The DOI matches its Crossref record; 30 of the 30 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Semi-Supervised Learning
Open accessAbstract
A comprehensive review of an area of machine learning that deals with the use of unlabeled data in classification problems: state-of-the-art algorithms, a taxonomy of the field, applications, benchmark experiments, and directions for future research. In the field of machine learning, semi-supervised learning (SSL) occupies the middle ground, between supervised learning (in which all training examples are labeled) and unsupervised learning (in which no label data are given). Interest in SSL has increased in recent years, particularly because of application domains in which unlabeled data are plentiful, such as images, text, and bioinformatics. This first comprehensive overview of SSL presents state-of-the-art algorithms, a taxonomy of the field, selected applications, benchmark experiments, and perspectives on ongoing and future research.Semi-Supervised Learning first presents the key assumptions and ideas underlying the field: smoothness, cluster or low-density separation, manifold structure, and transduction. The core of the book is the presentation of SSL methods, organized according to algorithmic strategies. After an examination of generative models, the book describes algorithms that implement the low-density separation assumption, graph-based methods, and algorithms that perform two-step learning. The book then discusses SSL applications and offers guidelines for SSL practitioners by analyzing the results of extensive benchmark experiments. Finally, the book looks at interesting directions for SSL research. The book closes with a discussion of the relationship between semi-supervised learning and transduction.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Basic local alignment search tool
Altschul, S. F., Gish, W., Miller, W., Myers, E. W., & Lipman, D. J. (1990) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1006/jmbi.1990.9999 · Cited by 98,669
Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: a new generation of protein database search programs
Altschul, S. (1997) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/25.17.3389 · Cited by 73,302
Cortes, C., & Vapnik, V. (1995) · Machine Learning · doi:10.1007/bf00994018 · Cited by 59,421
Boyd, S., & Vandenberghe, L. (2004) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511804441 · Cited by 56,601
A new look at the statistical model identification
Akaike, H. (1974) · IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control · doi:10.1109/tac.1974.1100705 · Cited by 51,879
Maximum Likelihood from Incomplete Data Via the EM Algorithm
Dempster, A. P., Laird, N. M., & Rubin, D. B. (1977) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B: Statistical Methodology · doi:10.1111/j.2517-6161.1977.tb01600.x · Cited by 50,444
The Nature of Statistical Learning Theory
Vapnik, V. N. (1995) · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-2440-0 · Cited by 39,138
Golub, G. (2012) · doi:10.56021/9781421407944 · Cited by 34,505
The Elements of Statistical Learning
Hastie, T., Friedman, J., & Tibshirani, R. (2001) · Springer Series in Statistics · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-21606-5 · Cited by 24,162
A decision-theoretic generalization of on-line learning and an application to boosting
Freund, Y., & Schapire, R. E. (1997) · Journal of Computer and System Sciences · doi:10.1006/jcss.1997.1504 · Cited by 20,466
Breiman, L. (1996) · Machine Learning · doi:10.1007/bf00058655 · Cited by 16,325
A Global Geometric Framework for Nonlinear Dimensionality Reduction
Tenenbaum, J. B., Silva, V. D., & Langford, J. C. (2000) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.290.5500.2319 · Cited by 13,585
Neural Networks for Pattern Recognition
Bishop, C. M. (1995) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198538493.001.0001 · Cited by 12,287
A Study of Cross-Validation and Bootstrap for Accuracy Estimation and Model Selection
Kohavi, R. (1995) · Zenodo · doi:10.5281/zenodo.19712698 · Cited by 10,909
Friedman, J., Hastie, T., & Tibshirani, R. (2000) · The Annals of Statistics · doi:10.1214/aos/1016218223 · Cited by 6,884
Friedman, N., Geiger, D., & Goldszmidt, M. (1997) · Machine Learning · doi:10.1023/a:1007465528199 · Cited by 4,742
A comprehensive analysis of protein–protein interactions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Uetz, P., Giot, L., Cagney, G., Mansfield, T. A., Judson, R. S., Knight, J. R., Lockshon, D., Narayan, V., Srinivasan, M., Pochart, P., et al. (2000) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35001009 · Cited by 4,706
Neural Networks and the Bias/Variance Dilemma
Geman, S., Bienenstock, E., & Doursat, R. (1992) · Neural Computation · doi:10.1162/neco.1992.4.1.1 · Cited by 3,578
Nadaraya, E. A. (1964) · Theory of Probability & Its Applications · doi:10.1137/1109020 · Cited by 3,462
Craven, P., & Wahba, G. (1978) · Numerische Mathematik · doi:10.1007/bf01404567 · Cited by 3,388
A Probabilistic Theory of Pattern Recognition
Devroye, L., Györfi, L., & Lugosi, G. (1996) · Stochastic Modelling and Applied Probability · doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-0711-5 · Cited by 3,274
Transcriptional Regulatory Networks in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Lee, T. I., Rinaldi, N. J., Robert, F., Odom, D. T., Bar-Joseph, Z., Gerber, G. K., Hannett, N. M., Harbison, C. T., Thompson, C. M., Simon, I., et al. (2002) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1075090 · Cited by 2,956
Text classification from labeled and unlabeled documents using EM
Nigam, K., Mccallum, A. K., Thrun, S., & Mitchell, T. (2000) · Machine Learning · doi:10.1023/a:1007692713085 · Cited by 2,736
On the Uniform Convergence of Relative Frequencies of Events to Their Probabilities
Vapnik, V. N., & Chervonenkis, A. Y. (1971) · Theory of Probability & Its Applications · doi:10.1137/1116025 · Cited by 2,448
A View of the Em Algorithm that Justifies Incremental, Sparse, and other Variants
Neal, R. M., & Hinton, G. E. (1998) · Learning in Graphical Models · doi:10.1007/978-94-011-5014-9_12 · Cited by 2,187
An Introduction to Computational Learning Theory
Kearns, M. J., & Vazirani, U. (1994) · doi:10.7551/mitpress/3897.001.0001 · Cited by 1,697
Multiple kernel learning, conic duality, and the SMO algorithm
Bach, F. R., Lanckriet, G. R. G., & Jordan, M. I. (2004) · Twenty-first international conference on Machine learning - ICML '04 · doi:10.1145/1015330.1015424 · Cited by 1,453
Schaffer, C. (1993) · Machine Learning · doi:10.1023/a:1022653209073 · Cited by 310
On a connection between kernel PCA and metric multidimensional scaling
Williams, C. K. I. (2002) · Machine Learning · doi:10.1023/a:1012485807823 · Cited by 206
Cohen, I., Sebe, N., Gozman, F. G., Cirelo, M. C., & Huang, T. S. (2003) · 2003 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2003. Proceedings. · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2003.1211408 · Cited by 155
Cited by
The graph neural network model
Scarselli, F., Gori, M., Tsoi, A. C., Hagenbuchner, M., & Monfardini, G. (2009) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks · doi:10.1109/tnn.2008.2005605 · Cited by 9,582
A Comprehensive Survey on Transfer Learning
Zhuang, F., Qi, Z., Duan, K., Xi, D., Zhu, Y., Zhu, H., Xiong, H., & He, Q. (2021) · Proceedings of the IEEE · doi:10.1109/jproc.2020.3004555 · Cited by 6,678
A unified architecture for natural language processing: deep neural networks with multitask learning
Collobert, R., & Weston, J. (2008) · Proceedings of the 25th international conference on Machine learning - ICML '08 · doi:10.1145/1390156.1390177 · Cited by 5,058
Bootstrap Your Own Latent: A New Approach to Self-Supervised Learning
Grill, J.-B., Strub, F., Altché, F., Tallec, C., Richemond, P. H., Buchatskaya, E., Doersch, C., Pires, B. A., Guo, Z. D., Azar, M. G., et al. (2020) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2006.07733 · Cited by 3,846
(2006) · Cited by 3,624
Metadata
- Venue
- The MIT Press eBooks
- Publisher
- The MIT Press
- Published
- 2006-09-22
- OpenAlex
- W1479807131
- Cited by
- 4,280
- References
- 30
- FWCI
- 74.83
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.