Pediatrics in Medieval Islamic Theoria

May combine two claims.

Some comments suggest new explanations for diseases, while others mainly aim to explain particular readings of the Hippocratic or Galenic texts.

“Some comments suggest new explanations for diseases; others mainly aim to explain particular readings of the Hippocratic or Galenic texts.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The commentaries on the Aphorisms differ from encyclopedias and treatises by avoiding practical solutions to children's diseases, which feature amply in al-Baladī and Ibn Sīnā.

“the commentaries on the pediatric Aphorisms differ from the encyclopedias and treatises in that they avoid practical solutions to children's diseases, solutions that feature amply in the works of al-Baladī and Ibn Sīnā.”

May combine two claims.

Galenic explanations of childhood illnesses survived until the fifteenth century, and Galen's pediatric theories remained influential throughout the Arabic commentaries.

“Galenic explanations of childhood illnesses survived until the fifteenth century, while his pediatric theories remained influential throughout the Arabic commentaries.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Al-Sinjārī explained ear discharge as fluids drawn from the brain by cold air at birth, flowing to the ears and mouth and causing severe pain.

“Al-Sinjārī elucidates that when children experience the cold air at birth after the warmth of their mothers' wombs, the fluids (faḍalāt) are drawn from their brains and flow to their ears and innermost parts of their mouths (lahawāt), causing them terrible pain”

May combine two claims.

Al-Baghdādī gave the first Arabic commentary discussion of coughing, explaining it by thrush, spoiled milk in the stomach, and other things.

“We find the first discussions of coughing in the Arabic commentaries in the twelfth century, when al-Baghdādī writes that”

• cites [97]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Some Arabic commentaries showed interest in the different kinds of convulsions in young children and often defined Hippocratic terms that Galen had not addressed.

“Yet there is an interest in the different types of convulsions that befall young children in some of the Arabic commentaries-indeed, they are regularly concerned with definitions of medical terminology in the Hippocratic source text not addressed by Galen.”

• cites [77]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Alternative explanations tend to remain within Galen's framework or are taken from his work elsewhere.

“Alternative explanations tend to remain within Galen's framework or are taken from his work elsewhere.”

May combine two claims.

Al-Baghdādī's explanation of coughing stood largely alone, was copied only by Ibn al-Quff, and did not seem rooted in Soranus, Ibn al-Jazzār, or al-Baladī.

“This explanation seems to stand slightly on its own; it is only copied by Ibn al-Quff and does not seem to have its roots in Soranus, Ibn al-Jazzār, or al-Baladī.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Ibn al-Quff explained that children's moisture exits through the ears rather than the nose because they sleep on their backs.

“Ibn al-Quff gives a simpler explanation for why in children moistness especially comes out through the ears, and not, like in adults, through the nose, arguing that this happens because children”

May combine two claims.

Ibn Abī Ṣādiq's novel reading of Aphorisms iii.25 drew on experience and connected obesity with diarrhea.

“Ibn Abī Ṣādiq's innovative interpretation was based on experience, which led him to link corpulence with diarrhea.”

May combine two claims.

Al-Baghdādī's treatment of Aphorisms iii.25 was philological and theoretical, aimed at defending Galen's reading grammatically rather than through medical experience.

“Al-Baghdādī's approach, on the contrary, is philological and theoretical, and more concerned with defending Galen's explanation from a grammatical perspective, which he does with great eye for detail, than with medical experience.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Ibn al-Quff refrains from giving his opinion but summarizes the different sides, stating that the phrase to the corpulent is sometimes understood as specifying those to whom spasms occur and other times those to whom diarrhea occurs.

“Ibn al-Quff refrains from giving his opinion, but summarizes the different sides, stating that the phrase”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

One debate concerns an ambiguity in Aphorisms iii.25, which treats diseases accompanying teething.

“One of these debates concerns an ambiguity in Aphorisms iii.25, which treats the diseases that accompany teething.”

May combine two claims.

Al-Sinjārī and Ibn al-Quff followed Ibn Abī Ṣādiq in treating dhibḥa as a children's disease, but they did not adopt his explanation for it.

“While al-Sinjārī and Ibn al-Quff both follow Ibn Abī Ṣādiq in his classification of dhibḥa as a children's disease, they do not adopt his explanation.”

May combine two claims.

Medieval Islamic medicine accepted Galen's link between a moist brain and leaking ears, but regarded it as not fully adequate.

“While Galen's connection between a humid brain and leaking ears is accepted in medieval Islamic medicine, it is not considered fully satisfactory.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In the explanation of thrush, a single word in an otherwise fully accepted Galenic theory was unclear.

“In the case of the explanation of thrush (ἄφθαι, qulāʿ), a single word in an otherwise fully accepted Galenic theory was unclear.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Ibn al-Jazzār explained infant coughing as the lungs becoming cold because the tongue cannot close the windpipe with the epiglottis, after the lungs had been used to the warmth of the womb.

“Ibn al-Jazzār offers a different explanation: coughing happens because the lungs of infants, previously used to the warmth of their mothers' wombs, become cold as their tongues are unable to close their windpipes with the epiglottis.”

• cites [100]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The commentators incorporated theoretical ideas from nonexegetical authors such as Ibn al-Jazzār and al-Baladī without explicit acknowledgment, while consistently ignoring those authors' cures.

“In addition, we also find the commentators incorporating the theoretical ideas from nonexegetical authors such as Ibn al-Jazzār and al-Baladī, albeit never explicitly, while they consistently ignore the cures to diseases these authors offer.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Al-Sinjārī, using the theory of vital heat, said convulsions of repletion arise from agitated matter, probably gum, and from vital heat being submerged because children's weak bodies contain much fluid.

“Borrowing the Galenic (or Hippocratic) theory of vital heat, al-Sinjārī argues that convulsions of repletion occur because of agitated matter (hayajān almawādd), presumably of the gum, and because vital heat is immersed as a result of the large amount of fluids in children's weak bodies.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Ibn Abī Ṣādiq explained dhibḥa in children of this age as caused by boys talking a great deal because they must read aloud for long periods, which heated the throat and surrounding organs and caused inflammation.

“Ibn Abī Ṣādiq writes that dhibḥa occurs especially in children of this age because boys talk a lot during this stage of their life as they are required to read aloud for long periods (dawām qirāʾatihim mā yataʿallamūna).”

May combine two claims.

Al-Baghdādī was the first of four later commentators to interpret the harmful content of milk as borax, perhaps influenced by his training in alchemy and knowledge of minerals.

“Al-Baghdādī is the first of four later commentators to interpret the harmful content of milk as borax, perhaps an influence of his training in alchemy and related knowledge of minerals.”

May combine two claims.

Ibn al-Quff explained nightmares as caused by thick vapors rising from spoiled milk to the brain, and said children's weakness makes them react to the slightest imagined thing.

“Ibn al-Quff expands on Galen's cause by explaining it to be the result of thick vapors (albukhārāt alghalīẓa) that rise from spoiled milk to the brain and cause children to have bad dreams”

May combine two claims.

Earlier commentaries relied on Galen and elevated his commentary from a means of understanding Hippocrates to a source text to be critically expanded; later commentators returned focus to the Hippocratic text.

“The earlier commentaries specifically rely on Galen, elevating his commentary beyond a primary means of understanding the Hippocratic text to the level of source text itself, to be critically expanded and explained in earlier commentaries.”

May combine two claims.

Ibn Abī Ṣādiq said Hippocrates meant frequent awakening by sleeplessness, and gave two reasons not derived from Galen or other ancient physicians: infants cannot tolerate swaddling, and they suffer pain from the cutting of the umbilical cord.

“He argues that babies are often awake because their delicate bodies have little tolerance for swaddling (qillat iḥtimālihā lshadda bilqimāṭ), and in addition suffered pain from the cutting of their umbilical cord (walitaʾadhdhihim biqaṭʿ alsurra).”

• cites [85]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The same coughing theory appears in pseudo-Rāzī and was adapted in various ways by Ibn al-Quff, Ibn al-Nafīs, al-Ṭabīb, al-Kīlānī, and al-Sīwāsī.

“The same theory is in pseudo-Rāzī, and is adapted in various ways by Ibn al-Quff, Ibn al-Nafīs, al-Ṭabīb, al-Kīlānī, and al-Sīwāsī.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

Ibn Abī Ṣādiq defined tashannuj, Ḥunayn's rendering of σπασμοί, as twisting of the nerves; al-Sīwāsī repeated this almost verbatim and al-Kīshī borrowed it.

“In this particular case, Ibn Abī Ṣādiq defines tashannuj, Ḥunayn's translation of σπασμοί, as”

May combine two claims.

Although the Arabic commentators adopt Galen's explanation of thrush, they avoid using Ḥunayn's translation of moisture and offer various alternative interpretations of the harmful element in milk.

“Although the Arabic commentators adopt Galen's explanation of thrush, they avoid using Ḥunayn's translation of”

May combine two claims.

Al-Baghdādī, while following Galen, also attributed convulsions to the moisture of children's brains and their weak organs, using Galenic ideas that Galen applied only to ear moisture and thrush.

“Of the Arabic commentators who follow Galen's explanation, al-Baghdādī, however, also argues that convulsions are due to the humidity of children's brains and their weak organs, which are Galenic theories that Galen only uses to explain moisture of the ears and thrush.”

May combine two claims.

Pseudo-Rāzī mentioned milk going bad as a cause of sleeplessness, probably from Galen, and this explanation was repeated by al-Baghdādī, Ibn al-Quff, Ibn al-Nafīs, al-Sīwāsī, and al-Manāwī.

“Pseudo-Rāzī's use of spoiled milk to explain sleeplessness more generally is repeated first in al-Baghdādī in the late thirteenth century, and then also by Ibn al-Quff, Ibn al-Nafīs, al-Sīwāsī, and al-Manāwī”

• cites [84]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The commentaries differ from nonexegetical Islamic works such as al-Baladī's by making limited use of late-antique sources, relying only occasionally on Rufus or Soranus, who are not named.

“The commentary material also differs from other nonexegetical Islamic works, such as that by al-Baladī, on account of its limited use of late-antique sources; there is only occasional reliance on Ruphus of Efesus or Soranus, who are not mentioned by name.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Much clarification in the commentaries happens in debate form, in which authors quote and critically review their predecessors' opinions.

“Thus, much clarification happens in debate form, in which authors carefully quote and critically review the opinions of their predecessors.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Al-Baghdādī approaches the problem from a grammatical point of view.

“Al-Baghdādī approaches the problem from a grammatical point of view.”

May combine two claims.

When Galen offered no explanation or his reading was rejected, commentators either supplied Galenic material from elsewhere, gave new explanations within Galenic doctrine, or more rarely abandoned Galenic theory.

“So far, we have treated instances where authors adopted Galen's explanation, but there are also cases where Galen did not give an explanation or his interpretation was rejected; the commentators then either fill in the gap with Galenic material taken from elsewhere, provide new explanations that follow Galenic doctrine, or, more rarely, break with Galenic theory all together.”

May combine two claims.

Ibn Abī Ṣādiq's pragmatic reasoning about sleeplessness was widely adopted by later medieval commentators, and the idea of swaddling pain reappears in al-Sinjārī, Ibn al-Quff, Ibn al-Nafīs, al-Ṭabīb, al-Kīlānī, and al-Sīwāsī.

“Ibn Abī Ṣādiq's innovative, pragmatic reasoning is adopted widely by later medieval commentators; the idea of pain induced by swaddling returns in al-Sinjārī, Ibn al-Quff, Ibn al-Nafīs, al-Ṭabīb, al-Kīlānī, and al-Sīwāsī.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Al-Sinjārī instead used the phrase convulsions of repletion, repeating wording found in Aphorisms vi.39.

“However, al-Sinjārī speaks instead of convulsions of repletion (tashannuj imtilāʾī), repeating a phrase mentioned in Aphorisms vi.39.”

May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

Ibn al-Quff argued that cold first affects the brain, weakening its innate heat and natural strength so that surpluses increase and trickle toward the lungs, which kept him closer to Galen's theory of the moist brain.

“Ibn al-Quff, a contemporary of Ibn al-Nafīs, argues instead that the brain is first affected by the cold:”

• cites [102]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Even though reproduction of earlier Islamic exegetical material features prominently in postclassical commentaries, there is also reliance on a limited number of other Islamic sources with theoretical discussions of childhood illnesses, such as Ibn al-Jazzār and al-Baladī.

“Even though the reproduction of earlier Islamic exegetical material features prominently in the postclassical commentaries, we also find a reliance on a limited number of other Islamic sources that include theoretical discussions of childhood illnesses, such as Ibn al-Jazzār and al-Baladī.”

May combine two claims.

The difference between ṭabīb and midwife seems very likely and is acknowledged early by Ibn Rabban al-Ṭabarī.

“This difference between ṭabīb and midwife seems very likely; it is even acknowledged early on by Ibn Rabban al-Ṭabarī”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The difference between theoretical commentary and practical encyclopedia or treatise can be traced to late antiquity by comparing Galen's Commentary and Soranus's Gynecology.

“If we compare Galen's Commentary and Soranus's Gynecology, we can trace this difference to late antiquity.”

May combine two claims.

The first Arabic commentators shaped their texts after Ḥunayn's translation, and Galen's influence can be recognized throughout the commentary tradition.

“It is after the fashion of this translation that the first Arabic commentators shaped their texts, and thus Galen's influence can be recognized throughout the commentary tradition.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Galen uses differences in humidity, temperature, diet, and bone firmness to explain why children of different ages get different diseases.

“The difference in their levels of humidity, temperature, diet, and firmness of bones account for the varying diseases that children of different ages get.”

May combine two claims.

Physicians were not uninterested in the practica of childcare; Ibn al-Jazzār, al-Baladī, and Ibn Sīnā show interest in both theoretical and practical pediatrics.

“It does not mean, however, that physicians (aṭibbāʾ) were uninterested in the practica of childcare, even if the commentaries seem to reinforce this impression-Ibn al-Jazzār, al-Baladī, and even Ibn Sīnā evidence an interest in both theoretical and practical pediatrics.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Galen never wrote a specific pediatric treatise but set out a systematic view of the child in discussions scattered throughout his works.

“Galen, who never wrote a specific pediatric treatise but nevertheless promulgates a systematic view of the child in the numerous discussions of children scattered throughout his works.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The Hippocratic Aphorisms contain five aphorisms on childhood illnesses, iii.24-28.

“The Hippocratic Aphorisms (fifth or fourth century bce) contain five aphorisms on childhood illnesses (iii.24-28)”

May combine two claims.

In the medieval Muslim world, the distinguished male doctor was mostly identified with theoretical medicine, while female physicians and midwives possessed practical experience.

“the more distinguished, authoritative male doctor (ṭabīb) was mostly identified with theoretical medicine-the prestigious scientia, theoria, or medicia-whereas female physicians and midwives possessed experientia, practica, and cerugia”

• cites GiladiNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Galen's view, developed from Hippocratic theory, treats the child as warm and humid, with an especially humid brain and soft bones in newborns.

“This view, developed from Hippocratic theory, considers the child as warm and humid, with an especially humid brain, and with soft bones in the case of newborns.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The commentators approach even practical matters from a more theoretical perspective.

“Nevertheless, the commentators seem to approach even these matters from a more theoretical perspective.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The changes Islamic physicians make go well beyond their own humble claims of occasional expansion, pointing out hidden treasures, or mere grammatical adjustment.

“The changes the Islamic physicians make go well beyond their own humble claims of occasional expansion using Galenic material, the pointing out of hidden treasures, or mere grammatical adjustment.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The blend of Galenic doctrine with Islamic clarification, expansion, and theoretical innovation makes the pediatric material in the commentaries the ultimate example of medieval Islamic theoria.

“This combination of Galenic doctrine with Islamic progress in the form of clarification, expansion, and theoretical innovation makes the pediatric material in the commentaries the ultimate example of medieval Islamic theoria.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Sometimes Galen's interpretations caused confusion or disagreement, inspiring reinterpretations that were rejected, replaced, or accepted by later commentators, resulting in a diachronic debate lasting over five centuries.

“Sometimes Galen's interpretations caused confusion or disagreement, inspiring reinterpretations that were in turn rejected, replaced, or accepted by later commentators, resulting in a diachronic debate lasting over five centuries.”

May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

Galen was silent on the cause of coughing in children, although he discussed coughing in adults.

“Another instance of Galen's exegetical silence occurs in the matter of coughing (βῆχες), the third disease of the infant illnesses listed in Aphorisms iii.24.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Galen interprets the concluding remark as referring to spasms, arguing that spasms occur mostly to children who are obese and have hard abdomens.

“Galen interprets this to refer to spasms, arguing that spasms occur mostly to those children”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Galen attributed terrors to weakness of the child's stomach, which spoiled the milk, especially in greedy children.

“Galen locates their cause in the weakness of the child's stomach, which causes the milk to go bad, especially with greedy children”

• cites [68]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The unclear wording of Aphorisms iii.25 produced a debate with strongly opposed readings, and differences in exegetical method partly explain those disagreements.

“The ambiguity of Aphorisms iii.25 resulted in a debate with widely opposing views, which were partly the result of a difference of exegetical methods.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Both the Hippocratic text and Galen's commentary contained ambiguities that the Arabic commentators needed to resolve.

“Both the Hippocratic text and Galen's commentary were full of ambiguities that needed to be resolved by the Arabic commentators.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Al-Baghdādī states that the ambiguity arose from the long-ago textual transmission of the aphorism.

“He states that the ambiguity has arisen on account of the long-ago textual transmission of the aphorism”

May combine two claims.

The Arabic pediatric commentaries can be characterized as Galenic in genre and theory but Islamic in exegetical innovation.

“From Ibn Abī Ṣādiq's emphasis on typology and al-Baghdādī's careful philology to the eclectic combination of Arabic and Galenic sources in Ibn al-Quff, and later the extensive innovations in al-Sīwāsī, the Arabic pediatric commentaries can be described as Galenic in genre and theory, but Islamic in exegetical innovation.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Galen thought children had a moist constitution and a head filled with fluids, which made their ears wet.

“Galen believed that children had a humid constitution and a head full of fluids.”

May combine two claims.

The case supports Sabra's naturalization thesis: Galenic views of the child were assimilated into Islamic pediatrics even though later Islamic scholars no longer read Galen's text directly.

“Here we find a substantiation of Abdelhamid Sabra's naturalization thesis: Galenic views of the child are assimilated into Islamic pediatrics, even though his text was no longer directly read by later Islamic scholars.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Other Greek physicians shared Galen's view; Rufus of Ephesus also thought the specification of obese children referred specifically to spasms.

“Other Greek physicians shared this view; Rufus of Ephesus, for instance, also thought this specification of”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The problem with Aphorisms iii.25 lies in Hippocrates's concluding remark about heavy boys and constipated bowels.

“The problem with this aphorism, as shown by the disagreements among the medieval Islamic scholars, lies in Hippocrates's concluding remark about heavy boys and constipated bowels.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

According to al-Baghdādī, it is not clear to which part of the aphorism the last clause refers, especially lilʿabl, to the obese.

“According to al-Baghdādī, it is not as clear to which part of the aphorism the last clause refers”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Ibn Abī Ṣādiq argues that Hippocrates did not mean spasms but diarrhea to occur specifically to obese boys.

“In contrast, Ibn Abī Ṣādiq argues that Hippocrates did not mean spasms, but diarrhea to occur specifically to obese boys”