Maternal diet-induced obesity during pregnancy alters lipid supply to mouse E18.5 fetuses and changes the cardiac tissue lipidome in a sex-dependent manner
Open accessPublished version of a preprint
Abstract
Maternal obesity during pregnancy has immediate and long-term detrimental effects on the offspring heart. In this study, we characterized the cardiac and circulatory lipid profiles in late gestation E18.5 fetuses of diet-induced obese pregnant mice and established the changes in lipid abundance and fetal cardiac transcriptomics. We used untargeted and targeted lipidomics and transcriptomics to define changes in the serum and cardiac lipid composition and fatty acid metabolism in male and female fetuses. From these analyses we observed: (1) maternal obesity affects the maternal and fetal serum lipidome distinctly; (2) female fetal heart lipidomes are more sensitive to maternal obesity than males; (3) changes in lipid supply might contribute to early expression of lipolytic genes in mouse hearts exposed to maternal obesity. These results highlight the existence of sexually dimorphic responses of the fetal heart to the same in utero obesogenic environment and identify lipids species that might mediate programming of cardiovascular health.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Increased expression of Ppara, Cpt1, Cpt2 and Acot2 in both male and female offspring of obese dams was validated by qPCR, consistent with increased fat oxidation.
“Increased expression of Ppara Cpt1, Cpt2 and Acot2 in both male and female offspring of obese dams was validated by qPCR [115], consistent with increased fat oxidation.”
From Recent Experimental Studies of Maternal Obesity, Diabetes during Pregnancy and the Developmental Origins of Cardiovascular Disease (2022) · cites this paper as [115]
The Results (Figure 5E; no page available) say that qPCR validated key lipid-metabolism genes in hearts from both male and female fetuses, and the Methods list primers for Ppara, Cpt1, Cpt2 and Acot2. The text does not establish that all four increased in both sexes. The Results report increased oleic-acid oxidation only in isolated female cardiomyocytes; the Discussion cautions that fetal-heart fatty-acid oxidation rates remain to be determined. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIncreases in 14:0, 14:1 and 17:0 fatty acids and a decrease in 22:5 fatty acid in the serum of fetal offspring of obese dams diverged from the maternal profile.
“However, increases in 14:0, 14:1 and 17:0 fatty acids and a decrease in 22:5 fatty acid in the serum of fetal offspring of obese dams diverged from the maternal profile [115].”
From Recent Experimental Studies of Maternal Obesity, Diabetes during Pregnancy and the Developmental Origins of Cardiovascular Disease (2022) · cites this paper as [115]
Cardiomyocytes from female fetuses of obese dams oxidized more 18:1 fatty acid than cardiomyocytes from controls.
“Cardiomyocytes from female fetuses of obese dams oxidized more 18:1 fatty acid than cardiomyocytes from controls [115].”
From Recent Experimental Studies of Maternal Obesity, Diabetes during Pregnancy and the Developmental Origins of Cardiovascular Disease (2022) · cites this paper as [115]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
QuPath: Open source software for digital pathology image analysis
Bankhead, P., Loughrey, M. B., Fernández, J. A., Dombrowski, Y., McArt, D. G., Dunne, P. D., McQuaid, S., Gray, R. T., Murray, L. J., Coleman, H. G., et al. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-17204-5 · Cited by 8,908 · see citing works
Roth, G. A., Abate, D., Abate, K. H., Abay, S. M., Abbafati, C., Abbasi, N., Abbastabar, H., Abd-Allah, F., Abdela, J., Abdelalim, A., et al. (2018) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(18)32203-7 · Cited by 8,600 · see citing works
The origins of the developmental origins theory
Barker, D. J. P. (2007) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2796.2007.01809.x · Cited by 2,955 · see citing works
van der Veen, J. N., Kennelly, J. P., Wan, S., Vance, J. E., Vance, D. E., & Jacobs, R. L. (2017) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes · doi:10.1016/j.bbamem.2017.04.006 · Cited by 1,514 · see citing works
LMSD: LIPID MAPS structure database
Sud, M., Fahy, E., Cotter, D., Brown, A., Dennis, E. A., Glass, C. K., Merrill, A. H., Murphy, R. C., Raetz, C. R. H., Russell, D. W., et al. (2006) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkl838 · Cited by 1,388 · see citing works
Catalano, P. M., & Shankar, K. (2017) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.j1 · Cited by 1,306 · see citing works
Lopaschuk, G. D., & Jaswal, J. S. (2010) · Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology · doi:10.1097/fjc.0b013e3181e74a14 · Cited by 636 · see citing works
Burdge, G. C., Jones, A. E., & Wootton, S. A. (2002) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1079/bjn2002662 · Cited by 598 · see citing works
Missing data methods in PCA and PLS: Score calculations with incomplete observations
Nelson, P. R. C., Taylor, P. A., & MacGregor, J. F. (1996) · Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems · doi:10.1016/s0169-7439(96)00007-x · Cited by 361 · see citing works
Effects of maternal obesity on placental function and fetal development
Howell, K. R., & Powell, T. L. (2016) · Reproduction · doi:10.1530/rep-16-0495 · Cited by 354 · see citing works
Sex and gender differences in developmental programming of metabolism
Dearden, L., Bouret, S. G., & Ozanne, S. E. (2018) · Molecular Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.molmet.2018.04.007 · Cited by 353 · see citing works
Self-citationLION/web: a web-based ontology enrichment tool for lipidomic data analysis
Molenaar, M. R., Jeucken, A., Wassenaar, T. A., van de Lest, C. H. A., Brouwers, J. F. H. M., & Helms, J. B. (2019) · GigaScience · doi:10.1093/gigascience/giz061 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
Hypoxia and Fetal Heart Development
Patterson, A. J., & Zhang, L. (2010) · Current Molecular Medicine · doi:10.2174/156652410792630643 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Guénard, F., Deshaies, Y., Cianflone, K., Kral, J. G., Marceau, P., & Vohl, M.-C. (2013) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1216959110 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Maturation of Cardiac Energy Metabolism During Perinatal Development
Piquereau, J., & Ventura‐Clapier, R. (2018) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2018.00959 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Maternal and fetal lipid metabolism under normal and gestational diabetic conditions
Herrera, E., & Desoyé, G. (2015) · Hormone Molecular Biology and Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1515/hmbci-2015-0025 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Measurement of Fatty Acid Oxidation Rates in Animal Tissues and Cell Lines
Huynh, F. K., Green, M. F., Koves, T. R., & Hirschey, M. D. (2014) · Methods in enzymology on CD-ROM/Methods in enzymology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-416618-9.00020-0 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Maternal Obesity and Diabetes Mellitus as Risk Factors for Congenital Heart Disease in the Offspring
Helle, E., & Priest, J. R. (2020) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.119.011541 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Su, X., Han, X., Mancuso, D. J., Abendschein, D. R., & Gross, R. W. (2005) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/bi047773a · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Maternal obesity, lipotoxicity and cardiovascular diseases in offspring
Dong, M., Zheng, Q., Ford, S. P., Nathanielsz, P. W., & Ren, J. T. (2012) · Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.yjmcc.2012.08.023 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Fernandez-Twinn, D. S., Gascoin, G., Musial, B., Carr, S., Duque-Guimaraes, D., Blackmore, H. L., Alfaradhi, M. Z., Loche, E., Sferruzzi-Perri, A. N., Fowden, A. L., et al. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep44650 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Self-citationMechanisms by which maternal obesity programs offspring for obesity: evidence from animal studies
Zambrano, E., & Nathanielsz, P. W. (2013) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1111/nure.12068 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Loche, E., Blackmore, H. L., Carpenter, A. A., Beeson, J. H., Pinnock, A., Ashmore, T. J., Aiken, C. E., de Almeida-Faria, J., Schoonejans, J. M., Giussani, D. A., et al. (2018) · Cardiovascular Research · doi:10.1093/cvr/cvy082 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Self-citationWallace, J. G., Bellissimo, C. J., Yeo, E., Xia, Y. F., Petrik, J., Surette, M. G., Bowdish, D. M. E., & Sloboda, D. M. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-54098-x · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Sex-Specific Control of Human Heart Maturation by the Progesterone Receptor
Sim, C. B., Phipson, B., Ziemann, M., Rafehi, H., Mills, R. J., Watt, K. I., Abu-Bonsrah, K. D., Kalathur, R. K. R., Voges, H. K., Dinh, D. T., et al. (2021) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.120.051921 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Zhu, Y., Li, M., Rahman, M. L., Hinkle, S. N., Wu, J., Weir, N. L., Lin, Y., Yang, H., Tsai, M. Y., Ferrara, A., et al. (2019) · PLOS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002910 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Tham, Y. K., Bernardo, B. C., Huynh, K., Ooi, J. Y. Y., Gao, X. M., Kiriazis, H., Giles, C., Meikle, P. J., & McMullen, J. R. (2018) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2018.08.017 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Puppala, S., Li, C., Glenn, J. P., Saxena, R., Gawrieh, S., Quinn, A. R., Palarczyk, J., Dick, E. J., Nathanielsz, P. W., & Cox, L. A. (2018) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp275422 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Exposure to maternal obesity programs sex differences in pancreatic islets of the offspring in mice
Nicholas, L. M., Nagao, M., Kusinski, L. C., Fernandez‐Twinn, D. S., Eliasson, L., & Ozanne, S. E. (2019) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-019-05037-y · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Self-citationHarshfield, E. L., Koulman, A., Ziemek, D., Marney, L. C., Fauman, E. B., Paul, D. S., Stacey, D., Rasheed, A., Lee, J., Shah, N., et al. (2019) · Journal of Proteome Research · doi:10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00786 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Self-citationMiranda, J., Simoes, R. V., Paulés, C., Cañueto, D., Pardo-Cea, M. Á., García‐Martín, M. L., Crovetto, F., Fuertes-Martín, R., Doménech, M., Gómez‐Roig, M. D., et al. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-31832-5 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Le, C. H., Mulligan, C. M., Routh, M. A., Bouma, G. J., Frye, M. A., Jeckel, K. M., Sparagna, G. C., Lynch, J. M., Moore, R. L., McCune, S. A., et al. (2013) · Circulation Heart Failure · doi:10.1161/circheartfailure.113.000744 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Eum, J. Y., Lee, J. C., Yi, S. S., Kim, I. Y., Seong, J. K., & Moon, M. H. (2020) · Journal of Chromatography A · doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2020.460849 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Kuklenyik, Z., Jones, J. I., Gardner, M. S., Schieltz, D. M., Parks, B. A., Toth, C. A., Rees, J. C., Andrews, M., Carter, K. A., Lehtikoski, A., et al. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0194797 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Furse, S., Watkins, A. J., Hojat, N., Smith, J., Williams, H. E. L., Chiarugi, D., & Koulman, A. (2021) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-021-01686-1 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationHamilton, R. L., & Fielding, P. E. (1989) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/0006-291x(89)91635-5 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
A high-throughput platform for detailed lipidomic analysis of a range of mouse and human tissues
Furse, S., Fernandez‐Twinn, D. S., Jenkins, B., Meek, C. L., Williams, H. E. L., Smith, G. C. S., Jones, D. S., Ozanne, S. E., & Koulman, A. (2020) · Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry · doi:10.1007/s00216-020-02511-0 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citationCarnitine palmitoyltransferase II specificity towards β‐oxidation intermediates
Ventura, F. V., IJlst, L., Ruiter, J. P. N., Ofman, R., Costa, C. G., Jakobs, C., Durán, M., de Almeida, I. T., BIEBER, L. L., & Wanders, R. J. A. (1998) · European Journal of Biochemistry · doi:10.1046/j.1432-1327.1998.2530614.x · Cited by 30 · see citing works
The Lipid and Glyceride Profiles of Infant Formula Differ by Manufacturer, Region and Date Sold
Furse, S., & Koulman, A. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11051122 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationAhmed, A., Liang, M., Chi, L., Zhou, Y., Sled, J. G., Wilson, M. D., & Delgado-Olguı́n, P. (2020) · Molecular Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.molmet.2020.101116 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Multiomics approach reveals metabolic changes in the heart at birth
Walejko, J. M., Koelmel, J. P., Garrett, T. J., Edison, A. S., & KELLER-WOOD, M. E. (2018) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00297.2018 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Aughey, H., Blotkamp, A., Carroll, F. E., Geary, R. S., Gurol‐Urganci, I., Harris, T., Hawdon, J. M., Heighway, E., Jardine, J. E., Knight, H. E., et al. (2019) · DMU Open Research Archive (De Montfort University) · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Comprehensive targeted and non-targeted lipidomics analyses in failing and non-failing heart
Halade, G. V., Dorbane, A., Ingle, K. A., Kain, V., Schmitter, J., & Rhourri‐Frih, B. (2018) · Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry · doi:10.1007/s00216-018-0863-7 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Programming by maternal obesity: a pathway to poor cardiometabolic health in the offspring
Inzani, I., & Ozanne, S. E. (2022) · Proceedings of The Nutrition Society · doi:10.1017/s0029665122001914 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Self-citationKereliuk, S. M., & Dolinsky, V. W. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23084467 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“However, increases in 14:0, 14:1 and 17:0 fatty acids and a decrease in 22:5 fatty acid in the serum of fetal offspring of obese dams diverged from the maternal profile [115].”
BackgroundInfluentialPregnancy in obese women and mechanisms of increased cardiovascular risk in offspring
Cochrane, A. L. K., Murphy, M. P., Ozanne, S. E., & Giussani, D. A. (2024) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehae671 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citationMade in the Womb: Maternal Programming of Offspring Cardiovascular Function by an Obesogenic Womb
Diniz, M. S., Grilo, L. F., Tocantins, C., Falcão‐Pires, I., & Pereira, S. P. (2023) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo13070845 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Role of Maternal Obesity in Offspring Cardiovascular Development and Congenital Heart Defects
McMullan, A., Zwierzynski, J. B., Jain, N., Haneline, L. S., Shou, W., Kua, K. L., Hota, S. K., & Durbin, M. D. (2025) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.124.039684 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Savva, C., Helguero, L. A., Gonzalez-Granillo, M. A., Melo, T., Couto, D., Angelin, B., Domingues, M. R., Li, X., Kutter, C., & Korach-André, M. (2022) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-022-04022-3 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Dearden, L., Furigo, I. C., Pantaleão, L. C., Wong, L. W. P., Fernandez‐Twinn, D. S., de Almeida-Faria, J., Kentistou, K. A., Carreira, M. V., Bidault, G., Vidal‐Puig, A., et al. (2024) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3002641 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationPantaleão, L. C., Loche, E., Fernandez‐Twinn, D. S., Dearden, L., Córdova-Casanova, A., Osmond, C., Salonen, M. K., Kajantie, E., Niu, Y., de Almeida-Faria, J., et al. (2024) · Molecular Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.molmet.2024.101875 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationZhang, Y., Ruan, L., Li, M., Lü, Y., Li, F., Xie, Y., Tang, J., Feng, Q., Chen, X.-Y., Ding, Y., et al. (2024) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/deae091 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
The metabolic response of human trophoblasts derived from term placentas to metformin
Tarry‐Adkins, J. L., Robinson, I. G., Pantaleão, L. C., Armstrong, J. L., Thackray, B. D., Holzner, L. M. W., Knapton, A. E., Virtue, S., Jenkins, B., Koulman, A., et al. (2023) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-023-05996-3 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationZimmerman, K. D., Chan, J., Glenn, J. P., Birnbaum, S., Li, C., Nathanielsz, P. W., Olivier, M., & Cox, L. A. (2023) · Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease · doi:10.1017/s204017442300003x · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Lipid exposure leads to metabolic dysfunction in fetal sheep cardiomyocytes
Chattergoon, N. N., Bose, K., Louey, S., & Jonker, S. S. (2025) · Physiological Reports · doi:10.14814/phy2.70386 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Furse, S., Virtue, S., Huang‐Doran, I., Vidal‐Puig, A., Chiarugi, D., Stevenson, P. C., Snowden, S. G., & Koulman, A. (2025) · Open Biology · doi:10.1098/rsob.250198 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationXie, P., Zeng, Q., Wang, H. Y., & She, M. (2026) · Journal of Biochemical and Molecular Toxicology · doi:10.1002/jbt.71033 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Maternal obesity: influencing the heart right from the start
Sergienko, N. M., Bell, J. R., & Weeks, K. L. (2022) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp283190 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Ibáñez, C. A., & Zambrano, E. (2024) · Archives of Medical Research · doi:10.1016/j.arcmed.2024.103111 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Dearden, L., Furigo, I. C., Pantaleão, L. C., Wong, L. W. P., Fernandez‐Twinn, D. S., de Almeida-Faria, J., Kentistou, K. A., Carreira, M. V., Bidault, G., Vidal‐Puig, A., et al. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.06.01.494310 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationGaneshalingam, M., Cheema, S. K., Wagner, C. L., Pham, T. H., Enstad, S., Andrews, C., Grapov, D., Esposito, F., Sen, S., & Thomas, R. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.07.25.605136 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Myocardial Growth Response to Fetal Intralipid Infusion in Sheep
Iverson, K., McClellan, E. B., Jonker, S. S., & Louey, S. (2025) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.202501607r
- Authors
- Pantaleão, L. C., Inzani, I., Furse, S., Loche, E., Hufnagel, A., Ashmore, T., Blackmore, H. L., Jenkins, B., Carpenter, A. A. M., Wilczynska, A., Bushell, M., Koulman, A., Fernandez-Twinn, D. S., & Ozanne, S. E.
- Affiliations
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Cancer Research UK Scotland Institute (GB)
- Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science and Medical Research Council Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital
- Corresponding author
- Pantaleão, Lucas C
- Inzani, Isabella
- Ozanne, Susan E
- ORCID
- Venue
- eLife
- Publisher
- eLife Sciences Publications, Ltd
- Published
- 2022-01-13
- Volume
- 11
- ISSN
- 2050-084X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8794468
- OpenAlex
- W4206148311
- Cited by
- 19
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 5
- FWCI
- 4.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- eLife (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Apollo (University of Cambridge) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Apollo
- Apollo (cc-by)
- Funders
- British Heart Foundation (RG/17/12/33167, FS/12/64/30001, FS/18/56/35177)
- Medical Research Council (MRC_MC_UU_00014/4)
- Wellcome Trust (208363/Z/17/Z)
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BB/M027252/1)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Birth, Development, and Health
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biochemistry › Lipid metabolism and biosynthesis
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Metabolomics and Mass Spectrometry Studies
- Keywords
- maternal obesity, diet-induced obesity, pregnancy, fetal heart, serum lipidome, sex differences, fatty acid metabolism, lipolysis
- MeSH terms
- Obesity, Maternal, Pregnancy in Obesity, Lipidomics, Animals, Female, Fetus, Male, Myocardium, Pregnancy, Lipid Metabolism, Mice, Transcriptome
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
