Han Yu’s “Za shuo” 雜說 (Miscellaneous Discourses)

May combine two claims.

In 'Shou jie,' Han Yu cites the Songs and Documents to praise imperial kinsmen for protecting the state and calls feudal states buttresses and bulwarks of the royal house.

“he quotes the Songs and the Documents to glorify the imperial agnates in protecting the state, noting that feudal states are buttresses and bulwarks to the royal house”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

There is no central or extended metaphor in 'Ti Cui Shanjun zhuan'; only individual similes.

“There is also no central or extended metaphor in the essay, as there is in the others; only individual similes .”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Han wrote many letters on behalf of those he considered worthy.

“Han wrote many letters on behalf of those he considered worthy .”

• cites [73]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

In 795, Han composed three letters to the ministers within forty-eight days, in which he emphasized that it was the responsibility of the ministers to ensure that every talented man be appointed.

“In 795, Han composed three letters to the ministers within forty-eight days, in which he emphasized that it was the responsibility of the ministers to ensure that every talented man be appointed .”

• cites [77]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Xu Yanwang's benevolence was manifest in his willing sacrifice of the land to avoid military confrontation with King Mu of Zhou, who had sent an expedition against him when he realized that Xu had the support of thirty-six feudal states.

“His benevolence was manifest in his willing sacrifice of the land to avoid military confrontation with his contemporary King Mu of Zhou 周穆王, who had sent an expedition against him when he realized that Xu had the support of thirtysix feudal states .”

• cites [51]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [52]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Xu decided to leave, and he was followed by many of his subjects.

“Xu decided to leave, and he was followed by many of his subjects .”

• cites [52]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The quotation from the top yang line of hexagram Lü means the ruler should examine his own behavior to receive good fortune.

“That is, the ruler should examine his own behavior to receive good fortune .”

• cites Lynn, Classic of ChangesNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

In 'Quzhou Xu Yanwang miao bei,' Han declares that the enfeoffment system failed only because the Son of Heaven was not virtuous.

“In”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

'Ma shuo' states that talented men are plentiful and must await recognition by higher authorities, especially the ruler and his ministers, to be recruited.

“It states that talented men are plentiful, and that they must await recognition by higher authorities, especially by the ruler and his ministers, to be recruited .”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

One of these letters, 'Wei ren qiu jian shu,' whose year of composition is unknown, also uses the metaphor of Bo Le and the thousand-li horses.

“One of these letters,”

May combine two claims.

Within that three-level system, the emperor is the highest point and devises state policies with his ministers in the inner palace.

“The emperor is the pinnacle of the system; he collaborates with his ministers to devise state policies in the inner palace”

• Also stated in: § Abstract · plain

  “The emperor is the apogee; he collaborates with his ministers to devise state policies in the inner palace”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Han Yu's political thought is not exclusively Confucian.

“toward his political ideology, which is not purely Confucian”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Within that system, the bureaucrats are the government's machinery and carry out its policies.

“The bureaucrats form the machinery of the government and implement its policies”

• Also stated in: § Abstract · plain

  “The bureaucrats form the engine of the government: they implement policies”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Han's situation recalls the idea expressed in 'Ma shuo' that it is Bo Le that is scarce, not thousand-li horses.

“Han's situation recalls the idea expressed in”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Qu Shouyuan quotes Fang Songqing noting that the series must have been written before Han Yu reached forty (before 808), because it was put in juan 11, where all works were composed before 808.

“Qu Shouyuan quotes from Fang Songqing 方崧卿 (1135-1194), noting that the series must have been written before Han Yu reached forty (i .e., before 808), because it was put in juan 11, where all the works were composed before 808 .”

• cites Qu ShouyuanNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Fang SongqingNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The allusion to The Book of Changes in 'Long shuo' is essential for identifying that essay's leading role.

“the reference to The Book of Changes (Zhou yi 周易) is crucial in determining the leading role of this text”

May combine two claims.

'Yi shuo' was written to comment on the enfeoffment system and reveals Han Yu's true attitude toward it.

“Earlier in this article, evidence has been given-including intratextual, intertextual, historical, and literary-to prove that”

• Also stated in: § concluSion · plain

  “The study uncovers that”

May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

'Ti Cui Shanjun zhuan' is an interpolation and does not belong to the 'Za shuo' series.

“Zhu Xi's remark that the essay is not included in the series in some of the editions viewed by him provides a hint that the essay does not belong .”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The main message of 'Long shuo' is that the ruler's identity also depends on his ministers.

“nothing much has been said about the essay's key message, that the ruler's identity also depends on his ministers”

May combine two claims.

Han Yu favored a forceful emperor who inspires awe, a stance linked to Legalist ideas.

“Han is advocating a vigorous emperor”

• Also stated in: § "long Shuo": the beginning of a neW era · plain

  “the celebration of a vigorous emperor who induces awe is associated with the Legalists”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The reference to The Book of Changes at the end of 'Yi shuo' indicates Han's writing intent.

“The reference to The Book of Changes at the end of”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In 'Ma shuo,' food is a metaphor for honorable treatment, including treatment of outstanding figures with ritual propriety, high status, and wealth so their talents may be displayed and put into action.

“Food is a metaphor for honorable treatment, including, as Xie Fangde notes, the treatment of outstanding figures with ritual propriety, giving them high status and wealth so that their talents may be displayed and put into action .”

• cites Xie FangdeNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing).

Sun Changwu proposes that 'Ma shuo' was written during Han Yu's early career, sometime between 768 and 803 (before he was thirty-five), when he was desperately in need of patrons.

“Sun Changwu proposes that”

• cites Sun ChangwuNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The employment of worthy men regardless of their social status is an idea more closely associated with Mohism than Confucianism, which focuses more on hereditary succession.

“As Sun Changwu 孫昌 武 has proposed, the employment of worthy men regardless of their social status is an idea that is more closely associated with Mohism than Confucianism, which focuses more on hereditary succession .”

• cites Sun ChangwuNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Han Yu's 'Yi shuo' contrasts the Three Dynasties with the Qin to show that enfeoffment preserved the imperial line and extended dynastic rule.

“the imperial bloodline remained unbroken and the throne was passed down through dozens of rulers”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The enfeoffment system was fully developed by the Western Zhou and was intended to prolong the imperial lineage.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Only a virtuous ruler can inspire others to gallop a thousand li.

“Only a virtuous ruler can inspire others to gallop a thousand li .”

• cites [63]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Bai Juyi and Han Yu both held that the emperor's virtue determines dynastic duration.

“Bai and Han thus both agreed that the virtue of the emperor is decisive”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

'Ti Cui Shanjun zhuan' does not match the other three essays in theme or style.

“Since the three essays in Han Yu's”

May combine two claims.

Han Yu's 'Za shuo' series consists of only three essays-'Long shuo,' 'Yi shuo,' and 'Ma shuo'-which form an organic whole focused on governance.

“This research has produced multifaceted findings.It reveals that Han Yu's series of”

• Also stated in: § "ma Shuo": the large adminiStrative baSe · plain

  “The third essay,”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The letter 'Yu Fengxiang Xing Shangshu shu' takes the same form of argument as 'Long shuo' and 'Ma shuo': the higher authority and their officials are interdependent, just as the ruler is not sagacious without wise ministers, and Bo Le loses its identity without recognizing thousand-li horses.

“The letter takes the same form of argument as”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Similarities of ideas and discourse between this series and Han Yu's other works composed between 794 and 802 may serve as a reference for the date of composition.

“The similarities of ideas and discourse between this series and Han Yu's other works composed between 794 and 802 may serve as a reference for the date of composition .”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Han Yu chose jigang rather than zhi to stress that the enfeoffment system's core spirit rests on rites as well as regulations.

“Han Yu used the term jigang instead, probably because he wanted to emphasize that the crucial spirit of the enfeoffment system does not rely solely on regulations but on rites as well”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The enfeoffment system was fully developed by the Western Zhou and was intended to prolong the imperial lineage.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. The quote only partly states this claim.

For the emperor to bring out the best effects of the enfeoffment system and maintain his lineage, he must act with virtue.

“In order for the emperor to bring out the best effects of the system, so as to maintain his”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

In 'Yi shuo,' the pulse (mai) stands for the imperial bloodline in discussions of dynastic duration.

“The pulse of a person, mai 脈, refers to the imperial bloodline in the context of Chinese dynastic duration”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

This idea that virtue is key chimes with that of Bai Juyi.

“This idea that virtue is key chimes with that of Bai Juyi .”

• cites Bai JuyiNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The three-tier system is based on Confucian benevolence and ritual propriety while also incorporating Legalist and Mohist ideas.

“Together they present an idealized three-tier system of power composed of ruler, feudal lords, and worthy officials, based on the key concepts of Confucianism-benevolence and ritual propriety-while also benefiting from the ideas of Legalism and Mohism .”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The central theme of Han's 'Za shuo' is the three-tier system of government, with the emperor taking the leading role in seeking out valuable officials, both from within his own royal clan and from the literati.

“The central theme of Han's”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Discussion of enfeoffing princes arose again during Xianzong's reign.

“It was during Xianzong's 憲宗 (r .805-820) reign that discussion concerning the enfeoffment of princes resurfaced”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The Tang house used honorary enfeoffment that gave material provisions but no land.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Hartman notes that Han wrote to the chief ministers after failing the Boxue hongci examination for the third time.

“Hartman notes that Han wrote to the chief ministers after failing the Boxue hongci 博學宏詞 (Vast erudition and grand composition) examination for the third time .”

• cites HartmanNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

The judgment for hexagram Lü is a metaphor that works for the 'Yi shuo' comment on the risk of being unable to control the entire central plain, but the outcome will be positive as long as the emperor is cautious.

“This is a metaphor; it works for the”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Li Tu pointed out that most of Han's essays contribute to the promotion of moral education and the Confucian way, but 'Quzhou Xu Yanwang miao bei' is an exception.

“Li Tu 李塗 (fl.1131-1162) pointed out that most of Han's essays contribute to the promotion of moral education and the Confucian way, but”

• cites Li TuNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

In 'Ma shuo,' Bo Le is a metaphor for high officials such as chief ministers, and swift horses are metaphors for talented people.

“Bo Le, the connoisseur of horses, is an established metaphor for high officials such as chief ministers, just as the swift horses are metaphors for talented people .”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

The study revises current understanding of 'Long shuo' and 'Ma shuo' and draws attention to the significance of the references to The Book of Changes in both.

“It also revises the current understanding of”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In 'Long shuo,' the dragon symbolizes the ruler and the clouds symbolize his ministers.

“the dragon stands for the ruler and the clouds for his ministers”

• cites Spring, Animal Allegories in T'ang ChinaNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Wenzhang guifan pinglin zhushiNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In his indignation, Han implies that the ministers who failed to nurture talent in public service did not, according to the Confucian concept of the 'rectification of names,' qualify to serve as ministers.

“In his indignation, he implies that the ministers who failed to nurture talent in public service did not, according to the Confucian concept of the”

• cites HartmanNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

In 794, Han composed 'Ying kemu shi yu ren shu,' in which he compares himself to a peculiar watery creature; this image recalls the spirit of the clouds that could realize the magnificent power of the dragon, as noted in 'Long shuo.'

“In 794, Han composed”

• cites [76]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

'Ma shuo' completes Han Yu's argument that the emperor, to perfect the administrative body, must be open to the recruitment of men who have great potential.

“This final essay completes Han Yu's argument that the emperor, in order to perfect the administrative body, must be open to the recruitment of men who have great potential .”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The quotation from the image of hexagram Lü suggests that the emperor should consider implementing a proper system and act appropriately to avoid calamity.

“The quotation suggests that the emperor should consider implementing a proper system and act appropriately to avoid calamity .”

May combine two claims.

Han Yu supports enfeoffment, while Bai Juyi does not think the current system must be changed.

“However, Han also supports enfeoffment, unlike Bai who does not consider a change of the current system necessary”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The stress on imperial strength in 'Long shuo' likely responds to the mid-Tang loss of central control over provinces after the An Lushan Rebellion.

“This emphasis on the emperor's strength is probably a response to the political situation of the mid-Tang, when the central government was losing control over its provinces after the An Lushan Rebellion (755-763)”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

In 'Yi shuo,' the great fortune is the continuance of the imperial bloodline (via the pulse metaphor), and the danger is that of the empire collapsing (via the body metaphor).

“In”

May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

It is incorrect to refer to 'Ti Cui Shanjun zhuan' as 'He yu' because the crane is not used as a metaphor, while all the creatures in the other essays are.

“Although Huang Zhen 黃震 (1213-1280) refers to the text as”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

'Yi shuo' was composed to support the enfeoffment system.

“I propose that it was written to support the enfeoffment system”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The enfeoffment system was fully developed by the Western Zhou and was intended to prolong the imperial lineage.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The stele inscription 'Quzhou Xu Yanwang miao bei' should have had nothing to do with Qin and its administrative system, but Han Yu raised the question by tracing the origin of the two Ying clans and contrasting the results of their practice.

“The stele inscription should have had nothing to do with Qin and its administrative system, but Han Yu was so opposed to the Qin practice that he raised the question anyway by tracing the origin of the two Ying clans and by contrasting the results of their practice respectively .”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Han Yu's preference for enfeoffment over commanderies and counties also appears in his other writings.

“Han's preference for the system of enfeoffment over commanderies and counties can also be seen in his other works”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The Tang house used honorary enfeoffment that gave material provisions but no land.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

In 'Ma shuo,' horses without a Bo Le are metaphors for talented men left unrecognized, unable to reach their full potential.

“The horses without a Bo Le are metaphors for talented men left unrecognized, unable to reach their full potential .”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

King Mu of Zhou was the Son of Heaven, yet King Yan dared to hold audiences and receive gifts from other feudal lords; this was a transgression against ritual, yet Han Yu still lauded him for his benevolence.

“King Mu of Zhou was the Son of Heaven, yet King Yan dared to hold audiences and receive gifts from other feudal lords .This was a transgression against ritual, yet Han Yu still lauded him for his benevolence .”

• cites Li TuNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). The quote only partly states this claim.

As 'Yi shuo' addresses the debate on enfeoffment, it is highly probable that it was written when that was again a central concern.

“As”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The warrior in the third yin line of hexagram Lü whom Han Yu had in mind was probably the First Emperor of Qin, who tried to control his people by sheer military force, in contrast to the former kings, especially those of the Western Zhou, who implemented the enfeoffment system based on filial piety and ritual proprieties.

“This warrior Han Yu had in mind was probably the First Emperor of Qin, who tried to control his people by sheer military force, in complete contrast to the former kings, especially those of the Western Zhou, who implemented the enfeoffment system based on filial piety and ritual proprieties, the two most fundamental elements of Confucianism .”

May combine two claims.

Confucians believed that the Son of Heaven should rule by virtue so that his subjects would model themselves after him, while cultivating loyalty in themselves and in the commoners.

“Confucians believed that the Son of Heaven should rule by virtue so that his subjects would model themselves after him, while cultivating loyalty in themselves and in the commoners .”

• cites [80]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The three-tier system that Han proposes concerns the preservation of the imperial lineage and the recruitment of virtuous and talented officials to support the government.

“The three-tier system that Han proposes concerns the preservation of the imperial lineage and the recruitment of virtuous and talented officials to support the government .”

May combine two claims.

The argument that 'Yi shuo' is related to enfeoffment because there was debate on it at the time, and that the year of composition can be deduced because the debate was under way, may seem somewhat circular, but other evidence makes it possible to use that debate to narrow down the possibilities for the year of its composition.

“The argument that”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

This attribution is demonstrated by Han's deliberate use of jigang rather than zhi in 'Yi shuo,' and by the stele for King Yan, in which he extols the king's benevolent rule and criticizes the Qin for its administration solely by force.

“This is demonstrated by his deliberate use of jigang rather than zhi in the”

May combine two claims.

The emperor in 803 was still Dezong, in whose reign the greatest number of chief ministers were executed or sent into exile, including Liu Yan, Yang Yan, and Lu Zhi.

“The emperor in 803 was still Dezong 德宗 (742-805, r .780-805), in whose reign the greatest number of chief ministers were executed or sent into exile, including the two financial experts Liu Yan 劉晏 (715-780) and Yang Yan 楊炎 (727-821), as well as the virtuous minister Lu Zhi 陸贄 (754-805) .”

• cites [79]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

The 'Za shuo' series proposes a three-tier government and expresses Han's political ideology, taking Confucianism as its principle and incorporating the benefits of Legalism and Mohism.

“The”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Together with the emperor, they would herald a new era of great peace.

“Together with the emperor, they would herald a new era of great peace .”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Han praised the Zhou house for employing music and rites to stabilize society.

“He praised the Zhou house for employing music and rites to stabilize society .”

May combine two claims.

Liu Zongyuan's 'Fengjian lun' was composed sometime between 804 and 814; Bai Juyi's 'Yi fengjian lun junxian' and Yuan Zhen's 'Xian shi biao' were composed in 806; Yuan Zhen's 'Shangyang baifa ren' was composed in 809.

“Liu Zongyuan's argumentative essay”

• cites Liu ZongyuanNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Bai JuyiNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Yuan ZhenNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Han emphasizes the interdependence of the ruler and his ministers, quoting the Book of Changes to suggest the opening of a great era.

“Han emphasizes the interdependence of the ruler and his ministers, quoting the Book of Changes to suggest the opening of a great era .”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

This research presents another angle to observe Han's innovation of the 'Miscellaneous Discourses' and the political and intellectual development of the mid-Tang.

“From a wider viewpoint, this research presents another angle to observe Han's innovation of the”

May combine two claims.

Han considered himself a disciple of Confucius and Mencius in the orthodox line, and he followed their doctrines.

“As Han considered himself a disciple of Confucius and Mencius in the orthodox line, he too followed their doctrines, 80”

• cites [80]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

The metaphorical emphasis on the seamless collaboration between the emperor and his ministers could be a reflection on the political situation at the time.

“The metaphorical emphasis on the seamless collaboration between the emperor and his ministers could be a reflection on the political situation at the time .”