220 · Cited by 23
Connecting intercity mobility with urban welfare
Mimar, S., Soriano‐Paños, D., Kirkley, A., Barbosa, H., Sadilek, A., Arenas, À., Gómez‐Gardeñes, J., & Ghoshal, G. (2022) · PNAS Nexus · doi:10.1093/pnasnexus/pgac178 · Cited by 24
Hu, S. H., Gao, S., Luo, W. P., Wu, L., Li, T., Xu, Y., & Zhang, Z. (2023) · Annals of GIS · doi:10.1080/19475683.2023.2241526 · Cited by 23
Supporting Mobile Cloud Computing in Smart Cities via Randomized Algorithms
Mazza, D., Pagès‐Bernaus, A., Tarchi, D., Juan, A. A., & Corazza, G. E. (2016) · IEEE Systems Journal · doi:10.1109/jsyst.2016.2578358 · Cited by 23
Introduction to ‘Planning Support Science for Smarter Urban Futures’
Geertman, S. C. M., Allan, A., Pettit, C. J., & Stillwell, J. (2017) · Lecture notes in geoinformation and cartography · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-57819-4_1 · Cited by 23
Metadata
- Authors
- Batty, M.
- Corresponding author
- Batty, Michael
- ORCID
- Batty, Michael
- Venue
- The MIT Press eBooks
- Publisher
- The MIT Press
- Published
- 2013-11-01
- OpenAlex
- W202805313
- Cited by
- 1,700
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 225 · 2025: 161 · 2024: 107 · 2023: 106 · 2022: 106 · 2021: 156 · 2020: 170 · 2019: 146 · 2018: 176 · 2017: 121 · 2016: 96 · 2015: 84 · 2014: 45
- FWCI
- 79.85
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The MIT Press eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Urban Studies › Urban Design and Spatial Analysis
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Agglomeration and Urban Systems
- Social Sciences › Urban Studies › Global Urban Networks and Dynamics
- Keywords
- urban systems, urban networks, flow, complexity science, social physics, urban design, city size, transportation routes, urban structure, stochastic modeling, evolutionary models, urban planning, collective action, urban decision-making
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review