The DOI matches its Crossref record; 31 of the 31 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 117 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823–1905)
Open accessAbstract
This paper analyzes and evaluates the linguistic ideas of the British Protestant missionary Joseph Edkins (1823-1905), as well as the linguistic trends of his time, in order to recognize the merits and the achievements in the field of historical Chinese phonology. Furthermore, this paper seeks to demonstrate that many ideas about the sound system of Old Chinese were posited or at least presaged by Edkins in his philological works, where the earliest attempt to reconstruct the old language of the ancient Chinese classics took place for the first time.
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Claims the paper makes
90 Sources not found · 37 Own interpretation · 7 No basis given · 5 No full text of the sources · 5 Not checked yet
In the paper
“first, Edkins did not posit initial consonant clusters for Old Chinese; 15”
§ The Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823-1905) > 4. edkins's contributions to chinese phonology
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Edkins 1876: 190
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“For example, he writes,”
§ The Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823-1905) > 3. the primeval language, turanian, and the affiliation of the chinese language
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Edkins 1885: 252
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plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The influence of the Turanian family on Joseph Edkins's linguistic ideas is abundantly clear in his China's Place in Philology (1871, chaps.9, 10).”
§ The Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823-1905) > 3. the primeval language, turanian, and the affiliation of the chinese language
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Edkins 1871
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Unlike Chalmers (1874), Kühnert (1890), and Schaank (1897), Edkins did not understand the decoding of rime tables as a formal problem.”
§ The Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823-1905) > 4. edkins's contributions to chinese phonology
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Chalmers 1874
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Kühnert 1890
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- Not matchedcites Schaank 1897
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plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the very idea of Turanian languages, and their assumed close relationship with Chinese, had a significant influence on Edkins's ideas about consonantal stops in rù tone.”
§ The Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823-1905) > 3. the primeval language, turanian, and the affiliation of the chinese language
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In fact, we hold the view that one cannot fully understand the history of contemporary studies of historical Chinese phonology without knowledge of the history of Chinese philology in the nineteenth century.”
§ The Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823-1905) > 1. introduction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“the first attempts to recover the sound system of Old Chinese were made in the second half of the nineteenth century, long before Karlgren's Études sur la phonologie chinoise (1915)(1916)(1917)(1918)(1919)(1920)(1921)(1922)(1923).”
§ The Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823-1905) > 1. introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Karlgren (1915)
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“it is not merely possible but very probable that Edkins considered Hamites and Semites as belonging to the same monophylum.9”
§ The Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823-1905) > 3. the primeval language, turanian, and the affiliation of the chinese language
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Rests on an assumption: Edkins held, for religious reasons, that the Chinese descended from Hamites.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Edkins viewed linguistic evolution as an inevitable ascent through a preordained hierarchy of developmental stages: from nasal sounds to labial sounds, from labial sounds to dental sounds, from dental sounds to guttural sounds, and so on.”
§ The Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823-1905) > 1. introduction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Edkins was influenced by Max Müller's (1823Müller's ( -1900) ) classification of the agglutinative languages (i.e., the Turanian family).”
§ The Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823-1905) > 3. the primeval language, turanian, and the affiliation of the chinese language
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Müller 1854
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Müller 1861
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plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Probably not a substantial claim. 76
- It may state two separate claims as one. 55
- The quote only partly states this claim. 3
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Furthermore, Joseph Edkins is routinely cited in both Chinese and Western works on historical Chinese phonology as the first scholar to have posited initial consonant clusters for Old Chinese.”
§ The Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823-1905) > 4. edkins's contributions to chinese phonology
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Lín Yǔtáng 1933: 3-5
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Chu Chia-ning 1982: 54-59
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plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, the glide system of the medieval language has also collapsed in Cantonese, but it is retained in Hakka.”
§ The Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823-1905) > 3. the primeval language, turanian, and the affiliation of the chinese language
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Edkins's view about, say, linguistic stadialism influenced his view about, say, sound changes in Old Chinese.”
§ The Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823-1905) > 1. introduction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Edkins did not speak of”
§ The Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823-1905) > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
- Rests on an assumption: The Chinese language of the early classics (Shījīng, Shàngshū, etc.) differed from the medieval Chinese of the Sui dynasty.
In the paper
“On the basis of this comparative list, Edkins formulated a law according to which the main vowel of the stem is identical (e.g., undug, modo, etc.), so that the structure of the Turanian roots is CV 1 CV 1 (C), while roots such as *CV 1 CV 2 (C) are not admitted.”
§ The Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823-1905) > 3. the primeval language, turanian, and the affiliation of the chinese language
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Edkins 1871: 168-69
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plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“the core of this monograph was not to show that Sinitic was a branch of Turanian, but that Turanian, Chinese, Indo-European, and Semitic were related.”
§ The Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823-1905) > 3. the primeval language, turanian, and the affiliation of the chinese language
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Edkins 1871
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Edkins was among the most-if not the most-respected scholars of Chinese philology of his time and received praise also from August Friedrich Pott (1802-1887), Ernst Friedrich von Mohl (1849-1929), and the Rev. Archibald Henry Sayce (1845-1933) (Edkins 1884b: 731-32).”
§ The Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823-1905) > 1. introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Edkins 1884b: 731-32
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Hence, when dealing with the latter we must be aware that its understanding is not totally possible without knowledge of the former.”
§ The Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823-1905) > 1. introduction
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we will be compelled to observe that an influence, of course, was exerted upon him from a field that lies outside the domains of phonology and comparative philology: religion.”
§ The Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823-1905) > 1. introduction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The causes of variations in letters [vowel shifts, GO] may be noticed quite plainly in some cases.When it is said that back vowels such as a, o, u and some others are fond of k, it means that the muscular contraction producing k affects the size of the oral cavity.When final p changes to final k the tongue moves down by sympathy, widens the cavity and produces some one of the back vowels.(Edkins 1”
§ The Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823-1905) > 4. edkins's contributions to chinese phonology
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Edkins 1888: 20
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cantonese, for example, has not preserved voiced sounds (which survive partially only in Wú, Xiāng, and Mǐn dialects)”
§ The Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823-1905) > 3. the primeval language, turanian, and the affiliation of the chinese language
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Karlgren's system was both the foundation of twentieth-century historical Chinese phonology and the culmination of nineteenth-century Chinese philology.”
§ The Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823-1905) > 1. introduction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Since, as many linguists of his time, Müller associated the agglutinative languages with a particular stage in the social evolution of different ethnic groups, these languages were called”
§ The Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823-1905) > 3. the primeval language, turanian, and the affiliation of the chinese language
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Müller 1854: 25
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Poppe 1965: 125
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“surely Edkins's works were influenced by the concept of evolution-Edkins's The Evolution of the Chinese Language (1888) speaks for itself-but this kind of evolutionary thinking was non-Darwinian, actually much closer to the Lamarckian paradigm.”
§ The Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823-1905) > 1. introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Edkins 1888
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Darwinian evolution is an open-ended process governed by natural selection, adaptation, specialization, and random change.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Edkins's linguistic theory formed an organic whole and that this fundamental unity should not be broken up into disconnected parts.”
§ The Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823-1905) > 1. introduction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The Turanian hypothesis, in spite of the consistent number of its supporters (including Edkins), has been controversial from its very beginning.”
§ The Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823-1905) > 3. the primeval language, turanian, and the affiliation of the chinese language
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Poppe 1965
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Campbell & Poser 2008
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Karlgren (1915) continued in the tradition that Joshua Marshman (1768-1837) had started 106 years before (1809), and that, in Edkins's hands, turned into the subject of intense debate that has dragged on until our day.”
§ The Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823-1905) > 1. introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Karlgren (1915)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“To the best of this writer's knowledge, this trend was started by Lín Yǔtáng 林語堂 (1933: 3-5), 13 and has been somewhat reinforced by Chu Chia-ning 竺家寧 (1982: 54-59).”
§ The Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823-1905) > 4. edkins's contributions to chinese phonology
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Lín Yǔtáng 1933: 3-5
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Chu Chia-ning 1982: 54-59
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Basically, in 1730, Philip Johan von Strahlenberg (1676-1747) noted structural similarities among a consistent number of languages, which he classified into six groups: (1) Turco-Tatar languages; (2) Samoyedic; (3) Mongolian and Manchu; (4) Tungusic; (5) Uighur (which wrongly included also Finno-Ugric), (the language of the) Huns and Baraba Tatars; and (6) the languages of the”
§ The Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823-1905) > 3. the primeval language, turanian, and the affiliation of the chinese language
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Poppe 1965: 125
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Campbell & Poser 2008: 237
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most importantly, Darwin saw evolution as individual, while Edkins replaced this individual basis with a community of speakers.”
§ The Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823-1905) > 1. introduction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Darwinian evolution is an open-ended process governed by natural selection, adaptation, specialization, and random change.
In the paper
“Edkins consulted indigenous grammatical treatises, e.g., Bì Huázhēn's 畢華珍 Yǎnxù cǎotáng bǐjì 衍緒草堂筆記 (Edkins 1868: 58).”
§ The Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823-1905) > 1. introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Edkins 1868: 58
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and does not differentiate 精 (ts-), 莊 (ʈʂ-), 章 (tɕ-), and 知 (ʈ-), unlike part of Wú and a very small part of the Hakka dialects.”
§ The Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823-1905) > 3. the primeval language, turanian, and the affiliation of the chinese language
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Edkins compiled a list of alleged”
§ The Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823-1905) > 3. the primeval language, turanian, and the affiliation of the chinese language
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Edkins 1871
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
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In the paper
“Edkins had no doubts about the fact that the Old Chinese language possessed three main vowels, viz., a, i, o.”
§ The Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823-1905) > 4.2. Edkins's "Linguistic Stadialism"
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Edkins 1888
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Old Chinese i became Mandarin ï”
§ The Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823-1905) > 4.2. Edkins's "Linguistic Stadialism"
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Edkins 1888
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“one year later Simon H. Schaank (1897)”
§ The Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823-1905) > 4.2. Edkins's "Linguistic Stadialism"
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Schaank 1897
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Branner 2006
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plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The first saw the earliest formation of the surd and aspirate series, with that of a triple tone system.”
§ The Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823-1905) > 4.2. Edkins's "Linguistic Stadialism"
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Edkins 1871
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“It is well known that a palatal glide existed in Middle or Late Middle Chinese (Pulleyblank 1984: xvi, 164;Baxter 1992: 31).”
§ The Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823-1905) > 4.2. Edkins's "Linguistic Stadialism"
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Pulleyblank 1984
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Baxter 1992 source
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The third period, perhaps the most revolutionary of all, saw the sonant initials [i.e., voiced initials], and the finals k, t, p, m for ever dismissed, one of the primeval tone groups completely broken up, and the syllabic spelling of the Hindoo Buddhists thrown into chaotic confusion.”
§ The Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823-1905) > 4.2. Edkins's "Linguistic Stadialism"
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Edkins 1871
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Edkins agreed with this view of language change, and was an adherent of the idea of the superiority of Indo-European.”
§ The Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823-1905) > 4.2. Edkins's "Linguistic Stadialism"
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Edkins 1871
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“as a rule the order observable in the changes of letter whether initial or final is from lips to throat or from lips to teeth or from teeth to throat, but not from teeth and throat to the lips”
§ The Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823-1905) > 4.2. Edkins's "Linguistic Stadialism"
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Edkins 1888
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
In the paper
“These would have the priority because the nose tube is usually open for respiration and it remains open while these letters are pronounced.”
§ The Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823-1905) > 4.2. Edkins's "Linguistic Stadialism"
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Edkins 1888
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The second witnessed an extensive dropping of the final letters k, t, p, and ng, and the growth of the tone system ending in the quadruple formation of the dictionaries.”
§ The Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823-1905) > 4.2. Edkins's "Linguistic Stadialism"
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Edkins 1871
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Edkins's linguistic stadialism forced him to believe that voiced and unvoiced stops could not co-occur in Chinese words, and that one set must be older than the other.”
§ The Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823-1905) > 4.2. Edkins's "Linguistic Stadialism"
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The first step of this process is the”
§ The Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823-1905) > 4.2. Edkins's "Linguistic Stadialism"
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Edkins 1888
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Many linguists, including the famous Dutch sinologist Gustaaf Schlegel (1840-1903), 16 believed that there was no reason to have such a wide range of proofs, and that the comparisons with Mongol and Tibetan were superfluous or even inaccurate.”
§ The Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823-1905) > 4.1. Sources of Evidence for the Reconstruction of Old Chinese
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Schlegel 1872: xi-xiv, 3
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Karlgren (1915Karlgren ( -1926) ) made further adjustments to Schaank's system, on the basis of Sino-Korean, and proposed a new theory involving palatalization, which reigned as the supreme paradigm until the 1990s.”
§ The Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823-1905) > 4.2. Edkins's "Linguistic Stadialism"
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Karlgren 1915-1926
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Elsewhere, Edkins seems to claim that before the”
§ The Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823-1905) > 4.2. Edkins's "Linguistic Stadialism"
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Edkins 1888
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For several reasons, he believed that as a linguistic universal, voiced phonemes must be older than voiceless phonemes.”
§ The Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823-1905) > 4.2. Edkins's "Linguistic Stadialism"
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Edkins, instead, should be credited as the first scholar to have discovered that a phoneme x in Dialect P corresponded regularly to a phoneme y in Dialect Q, and that this systematic relationship might somehow imply a common ancestor language S, which may in turn explain the phonetics of both Dialects P and Q.”
§ The Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823-1905) > 4. edkins's contributions to chinese phonology
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In regard to w and y with their aspirates hw, hy they are probably letters of an origin later than the primitive age.Y is chiefly a substitute for d, t or ng which once existed in its place.W is a substitute for m or ng.”
§ The Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823-1905) > 4.2. Edkins's "Linguistic Stadialism"
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Edkins 1888
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Old Chinese o and ü merged into u”
§ The Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823-1905) > 4.2. Edkins's "Linguistic Stadialism"
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Edkins 1888
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Old Chinese a became Mandarin o”
§ The Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823-1905) > 4.2. Edkins's "Linguistic Stadialism"
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Edkins 1888
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“In the modern language p, t, k have been evolved from them.This happened when b, d and g were abandoned by the mandarin dialect.”
§ The Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823-1905) > 4.2. Edkins's "Linguistic Stadialism"
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Edkins 1888
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
In the paper
“was retained almost intact by Kühnert (1890), who shared the belief according to which palatalization was involved in Grades III and IV rimes.”
§ The Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823-1905) > 4.2. Edkins's "Linguistic Stadialism"
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Kühnert 1890
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The vowels a, i, o, would naturally be the oldest of all vowels.There is a wider opening of the mouth for a than for the other two.”
§ The Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823-1905) > 4.2. Edkins's "Linguistic Stadialism"
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Edkins 1888
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of course, the general methodology was correct, but in many specific cases Edkins was undoubtedly mistaken.”
§ The Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823-1905) > 4.1. Sources of Evidence for the Reconstruction of Old Chinese
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Wilhelm von Humboldt (1767-1835) even claimed that the grammar of a language reflected differences in thought, and it was responsible for shaping these different”
§ The Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823-1905) > 4.2. Edkins's "Linguistic Stadialism"
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Gesammelte Schriften, 6: 334
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Il compte ainsi trois âges dans le développement du langage: -un premier âge de simplicité et de pauvreté, dont le chinois nous présente encore les traits essentiels; -un second âge, qui fut celui des flexions synthétiques”
§ The Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823-1905) > 4.2. Edkins's "Linguistic Stadialism"
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Renan 1864
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“There is a reason for regarding b, d and g as the older.”
§ The Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823-1905) > 4.2. Edkins's "Linguistic Stadialism"
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Edkins 1888
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
In the paper
“(5) from the twelfth century until now, the tones had the general structure they have in the Mandarin language that was spoken in Edkins's times.”
§ The Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823-1905) > 4.3. Edkins's View on Chinese Tones
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Edkins 1888: 25-26
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It seems that, back in those days, linguists and sinologists had another agenda, and instead of trying to solve Parker's objections they merely chose to ignore them.”
§ The Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823-1905) > 5. eDkinS'S criticS
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Lubotsky was able to demonstrate that the lexical accent of u-stems, i-stems and o-stems in Sanskrit may be predicted, with a consistent degree of success, from the phonological shape of the word.”
§ The Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823-1905) > 4.3. Edkins's View on Chinese Tones
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Lubotsky 1988 source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Moreover, instead of working back from definite evidence, Dr. Edkins in effect starts with the assumption that Chinese dates back to the common language of the Tower of Babel, and tries to force all facts to fit in with that theory.”
§ The Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823-1905) > 5. eDkinS'S criticS
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Parker 1899: 84
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“From this period to 300 ce all the words ending with nasal consonants were in the even tone;”
§ The Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823-1905) > 4.3. Edkins's View on Chinese Tones
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Edkins 1888: 25-26
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Parker's remained the minority view well into the twentieth century, when Karlgren's academic blow (1915Karlgren's academic blow ( -1926: 13-14: 13-14) completely excluded him from the discussion.”
§ The Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823-1905) > 5. eDkinS'S criticS
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Karlgren 1915-1926
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Khalkha Mongolian has p, t, g.”
§ The Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823-1905) > 4.2. Edkins's "Linguistic Stadialism"
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Svantesson et al. 2005
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“At first tones were not needed, they came in when final letters began to be dropped.”
§ The Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823-1905) > 4.3. Edkins's View on Chinese Tones
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Edkins 1888
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Parker could not convince himself of the fact that there ever existed a uniform old Chinese language in ancient times:”
§ The Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823-1905) > 5. eDkinS'S criticS
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Parker 1884: 116
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Nevertheless, more recent theories about the origin of Proto-Indo-European (PIE) accent sometimes argue in the same direction.”
§ The Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823-1905) > 4.3. Edkins's View on Chinese Tones
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Another reason for assigning priority to b, d, g is that they are more audible”
§ The Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823-1905) > 4.2. Edkins's "Linguistic Stadialism"
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Edkins 1888
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“In other words, he believed that the reconstruction of Old Chinese was epiphenomenal and did not necessarily correspond to real Old Chinese:”
§ The Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823-1905) > 5. eDkinS'S criticS
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Parker 1884: 116-17
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Even though Edkins perceived that tones and accents must be different concepts, he nonetheless believed that Latin and Greek possessed a system of intonation that was presumably very similar to the tonal system of Chinese:”
§ The Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823-1905) > 4.3. Edkins's View on Chinese Tones
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Edkins 1888: 28-29
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“The”
§ The Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823-1905) > 4.2. Edkins's "Linguistic Stadialism"
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Yú 1984
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Pān 2000
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Zhèngzhāng 1987
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“given that plosive and uvular stops are in complementary distribution according to vowel harmony class, the only back plosive phonemes that need to be reconstructed are */k/, */kʰ/ (~ *[k], *[qʰ]).”
§ The Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823-1905) > 4.2. Edkins's "Linguistic Stadialism"
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Svantesson et al. 2005
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“In this phase, the entering tone lost its consonantal finals (with the sole exception of few Southern dialects), whereas the even tone split into two types;”
§ The Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823-1905) > 4.3. Edkins's View on Chinese Tones
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Edkins 1888: 25-26
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“roots with voiceless obstruents are barytonic, while roots with voiced obstruents are oxytonic.”
§ The Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823-1905) > 4.3. Edkins's View on Chinese Tones
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Lubotsky 1988 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The linguistic stadialism must have convinced Edkins that the Chinese language originally had no tones, and that they arose (”
§ The Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823-1905) > 4.3. Edkins's View on Chinese Tones
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Edkins 1889: 61
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“We do not know which version of Manchu and Mongolian Edkins studied, and unfortunately his works (1871;1888;1892;1899b;1899c;1900a;1900b;1900c) do not offer any clear indication.”
§ The Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823-1905) > 4.2. Edkins's "Linguistic Stadialism"
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Edkins 1871
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Edkins 1888
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Edkins 1892
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Voiced stops in entering tone were independently reconstructed, on the basis of Written Tibetan, by Walter Simon (1928-1929;1930) but were promptly rejected by”
§ The Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823-1905) > 4.2. Edkins's "Linguistic Stadialism"
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Simon 1928-1929
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Simon 1930
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Furthermore, Parker argued that phonetic transcriptions of foreign words were often imprecise and had low explanatory force for comparative philology:”
§ The Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823-1905) > 5. eDkinS'S criticS
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Parker 1884: 115
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Parker 1895: 276
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As argued above, Edkins was undoubtedly one of the main authorities of Chinese philology and phonetics of his time.”
§ The Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823-1905) > 5. eDkinS'S criticS
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“(4) from the fifth to the eleventh century the Chinese language had all the four tones.”
§ The Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823-1905) > 4.3. Edkins's View on Chinese Tones
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Edkins 1888: 25-26
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“(2) a second phase, from 800 bce to Western Han (206 bce-209 ce), which saw the formation of three tones.”
§ The Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823-1905) > 4.3. Edkins's View on Chinese Tones
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Edkins 1888: 25-26
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
In the paper
“(3) the third phase, from 300 to 400 ce, saw the emergence of the departing tone from the rising tone (see also Edkins 1887b: 268);”
§ The Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823-1905) > 4.3. Edkins's View on Chinese Tones
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Edkins 1887b: 268
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“For example, Edkins even claimed to have discovered something similar to Grimm's law (erroneously considered as an Indo-European sound change), when he stated that voiced consonants were followed in the next stage by a set of aspirates (k', t', p', t's), which later became assibilated in s, ts, sh (Edkins 1871: 79).”
§ The Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823-1905) > 5. eDkinS'S criticS
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Edkins 1871: 79
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Franke's drubbing of Edkins's reconstructing techniques, though extremely harsh, was undoubtedly reasonable.”
§ The Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823-1905) > 5. eDkinS'S criticS
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Also Manchu and Mongol have b, d, g and not p, t, k.”
§ The Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823-1905) > 4.2. Edkins's "Linguistic Stadialism"
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Edkins 1888
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Unfortunately, Lubotsky's hypothesis is uncorroborated by complementary research, hence the nature of the PIE accent remains still unknown (Clackson 2007: 78).”
§ The Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823-1905) > 4.3. Edkins's View on Chinese Tones
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Clackson 2007: 78
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Alexander Lubotsky (1988) has advanced the position according to which PIE was in fact a tonal language.”
§ The Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823-1905) > 4.3. Edkins's View on Chinese Tones
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Lubotsky 1988 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“(1) a first stage in which the Chinese language that was spoken before the invention of writing was non-tonal (2500 bce);”
§ The Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823-1905) > 4.3. Edkins's View on Chinese Tones
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Edkins 1888: 25-26
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of course, Edkins's reconstructing technique was neither the Neogrammarian comparative method nor the most refined technique of our days.”
§ The Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823-1905) > 5. eDkinS'S criticS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Noi staremo paghi di deplorare che l'Edkins non abbia compresa la necessità di un metodo scientifico e che una rivista francese, generalmente degna di molta lode per la sua potenza critica, abbia dato intorno a questo lavoro un giudizio che indubbiamente pecca di soverchia indulgenza.”
§ The Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823-1905) > 5. eDkinS'S criticS
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Pezzi 1877: 66
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Pezzi's criticism, however, did not remain unanswered.”
§ The Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823-1905) > 5. eDkinS'S criticS
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Edkins 1899a: 68
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Surely, Karlgren's system of reconstruction was far more systematic and complete, though he has never been satisfied by comparisons with (un-)related languages.”
§ The Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823-1905) > 5. eDkinS'S criticS
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Baxter's approach at the beginning of the 1990s incorporated probabilistic testing in his analysis of the rime groups, which resulted in a definitive moving away from the philological approach started by Edkins.”
§ The Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823-1905) > 5. eDkinS'S criticS
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Baxter 1992 source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“As we have seen, Edkins was aware of the fact that languages are classified according to different families, but, in the end, he was still convinced that all languages derived from the common language of the Tower of Babel.”
§ The Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823-1905) > 5. eDkinS'S criticS
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Franke 1893
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“My sources of proof are ten.(1) The dialects, in which Mr. Volpicelli has also worked.(2) The Japanese, Annamese and Corean transcriptions.(3) Kanghi's tables, and the syllabic spelling.”
§ The Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823-1905) > 5. eDkinS'S criticS
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Edkins 1896: 568
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Successively, Lù Zhìwéi 陸志韋 (1894-1979) applied chi-squared tests, a method he had taken over from his training in psychology in the United States, to assess the stability of rime classes.”
§ The Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823-1905) > 5. eDkinS'S criticS
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“This methodical fault had already been criticized by the Italian scholar Domenico Pezzi (1844Pezzi ( -1905)).”
§ The Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823-1905) > 5. eDkinS'S criticS
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Pezzi 1877: 66
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“but that his philological treatises underwent radical changes that inevitably contributed to the development of modern studies in Chinese phonology.”
§ The Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823-1905) > 5. eDkinS'S criticS
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Families of language-a fundamental notion, to which Dr. Edkins points, and still he seems only too often to forget that there is something like an Aryan family.”
§ The Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823-1905) > 5. eDkinS'S criticS
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Franke 1883: 311
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Many of these sources of proof were not only well known to Joseph Edkins, but were systematically exposed, for the first time, by the British missionary with more clarity than by any other scholar of his time.”
§ The Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823-1905) > 5. eDkinS'S criticS
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Another attack was launched against Edkins's notion of”
§ The Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823-1905) > 5. eDkinS'S criticS
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Franke 1893
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Grimm's law is nothing at all Indo-European; it is together with Verner's important”
§ The Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823-1905) > 5. eDkinS'S criticS
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Franke 1893: 315
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“In his reply to Pezzi, Edkins held that”
§ The Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823-1905) > 5. eDkinS'S criticS
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Edkins 1899a: 68
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Nè [i.e., né] maggior fede c'ispirano gli strani paragoni dello Edkins tra parole greche e sinomongoliche, tra voci latine e sino-mongoliche, tra voci inglesi e cinesi: dai quali paragoni l'autore è indotto a credere che la civiltà sino-ariana possa venir conosciuta come l'aria primitiva!”
§ The Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823-1905) > 5. eDkinS'S criticS
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Pezzi 1877: 66
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
The paper relies on this without support.
Darwinian evolution is an open-ended process governed by natural selection, adaptation, specialization, and random change.
“In fact, Darwin's evolution is an open-ended process governed by natural selection, adaptation, specialization, and random change.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The first reconstruction of Old Chinese is generally attributed to Bernhard Karlgren.
“The first reconstruction of Old Chinese 1 is generally attributed to the great Swedish sinologist Bernhard Karlgren (1889Karlgren ( -1978)).”
The paper relies on this without support.
The Chinese language of the early classics (Shījīng, Shàngshū, etc.) differed from the medieval Chinese of the Sui dynasty.
“the Chinese language of the early classics (Shījīng, Shàngshū, etc.) was different from the medieval Chinese language of the Suí dynasty (581-605).”
The paper relies on this without support.
Cantonese has not preserved voiced sounds, which survive partially only in Wú, Xiāng, and Mǐn dialects.
“Cantonese, for example, has not preserved voiced sounds (which survive partially only in Wú, Xiāng, and Mǐn dialects)”
The paper relies on this without support.
Cantonese does not differentiate 精 (ts-), 莊 (ʈʂ-), 章 (tɕ-), and 知 (ʈ-), unlike part of Wú and a very small part of the Hakka dialects.
“and does not differentiate 精 (ts-), 莊 (ʈʂ-), 章 (tɕ-), and 知 (ʈ-), unlike part of Wú and a very small part of the Hakka dialects.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The glide system of the medieval language has collapsed in Cantonese but is retained in Hakka.
“In addition, the glide system of the medieval language has also collapsed in Cantonese, but it is retained in Hakka.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Edkins held, for religious reasons, that the Chinese descended from Hamites.
“More precisely, he believed, for religious reasons, that Chinese people descended from Hamites. 8”
The paper relies on this without support.
Both bié and fēn must be reconstructed with initial *p.
“both characters need to be reconstructed with initial *p.19”
The paper relies on this without support.
Early nineteenth-century linguists believed that language change came from evolution and decay and that typology reflected the evolutionary stage of speakers.
“It is well known that the early linguists of the nineteenth century believed that language change was due to evolution and decay and that linguistic typology reflected the evolutionary stage of its speakers.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Manchu has a set of unaspirated plosives p, t, k.
“Nevertheless, to the best of this writer's knowledge, Manchu does have a set of unaspirated plosives (p, t, k).”
The paper relies on this without support.
No earlier scholar before Edkins attempted to reconstruct the sound system of Old Chinese.
“First, the earliest attempt to reconstruct the sound system of Old Chinese was made by Edkins in the second half of the nineteenth century.”
The paper relies on this without support.
No one before Edkins posited the idea of a common diasystem explaining the phonology of different Chinese dialects.
“and that, most importantly, the idea of a common diasystem, which may explain the phonology of different Chinese dialects, was first posited by Edkins.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The theory that Chinese tones are a late development was common among nineteenth-century Chinese scholars, as exemplified by Gù Yánwǔ and Duàn Yùcái.
“But the important thing is that the theory according to which Chinese tones are a late development was common currency among nineteenth-century Chinese scholars.Gù Yánwǔ 顧炎武 (1613-1682) and, above all, Duàn Yùcái 段玉裁 (1735-1815), for example, believed that.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Edkins's works served in Europe as major reference texts on Chinese philology and phonetics.
“Nevertheless, his works, though serving in Europe as the major reference texts on these subjects, were also greeted by harsh critiques.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ The Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823-1905) > 5. eDkinS'S criticS
“(1883: 311) This methodical fault had already been criticized”
§ The Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823-1905) > References
“Franke, Otto. 1893. Chinese and Comparative Philology. The China Review: Or Notes & Queries on the Far East 20.5: 310-18.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ The Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823-1905) > 3. the primeval language, turanian, and the affiliation of the chinese language
“(1887a: 767) and that "Chinese chronology, astronomy, metallurgy, morality, Imperial government all bear the clear marks of origin in Western Asia" (1887a: 768)”
§ The Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823-1905) > References
“---. 1887a. Accadian and Chinese. The China Review: Or Notes & Queries on the Far East 15.5: 295-98.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ The Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823-1905) > 4.3. Edkins's View on Chinese Tones
“(see also Edkins 1887b: 268)”
§ The Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823-1905) > References
“---. 1887b. The Old Initials. The China Review: Or Notes & Queries on the Far East 15.6: 311.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ The Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823-1905) > 4.3. Edkins's View on Chinese Tones
“In the Odes of B.C. 800 there are three tones, but in the poetry of the Han dynasty there are four.”
§ The Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823-1905) > 4.3. Edkins's View on Chinese Tones
“(3) the third phase, from 300 to 400 ce, saw the emergence of the departing tone from the rising tone”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ The Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823-1905) > 4.2. Edkins's "Linguistic Stadialism"
“(1871: 53-55; 1887c: 31-39; 1888: 13-14).”
§ The Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823-1905) > References
“---. 1887c. All Roots Labial. The China Review: Or Notes & Queries on the Far East 16.1: 48-49.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ The Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823-1905) > 4.3. Edkins's View on Chinese Tones
“(4) from the fifth to the eleventh century the Chinese language had all the four tones.In this phase, the entering tone lost its consonantal finals (with the sole exception of few Southern dialects), whereas the even tone split into two types”
§ The Linguistic Ideas of Joseph Edkins (1823-1905) > 4.3. Edkins's View on Chinese Tones
“The four tones remained undisturbed from the fifth century till about the 11th when the even tone on account of the change from sonant to surd which then took place was divided into two parts, the 1st and the 2nd tones of Sir Th.Wade.”
Citations
Cites
Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction
Clackson, J. (2007) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511808616 · Cited by 672
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Karlgren, B. (1988) · Southern Materials Center eBooks · Cited by 122
Research works printed but not linked: 21
- Bell, Alexander Melville. 1867. Visible Speech: The Science of Universal Alphabetics or, SelfInter preting Physiological Letters, for the Writing of All Languages in One Alphabet. London: Simpkin, Marshall & Company.
- Chalmers, John. 1874. Kanghi's Dictionaries. The China Review: Or Notes & Queries on the Far East 2.6: 335-41.
- Clackson, James. 2007. IndoEuropean Linguistics: An Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.
- ---. 1887a. Accadian and Chinese. The China Review: Or Notes & Queries on the Far East 15.5: 295-98.
- ---. 1887b. The Old Initials. The China Review: Or Notes & Queries on the Far East 15.6: 311.
- ---. 1887c. All Roots Labial. The China Review: Or Notes & Queries on the Far East 16.1: 48-49.
- ---. 1889. Tones. The China Review: Or Notes & Queries on the Far East 18.1: 61.
- ---. 1896. Recent Researches upon the Ancient Chinese Sounds. The China Review: Or Notes & Queries on the Far East 22.3: 565-70.
- ---. 1899a. A Letter to Professor Pezzi, Turin, Italy. The China Review: Or Notes & Queries on the Far East 24.2: 68-70.
- ---. 1899b. The Manchu Language. The China Review: Or Notes & Queries on the Far East 24.2: 110.
- ---. 1899c. Forms of Human Speech. The China Review: Or Notes & Queries on the Far East 24.2: 111.
- ---. 1900a. Identity of Eastern and Western Roots. The China Review: Or Notes & Queries on the Far East 24.4: 174-76.
- ---. 1900b. Manchu Sounds. The China Review: Or Notes & Queries on the Far East 25.2: 89-90.
- ---. 1900c. Chinese and Manchu Affinities. The China Review: Or Notes & Queries on the Far East 25.2: 88-89.
- Franke, Otto. 1893. Chinese and Comparative Philology. The China Review: Or Notes & Queries on the Far East 20.5: 310-18.
- Lín Yǔtáng 林語堂. 1982 [1933]. Gǔ yǒu fùfǔyīn shuō 古有複輔音說. In Yǔyánxué lùncóng 語言學 論叢. Pp. 1-5. Taipei: Mínwén chūbǎnshè (臺二版).
- Miller, Roy Andrew. 1956. Review of A Linguistic Study of the Shih Ming: Initials and Consonant Clusters, by Nicholas Cleaveland Bodman. T'oung Pao 44: 266-87.
- Parker, Edward Harper. 1884. More About the Old Language of China. The China Review: Or Notes & Queries on the Far East 13.2: 114-17.
- ---. 1895. Reply to Dr. Edkins. The China Review: Or Notes & Queries on the Far East 21.4: 276.
- ---. 1899. Dialect Forms. The China Review: Or Notes & Queries on the Far East 24.2: 82-84.
- Svantesson, Jan-Olof, Anna Tsendina, Anastasia Karlsson, and Vivan Franzén. 2005. The Phonology of Mongolian. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Students of the Anglo-Chinese College of Malacca, 1818–1843
Kua, P. (2023) · Monumenta Serica · doi:10.1080/02549948.2023.2263283
Metadata
- Authors
- Orlandi, G. (.
- Corresponding author
- Orlandi, Giorgio (Georg)
- Venue
- Journal of the American Oriental Society
- Publisher
- American Oriental Society
- Published
- 2021-09-19
- Volume
- 140
- Issue
- 1
- ISSN
- 0003-0279 (ISSN-L)
- 2169-2289
- OpenAlex
- W3020635526
- Semantic Scholar
- ec001476745f442df14421dae3b465ee4aa44e61
- Cited by
- 1
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2023: 1
- FWCI
- 1.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of the American Oriental Society (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Language and Linguistics › Historical Linguistics and Language Studies
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Language and Linguistics › Linguistics and language evolution
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Language and Linguistics › Classical Studies and Philology
- Keywords
- Old Chinese phonology, Chinese historical phonology, Chinese classics, Chinese philology
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