The DOI matches its Crossref record.
The New Science of Cities
Abstract
A proposal for a new way to understand cities and their design not as artifacts but as systems composed of flows and networks. In The New Science of Cities, Michael Batty suggests that to understand cities we must view them not simply as places in space but as systems of networks and flows. To understand space, he argues, we must understand flows, and to understand flows, we must understand networks—the relations between objects that compose the system of the city. Drawing on the complexity sciences, social physics, urban economics, transportation theory, regional science, and urban geography, and building on his own previous work, Batty introduces theories and methods that reveal the deep structure of how cities function. Batty presents the foundations of a new science of cities, defining flows and their networks and introducing tools that can be applied to understanding different aspects of city structure. He examines the size of cities, their internal order, the transport routes that define them, and the locations that fix these networks. He introduces methods of simulation that range from simple stochastic models to bottom-up evolutionary models to aggregate land-use transportation models. Then, using largely the same tools, he presents design and decision-making models that predict interactions and flows in future cities. These networks emphasize a notion with relevance for future research and planning: that design of cities is collective action.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Network approach allows us to study the city as a formal emergent phenomenon, with a Bhidden hand^guiding its growth, and no top-down decision-maker guiding its physical and spatial organization (Batty 2013;Batty 2003).”
From A Network Approach to Link Visibility and Urban Activity Location (2018) · cites this paper as Batty 2013
Citations
Cites
Still being checked.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 601–700 of 1,000
Towards a New Urban Health Science
Gatzweiler, F. W., Jayasinghe, S., Siri, J. G., & Corburn, J. (2023) · Urban Science · doi:10.3390/urbansci7010030 · Cited by 11
Metropolitan Segment Traffic Speeds From Massive Floating Car Data in 10 Cities
Neun, M., Eichenberger, C., Xin, Y., Fu, C., Wiedemann, N., Martin, H., Tomko, M., Ambühl, L., Hermes, L., & Kopp, M. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems · doi:10.1109/tits.2023.3291737 · Cited by 11
Capital shocks and the great urban divide
Daams, M. N., McCann, P., Veneri, P., Barkham, R., & Schoenmaker, D. A. J. (2023) · Journal of Economic Geography · doi:10.1093/jeg/lbad023 · Cited by 11
Wang, H., Zhang, X., Zhang, X., Liu, R., & Ning, X. (2024) · Journal of Geographical Sciences · doi:10.1007/s11442-024-2237-8 · Cited by 11
Defining urban network resilience: a review
Jie, R., Yan, W., Yuting, H., & Zihao, L. (2024) · Frontiers of Urban and Rural Planning · doi:10.1007/s44243-024-00039-w · Cited by 11
Graph theory applications for advanced geospatial modelling and decision-making
Ghosh, S., Mallick, A., Chowdhury, A., Sarkar, K. D., & Mukherjee, J. (2024) · Applied Geomatics · doi:10.1007/s12518-024-00586-3 · Cited by 11
Hill, D., Bruno, M., Melo, H. P. M., Takeuchi, Y., & Loreto, V. (2024) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences · doi:10.1098/rsta.2024.0097 · Cited by 11
Uncovering the differences and similarities between physical and virtual mobility
Hazarie, S. A., Barbosa, H., Frank, A., de Menezes, R. P., & Ghoshal, G. (2020) · Journal of The Royal Society Interface · doi:10.1098/rsif.2020.0250 · Cited by 12
A convergence research perspective on graduate education for sustainable urban systems science
Lobo, J., Alberti, M., Allen-Dumas, M. R., Bettencourt, L. M. A., Beukes, A., Bojórquez, L., Chen, W., Dodge, A., Neal, Z. P., Perreira, A., et al. (2021) · npj Urban Sustainability · doi:10.1038/s42949-021-00044-8 · Cited by 11
Towards a Model of Urban Evolution—Part I: Context
Silver, D., Adler, P., & Fox, M. S. (2022) · Urban Science · doi:10.3390/urbansci6040087 · Cited by 10
Urban Success and Urban Adaptation Over the Long Run
Smith, M. E. (2023) · Open Archaeology · doi:10.1515/opar-2022-0285 · Cited by 11
Boeing, G. (2018) · Urban Science · doi:10.3390/urbansci2030076 · Cited by 11
Organization and scaling in water supply networks
Cheng, L. K., & Karney, B. W. (2017) · Physical review. E · doi:10.1103/physreve.96.062317 · Cited by 11
Challenges to representing the population from new forms of consumer data
Lansley, G., & Cheshire, J. (2018) · Geography Compass · doi:10.1111/gec3.12374 · Cited by 14
On the development logic of city-regions: inter- versus intra-city mobility in England and Wales
Arbabi, H., Mayfield, M., & McCann, P. (2019) · Spatial Economic Analysis · doi:10.1080/17421772.2019.1569762 · Cited by 11
Gu, G., & Zhu, W. (2019) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su11030836 · Cited by 11
City generics: external urban relations in ancient-Mesopotamian and modern-global city networks
Taylor, P. J. (2019) · Urban Geography · doi:10.1080/02723638.2019.1567203 · Cited by 11
Smart Design for Sustainable Neighborhood Development
Quan, S. J. (2019) · Energy Procedia · doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2019.01.108 · Cited by 11
L’innovation contributive renforce-t-elle le pouvoir citoyen dans la ville numérique ?
Peugeot, V., Mabi, C., & Chevallier, B. (2019) · Réseaux · doi:10.3917/res.218.0143 · Cited by 11
Batty, M. (2020) · Lecture notes in morphogenesis · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-36656-8_2 · Cited by 11
Self-citationUsing city gates as a means of estimating ancient traffic flows
Hanson, J. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0229580 · Cited by 11
Assessing Urbanization Dynamics in Turkey’s Marmara Region Using CORINE Data between 2006 and 2018
Genel, Ö. A., & Guan, C. (2021) · Remote Sensing · doi:10.3390/rs13040664 · Cited by 11
Haase, D. (2021) · AMBIO · doi:10.1007/s13280-020-01449-y · Cited by 11
Exploring the Structural Fractality of Urban Road Networks by Different Representations
Zhang, H., Gao, P., Lan, T., & Liu, C. (2021) · The Professional Geographer · doi:10.1080/00330124.2021.1871765 · Cited by 11
Carpio‐Pinedo, J., Menéndez, E. P., Daudén, F. J. L., & García, E. H. (2021) · URBAN DESIGN International · doi:10.1057/s41289-021-00160-y · Cited by 11
New Integrated Urban Knowledge for the Cities We Want
Bai, X., Elmqvist, T., Frantzeskaki, N., McPhearson, T., Simon, D., Maddox, D., Watkins, M., Romero‐Lankao, P., Parnell, S. M., Griffith, C. A., et al. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316647554.055 · Cited by 13
Shen, Y., Xu, Y., & Liu, L. (2021) · ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information · doi:10.3390/ijgi10110740 · Cited by 11
Liu, C., Chen, L., Yuan, Q., Wu, H., & Huang, W. (2022) · ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information · doi:10.3390/ijgi11040237 · Cited by 11
‘The social fabric of cities’: a tripartite approach to cities as systems of interaction
Netto, V. M. (2017) · Area Development and Policy · doi:10.1080/23792949.2017.1315540 · Cited by 10
Indicators for Measuring Urban Sustainability and Resilience
Gómez‐Álvarez, D., López-Moreno, E., Bilsky, E., Ochoa, K. B., & Lara, E. O. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316647554.010 · Cited by 16
How the geometry of cities explains urban scaling laws and determines their exponentsPreprint
Molinero, C., & Stefan Thurner, A. (2019) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1908.07470 · Cited by 11
van Meeteren, M. (2019) · The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Urban and Regional Studies · doi:10.1002/9781118568446.eurs0400 · Cited by 11
Model-theory interaction in urban planning: A critical review
Nourian, F., Alipour, M., & Ache, P. (2021) · Planning Theory · doi:10.1177/14730952211026693 · Cited by 10
A partition-free spatial clustering that preserves topology: application to built-up density
Montero, G., Caruso, G., Hilal, M., & Thomas, I. (2022) · Journal of Geographical Systems · doi:10.1007/s10109-022-00396-4 · Cited by 10
Luan, X., Xiang, P., & Jia, F. (2024) · Land · doi:10.3390/land13020249 · Cited by 10
Kahachi, H. A. H., Abreu, M., & Ehsan, M. (2024) · Futures · doi:10.1016/j.futures.2024.103491 · Cited by 11
Ma, J., & Mostafavi, A. (2025) · International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction · doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2025.105552 · Cited by 10
Karimi, K., Zhand, S., Simons, G. D., Abdeldayem, W. S., Charalambous, N., & Giraud, I. (2025) · Urban Science · doi:10.3390/urbansci9110457 · Cited by 12
Artificial intelligence revolution in urban planning: a 30-year journey a review
Shabani, A., AlWaer, H., & Taheri, S. (2025) · Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Urban Design and Planning · doi:10.1680/jurdp.25.00009 · Cited by 12
Population changes in residential clusters in Japan
Sekiguchi, T., Tamura, K., & Masuda, N. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0197144 · Cited by 10
Conclusion: Perspectives on Urban Theories
Pumain, D., & Raimbault, J. (2020) · Lecture notes in morphogenesis · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-36656-8_16 · Cited by 10
Pinto, V. D., Rinaldi, A. M., & Rossini, F. (2021) · ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information · doi:10.3390/ijgi10040202 · Cited by 10
Unfolding the dynamical structure of Lisbon’s public space: space syntax and micromobility data
de Almeida, H. F., Lopes, R. J., Carrilho, J. M., & Eloy, S. (2021) · Applied Network Science · doi:10.1007/s41109-021-00387-2 · Cited by 10
Established Urban Research Traditions and the Platform for Space Syntax
van Nes, A., & Yamu, C. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-59140-3_1 · Cited by 10
Multitemporal Change Detection Analysis in an Urbanized Environment Based upon Sentinel-1 Data
Gruenhagen, L., & Juergens, C. (2022) · Remote Sensing · doi:10.3390/rs14041043 · Cited by 10
Taylor, P. (2017) · International Journal of Urban Sciences · doi:10.1080/12265934.2016.1228473 · Cited by 14
Allen, M. R., Zaidi, S. M. A., Chandola, V., Morton, A. M., Brelsford, C. M., McManamay, R. A., Kc, B., Sanyal, J., Stewart, R., & Bhaduri, B. (2018) · Big Earth Data · doi:10.1080/20964471.2018.1524344 · Cited by 10
Spatial point pattern and urban morphology: Perspectives from entropy, complexity, and networks
Huynh, H. N. (2019) · Physical review. E · doi:10.1103/physreve.100.022320 · Cited by 10
Vilches, M. D. F. P., Pérez, J. G., & Llorente, M. T. P. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17020419 · Cited by 10
Lieske, S. N., Leao, S. Z., Conrow, L., & Pettit, C. J. (2019) · Environment and Planning B Urban Analytics and City Science · doi:10.1177/2399808319894334 · Cited by 10
Addressing transit mode location bias in built environment-transit mode use research
Aston, L., Currie, G., Kamruzzaman, M., Delbosc, A., Fournier, N., & Teller, D. (2020) · Journal of Transport Geography · doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2020.102786 · Cited by 10
Detecting shifts in metropolitan structure: A spatial network perspective
Odell, H., Navarro-López, E. M., Pinto, N. N., & Deas, I. (2022) · Environment and Planning B Urban Analytics and City Science · doi:10.1177/23998083211065767 · Cited by 10
Decoding the Architectural Genome: Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithms in Design
Makki, M., Navarro-Mateu, D., & Showkatbakhsh, M. (2022) · Technology|Architecture + Design · doi:10.1080/24751448.2022.2040305 · Cited by 10
Towards a Sustainable i-City: Intelligent Transition Management of Digital Places
Kourtit, K. (2017) · Quality Innovation Prosperity · doi:10.12776/qip.v21i1.788 · Cited by 10
Cities and the Capability Approach
Anand, P. B. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108559881.022 · Cited by 10
Schools and skills of critical thinking for urban design
Araabi, H. F. (2017) · Journal of Urban Design · doi:10.1080/13574809.2017.1369874 · Cited by 13
Cultural investment and urban socio-economic development: a geosocial network approach
Zhou, X., Hristova, D., Noulas, A., Cecilia Mascolo, C., & Sklar, M. (2017) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.170413 · Cited by 10
About star architecture: reflecting on cities in Europe
Silberberger, J. (2020) · Journal of Urban Design · doi:10.1080/13574809.2020.1814137 · Cited by 10
Jiang, N., Yin, F., Wang, B., & Crooks, A. T. (2024) · Scientific Data · doi:10.1038/s41597-024-03970-1 · Cited by 10
Road network distances and detours in Europe: Radial profiles and city size effects
Mennicken, E., Rémi Lemoy, A., & Caruso, G. (2023) · Environment and Planning B Urban Analytics and City Science · doi:10.1177/23998083231168870 · Cited by 9
Spatiotemporal gender differences in urban vibrancy
Collins, T., Clemente, R. D., Gutiérrez-Roig, M., & Botta, F. (2023) · Environment and Planning B Urban Analytics and City Science · doi:10.1177/23998083231209073 · Cited by 9
A generalized vector-field framework for mobility
Liu, E., Mazzoli, M., Yan, X.-Y., & Ramasco, J. J. (2024) · Communications Physics · doi:10.1038/s42005-024-01672-z · Cited by 11
Chen, Q., Qin, Y., Yao, M., Zhang, Y., & Zhai, Z. (2024) · Buildings · doi:10.3390/buildings14072225 · Cited by 9
Addae, B., Dragićević, S., Zickfeld, K., & Hall, P. (2024) · Big Earth Data · doi:10.1080/20964471.2024.2386091 · Cited by 9
A typology of energy scaling in Chinese cities and its implication for sustainable urban transitions
Wu, Z., Wang, X., Tan, Y. H., Wu, X., & Fang, K. (2026) · Sustainable Cities and Society · doi:10.1016/j.scs.2026.107168 · Cited by 11
Modeling Land-Use Change in Complex Urban Environments
Deal, B. M., Pan, H., & Zhuang, Y. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-409548-9.09653-6 · Cited by 9
Mylonakou, M., Chassiakos, A. P., Karatzas, S. K., & Liappi, G. (2023) · Systems · doi:10.3390/systems11030112 · Cited by 9
Impact of inter-city interactions on disease scaling
Loureiro, N. D. A., Neto, C. R., Sutton, J., Perc, M., & Ribeiro, H. V. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-84252-z · Cited by 9
The Concept of Urban Hibernation
Krzysztofik, R., Dymitrow, M., Kantor-Pietraga, I., & Spórna, T. (2015) · European Planning Studies · doi:10.1080/09654313.2015.1078296 · Cited by 9
Usui, H., & Asami, Y. (2017) · International Journal of Geographical Information Systems · doi:10.1080/13658816.2017.1384550 · Cited by 9
Exploring Spatial Relationships in the Pearl River Delta
Xiong, L., & Nijhuis, S. (2018) · Human dynamics in smart cities · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-95351-9_9 · Cited by 9
An Exploratory Multivariate Statistical Analysis to Assess Urban Diversity
Salazar-Llano, L., Rosas-Casals, M., & Ortego, M. I. (2019) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su11143812 · Cited by 9
A review of the use of geosocial media data in agent-based models for studying urban systems
Wen, R., & Li, S. (2020) · Big Earth Data · doi:10.1080/20964471.2020.1810492 · Cited by 9
Liang, X., & Kang, Y. (2021) · The urban book series · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-76059-5_5 · Cited by 11
To Transform Cities, Support Civil Society
Frantzeskaki, N., Dumitru, A., Wittmayer, J. M., Avelino, F., & Moore, M. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316647554.016 · Cited by 10
Sala, A. L., Fuller, R. P., & Calabrese, M. (2022) · Administrative Sciences · doi:10.3390/admsci12030113 · Cited by 9
Strumsky, D., Bettencourt, L. M. A., & Lobo, J. (2023) · Environment and Planning B Urban Analytics and City Science · doi:10.1177/23998083221148198 · Cited by 9
Kourtit, K., Nijkamp, P. J., Östh, J., & Türk, U. (2023) · Journal of Urban Technology · doi:10.1080/10630732.2023.2177954 · Cited by 9
A method for delineating a hierarchically networked structure of urban landscape
Xie, Y., & Ma, T. (2015) · Urban Geography · doi:10.1080/02723638.2015.1067410 · Cited by 9
Exploring the ‘New Urban World’
Kourtit, K., & Nijkamp, P. J. (2015) · The Annals of Regional Science · doi:10.1007/s00168-015-0717-6 · Cited by 9
Cyclic overlapping block coordinate search for optimizing building design
Brunetti, G. L. (2016) · Automation in Construction · doi:10.1016/j.autcon.2016.08.014 · Cited by 9
Tackling the Challenge of Growing Cities: An Informed Urbanisation Approach
Pettit, C. J., Wentz, E. A., Randolph, B., Sanderson, D., Kelly, F. J., Beevers, S. D., & Reades, J. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-13-6605-5_9 · Cited by 9
Artificial increasing returns to scale and the problem of sampling from lognormals
Gómez-Liévano, A., Vysotsky, V., & Lobo, J. (2020) · Environment and Planning B Urban Analytics and City Science · doi:10.1177/2399808320942366 · Cited by 9
Empirical and Numerical Approaches in Urban Microclimate Modeling: Investigation on the Reliability
Yola, L., Ayegbusi, O. G., Saiya, H. G., & Djaja, K. (2021) · Lecture notes in civil engineering · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-2329-5_7 · Cited by 9
Modelling the interdependence of spatial scales in urban systems
Lengyel, J., Alvanides, S., & Friedrich, J. (2022) · Environment and Planning B Urban Analytics and City Science · doi:10.1177/23998083221091569 · Cited by 9
Urban Resilience: How Cities need to Adapt to Unanticipated and Sudden Change
Batty, M. (2016) · doi:10.1002/9781118984123.ch25 · Cited by 9
Self-citationCross-sectional Urban Scaling Fails in Predicting Temporal Growth of CitiesPreprint
Xu, G., Zhou, Z., Jiao, L., Dong, T., & Li, R. (2019) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1910.06732 · Cited by 15
The hidden universality of movement in citiesPreprint
Schläpfer, M., Szell, M., Salat, H., Ratti, C., & West, G. B. (2020) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2002.06070 · Cited by 9
Oliveira, V. (2020) · doi:10.1093/obo/9780190922481-0004 · Cited by 9
Ma, D., Deng, Z., Zhang, C., Guo, R., Li, M., Zhu, W. P., Li, X., Zheng, Y., Hong, W., Zhao, M., et al. (2024) · International Journal of Digital Earth · doi:10.1080/17538947.2024.2375536 · Cited by 8
A typology of activities over a century of urban growth
Gravier, J., & Barthélemy, M. (2024) · Nature Cities · doi:10.1038/s44284-024-00108-7 · Cited by 8
Li, S., Wang, C., Rong, L., Zhou, S., & Wu, Z. (2024) · Land · doi:10.3390/land13091500 · Cited by 8
Spatial Vitality Detection and Evaluation in Zhengzhou’s Main Urban Area
Ge, Y., Gan, Q., Ma, Y., Guo, Y., Chen, S., & Wang, Y. (2024) · Buildings · doi:10.3390/buildings14113648 · Cited by 8
The Role of the Metaverse and the Geographical Dimension of Knowledge Management
Vaz, E. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-76906-1_3 · Cited by 8
Fusion of Digital Twin, Internet-of-Things and Artificial Intelligence for Urban Intelligence
Zarrabi, H., & Mohammadian, M. R. D. (2024) · Urban sustainability · doi:10.1007/978-981-97-8483-7_4 · Cited by 8
Self-organized criticality and urban form system dynamics with reference to a Brazilian city
Krafta, R., & da Silva, E. L. B. (2019) · Area Development and Policy · doi:10.1080/23792949.2019.1631124 · Cited by 8
Learning place representations from spatial interactions
Wang, X., Chen, H., & Liu, Y. (2024) · International Journal of Geographical Information Systems · doi:10.1080/13658816.2024.2332908 · Cited by 9
Wan, L., Jin, Y., Echenique, M. H., Batty, M., & Wegener, M. (2024) · Environment and Planning B Urban Analytics and City Science · doi:10.1177/23998083241279601 · Cited by 8
Self-citationMeasuring global urban complexity from the perspective of living structure
Xue, A. J., Huang, C., & Jiang, B. (2024) · Urban Informatics · doi:10.1007/s44212-024-00059-3 · Cited by 8
Evolving a Plan: Design and Planning with Complexity
Batty, M. (2016) · Springer proceedings in complexity · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-32653-5_2 · Cited by 8
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Batty, M.
- Corresponding author
- Batty, Michael
- ORCID
- Batty, Michael
- Venue
- The MIT Press eBooks
- Publisher
- The MIT Press
- Published
- 2013-11-01
- OpenAlex
- W202805313
- Cited by
- 1,700
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 225 · 2025: 161 · 2024: 107 · 2023: 106 · 2022: 106 · 2021: 156 · 2020: 170 · 2019: 146 · 2018: 176 · 2017: 121 · 2016: 96 · 2015: 84 · 2014: 45
- FWCI
- 79.85
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The MIT Press eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Urban Studies › Urban Design and Spatial Analysis
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Agglomeration and Urban Systems
- Social Sciences › Urban Studies › Global Urban Networks and Dynamics
- Keywords
- urban systems, urban networks, flow, complexity science, social physics, urban design, city size, transportation routes, urban structure, stochastic modeling, evolutionary models, urban planning, collective action, urban decision-making
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review