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Cited by 60Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and LipoproteinsAdipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic DiseasesCardiovascular Function and Risk Factors

A comprehensive review of metabolic syndrome and its role in cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Mechanisms, risk factors, and management

Open access
Dhondge, Rushikesh H, Agrawal, Sachin, Patil, Rajvardhan, Kadu, Ajinkya, Kothari, Manjeet·2024·Cureus
DOI 10.7759/cureus.67428PMC PMC11416200
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Abstract

Metabolic syndrome is a multifaceted metabolic disorder characterized by a constellation of interconnected risk factors, including insulin resistance, abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. These components collectively predispose individuals to an elevated risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The prevalence of metabolic syndrome has escalated globally, paralleling the rise in obesity rates and sedentary lifestyles. This review explores the pathophysiology underlying metabolic syndrome, emphasizing its role in the development and progression of CVD and T2DM. Epidemiological data underscore the substantial public health burden metabolic syndrome poses, necessitating effective preventive strategies and management approaches. The current diagnostic criteria and screening tools are discussed, highlighting their utility in clinical practice. Management strategies encompass lifestyle modifications, pharmacotherapy, and surgical interventions, each targeting specific components of metabolic syndrome to mitigate cardiovascular and metabolic risks. The challenges in diagnosing and managing metabolic syndrome are addressed alongside emerging research directions to enhance prevention and treatment outcomes. By elucidating the intricate relationship between metabolic syndrome, CVD, and T2DM, this review aims to guide healthcare practitioners in optimizing patient care and advancing public health initiatives to combat this pervasive syndrome.

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  • Conclusions on probiotics for metabolic disorders were not universally positive, and some studies reported unexpected side effects.

    “Conclusions were not universally positive, and some studies even reported unexpected side effects [87,108].”

    From Current Concepts in Probiotic Safety and Efficacy (2026) · cites this paper as [108]

    The Review discusses metabolic-syndrome management and mentions gut microbiota as a possible research area, but does not report conclusions from probiotic studies or unexpected side effects. Searches for “probiotics,” “unexpected side effects,” and adverse outcomes found no passage addressing the attributed claim; the available passages have no page numbers. (LLM, conf=0.76)

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Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Dhondge, R. H., Agrawal, S., Patil, R., Kadu, A., & Kothari, M.
Affiliations
Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research (IN)
Corresponding author
Dhondge, Rushikesh H
ORCID
Agrawal, Sachin
Venue
Cureus
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2024-08-21
Volume
16
Issue
8
Pages
e67428-e67428
ISSN
2168-8184 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.7759/cureus.67428
PMC
PMC11416200
OpenAlex
W4401779604
Cited by
60
References
6
Citations by year
2026: 26 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 4
FWCI
3.52
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
cc-by
Locations
  • Cureus (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Function and Risk Factors
Keywords
metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance, abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, pathophysiology, risk factors, diagnostic criteria, screening, lifestyle modification, pharmacotherapy, bariatric surgery, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, prevention

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