Phoenicians in the Iberian Peninsula and the Matter of Tartessos

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Most Hebrew Bible references to Tarshish fit a western location (1 Kings, Jonah, Isaiah), but in 2 Chronicles Tarshish appears to have shifted to Arabia.

“Most references to Tarshish in the Hebrew Bible would fit a western location (1 Kings, Jonah, Isaiah), but in 2 Chronicles Tarshish seems to have moved to the Arabian Peninsula”

May combine two claims.

Phoenician enclaves lie on the coast and link to earlier settlements in a mineral-extraction network, as at the Río Tinto mines near Huelva.

“The Phoenician enclaves are naturally located on the coast and connect with preexisting foundations within a network of exploitation of mineral resources, as in the case of the Río Tinto mines near Huelva.”

May combine two claims.

El Carambolo appears strongly orientalizing, with a formulaic Phoenician inscription and an oxhide-shaped altar evoking Baʿal bull symbolism, also attested at other Tartessic sites (Cancho Roano, Coria del Río).

“El Carambolo seems deeply orientalizing, from its formulaic Phoenician inscription to its oxhide-shaped altar, which is evocative of the bull symbolism of the cult of Baʿal and well attested at other Tartessic sites (Cancho Roano, Coria del Río).”

May combine two claims.

Widespread Tartessos-related material remains, including orientalizing buildings, dated to the eighth and seventh centuries BCE, appear to cease in the sixth century, when several sites are abandoned (El Carambolo, Coria del Río, Carmona, Huelva).

“the wide-spread material remains associated with Tartessos (including its orientalizing constructions), which date to the eighth and seventh centuries bce, seem to dry up in the sixth century, when a number of sites in the area are abandoned (El Carambolo, Coria del Río, Carmona, Huelva).”

May combine two claims.

After initial Phoenician contacts, ovens grew larger and more efficient, and the potter's wheel first appeared.

“Once the first contacts with the Phoenicians seem to have been established, ovens became bigger and more efficient and, more importantly, the potter's wheel made its first appearance.”

May combine two claims.

After Phoenician elements appear, cremation is found, sometimes with Egyptian alabaster vases (at Almuñécar), alongside inhumation.

“Once such elements start to appear, one finds evidence of cremation, sometimes even with alabaster vases imported from Egypt (in Almuñécar), alongside inhumation.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The Nora Stela is likely the oldest Phoenician inscription in the central Mediterranean, dating to the late ninth or early eighth century BCE.

“it is probably the earliest Phoenician inscription found in the central Mediterranean (late ninth or early eighth century bce)”

• cites LipińskiNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Cremation pits and inhumation areas can both be covered by tumuli.

“Both cremation pits and inhumation areas can be covered by tumuli.”

May combine two claims.

Palaeohispanic scripts mix alphabet and syllabary: continuants (vowels, sibilants, sonorants) use alphabetic signs for single phonemes, while stops use syllabograms that do not distinguish voiced from voiceless plosives.

“Palaeohispanic scripts exhibit a structural mixture of alphabet and syllabary: continuants (vowels, sibilants, and sonorants) are written with alphabetic graphemes that correspond to single phonemic segments (e.g., /l/, /r/, /n/), as is the case in Phoenician, whereas stops are represented with syllabograms that do not differentiate between voiced and voiceless plosives”

May combine two claims.

Strabo was the first writer to connect Turdetanians with Tartessians and to treat the former as inheritors of the latter's land.

“Strabo is the first author to link Turdetanians and Tartessians and to regard the former as the heirs of the latter's territory.”

May combine two claims.

Toponyms ending in ilti appear in the south and southwest, and those in ipooba in the south and southeast, where the languages were probably non-Indo-European.

“place names ending in ilti occur in the south and southwest and those in ipooba in the south and southeast, where the languages spoken were most likely not Indo-European”

May combine two claims.

The dating of the warrior stelae corpus (eleventh to seventh century BCE), only part of which predates eastern Mediterranean colonists, rests on iconographic parallels.

“Thus, the dating of this corpus (from the eleventh to the seventh century bce), only a part of which antecede the presence of eastern Mediterranean colonists, is predicated on iconographic parallels.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Toponyms ending in briga are widespread in the northwestern quarter of Iberia, where Celtiberian inscriptions and Indo-European speakers were concentrated.

“Place names ending in briga (cp.German burg) are common across the northwestern quarter of the peninsula, where Celtiberian inscriptions and speakers of Indo-European languages concentrated”

May combine two claims.

Posidonius appears to have journeyed through southern Iberia and even to have visited Cádiz.

“Posidonius, nevertheless, seems to have traveled through the south of the Iberian Peninsula, and even visited Cádiz”

• cites StraboNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Strabo thought Tartessos had been a city, and that the city and its people were closely tied to a river bearing the same name.

“Strabo believed that Tartessos had been a city and that both the city and its inhabitants were intimately associated with a river of the same name.”

May combine two claims.

Phoenician settlements were concentrated on the coast, yet their influence reached farther inland.

“It is clear that the Phoenician settlements concentrated on the coast, but their influence penetrated farther inland.”

May combine two claims.

Spanish scholars have overvalued Avienus as a source, a tendency ultimately traceable to Schulten's uncritical method.

“The authors note that Spanish scholars have bestowed an outsized value on Avienus as a source, although this ultimately stems from Schulten's own uncritical approach.”

May combine two claims.

The area usually linked with Tartessos probably had a key role in the emergence of Palaeohispanic scripts, though most evidence lies on its periphery.

“The geographical area usually identified with Tartessos probably played a pivotal role in the development of the Palaeohispanic scripts, although most evidence is found on the periphery of this area.”

May combine two claims.

Huelva likely formed the center of Tartessos and probably had a role comparable to Phoenician Gadir, the two mirroring each other at a safe distance.

“Huelva would constitute the core of Tartessos, and probably played a role similar to that of Phoenician Gadir (Cádiz), mirroring each other at a safe distance.”

May combine two claims.

Such a pattern is typical of colonial situations but less so of pre-colonial contacts.

“This is a scenario common in colonial settings, but not so much in pre-colonial contacts.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The syllabogram set rests on treating the Phoenician alphabet as an abjad.

“The latter set of graphemes is predicated on an understanding of the Phoenician alphabet as an abjad”