Hope from a Linear Reading of Lamentations

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

In Lamentations 4:21, the enemy identified as rejoicing is Edom.

“Since in Lamentations 4:21 the enemy, who is identified as rejoicing, is Edom,”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

According to Lamentations 1:17, God decreed that all potential defenders of Zion would become her enemies.

“According to verse 17, it is God who has decreed that all potential defenders of Zion will become her enemies.”

May combine two claims.

In Lamentations, three of the five laments (1, 3, 4) end with imprecations, and two (2, 5) end with prayers.

“It is observed in this article that if one opts for a linear reading, three of the five laments end with an imprecation. Two of the five laments end with a prayer.”

• Also stated in: § Introduction · p. 2 · plain

  “Lamentations 1, 3 and 4 all end with imprecations. Lamentations 2 and 5 end with prayers that anticipate God's answer.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Lamentations 1 has two dominant voices: the narrator, who speaks in the third person, and daughter Zion, who cries out in the first person.

“Two voices dominate Lamentations 1. The voice of the narrator, who narrates what happened in the third person. Then there is the voice of daughter Zion who cries out in the first person.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

In Lamentations 5:17, the first person singular is replaced with the first person plural because it is a communal prayer.

“However in Lamentations 5:17, since it is now a communal prayer, the first person singular is replaced with the first person plural.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Lamentations 1:22 begins with a yiqtol that the NIV translates as a jussive, expressing a strong wish with 'Let'.

“Verse 22 starts with a yiqtol that has been translated as a jussive by the NIV.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

In Lamentations 1, daughter Zion moves from focusing on alliances to focusing on God, as is clear from verses 17 to 22.

“one has to notice also the movement of daughter Zion from focusing on alliances to focusing on God. This becomes very clear from verses 17 to 22.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The Hebrew word translated 'wickedness' by the NIV in Lamentations 1:22 is רעה, which basically means evil.

“The word translated 'wickedness' by the NIV is , רעה which basically means evil 10 .”

• cites Holladay, 1988:342Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

In Lamentations 1, Zion concludes that God is righteous and that she is wrong because she has rebelled.

“she concludes that God is righteous and she is wrong because she has rebelled.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

In Lamentations 1:20, Zion bursts into prayer.

“Having assessed this, she then bursts into prayer in verse 20.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Verses 20-21 depict the language of one who pleads in prayer.

“Salters (2014:175) agrees that verses 20-21 depict the language of one who pleads in prayer”

• cites Salters (2014:175)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The word שוש links Lamentations 4:21 to 1:21, in both cases referring to the joy of the enemies of Judah.

“The word שוש also links 4:21 to 1:21, in both cases referring to the joy of the enemies of Judah 32 .”

• cites Fabry (2004: 54)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Lamentations 4 uses איכה in verse 2, whereas Lamentations 1 and 2 use it only once in the first verse.

“However, unlike Lamentations 1 and 2 which use איכה only once in the first verse, Lamentations 4 repeats its use of איכה in verse 2.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The phrase ביום אף-יהוה brings meaning to the entire chapter of Lamentations 2.

“Secondly, it brings meaning to the entire chapter.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The king is not able to provide protection for his subjects as expected in his jurisdiction as king.

“The king himself is not able to provide protection for his subjects as expected in his jurisdiction as king 29 .”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

From Lamentations 2:21 to the end, daughter Zion has been directly addressing and accusing God in the second person pronoun.

“It is important to note that, from 21 up to this point, daughter Zion has been directly addressing and accusing God in the second person pronoun (i.e. you have slain… You have slaughtered… you summoned…).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In Lamentations 4 the stanzas are two lines long, as opposed to the three-line stanzas in the previous poems.

“However, as Hillers (1992:145) points out, in Lamentations 4 the stanzas are two lines long as opposed to the three-line stanzas in the previous poems.”

• cites Hillers (1992:145)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Verse 17 of Lamentations 2 makes it clear that it is God who has brought the calamity and has fulfilled his word which was decreed long ago.

“Verse 17 of Lamentations 2 makes it clear that it is God who has brought the calamity and has fulfilled his word which was decreed long ago.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The imprecations ironically exhort daughter Edom to rejoice and be glad for the fall of daughter Zion.

“The imprecations ironically exhort daughter Edom to rejoice and be glad for the fall of daughter Zion.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

With the changed attitude and situation, the גבר now ends this poem with God's name יהוה.

“However, with the changed attitude and situation, the גבר now ends this poem with God's name . יהוה”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The second part of the imprecation starts off with an assurance to Daughter Zion that her punishment has come to an end.

“The second part of the imprecation starts off with an assurance to Daughter Zion that her punishment has come to an end.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Verses 21 and 22 of Lamentations 2 are conceptually joined together by God's anger.

“Verses 21 and 22 are conceptually joined together by God's anger.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The phrase ביום אף-יהוה forms an inclusion of Lamentations 2, binding all the verses together.

“Thirdly, it forms an inclusion (i.e., verse 1 starts with the day of God's anger and verse 22 closes with the day of God's anger) of the chapter, thereby binding all the verses together.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

In the prayer of Lamentations 2, there is no rejection of Yahweh.

“Parry (2010:84) observes well that in the prayer, there is no rejection of Yahweh.”

• cites Parry (2010:84)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The prayer in Lamentations 2 begins in verse 20 in a typical fashion, in the same way that the previous prayer in the first lament began.

“The prayer begins in verse 20 in a typical fashion, in the same way that the previous prayer in the first lament began.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Lamentations 4 continues the alphabetic acrostics that began in Lamentations 1.

“Second, Lamentations 4 is similar to the preceding laments in that it continues the use of the alphabetic acrostics that began in Lamentations 1.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The verb טפח means to bear healthy children, in the traditional sense of carrying on palms or dandling.

“The verb טפח means to bear healthy children, in the traditional sense of carrying on palms or dandling 20 .”

• cites Holladay, 1988: 125Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

In the first lament the prayer was clothed with imprecatory aspects, whereas in the second lament the prayer is imbued with accusative language.

“The only difference is that, whereas in the first lament the prayer was clothed with imprecatory aspects, in the second lament the prayer is imbued with accusative language.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Lamentations 2 closes off by noting that the enemy has destroyed all those who have been reared, brought up healthy, carried up on palms, those brought up like lion cubs, those that were given good rearing and training.

“Lamentations 2 closes off by noting that the enemy has destroyed all those who have been reared, brought up healthy, carried up on palms, those brought up like lion cubs, those that were given good rearing and training.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

It is evident from Lamentations 4 that there has been a long siege of Jerusalem, which led to famine and starvation.

“It is evident from the passage that there has been a long siege of Jerusalem, which has led to famine and starvation.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The conclusion of Lamentations 2 is left ambiguous with 'my enemy' (איבי).

“But the conclusion is left ambiguous with 'my enemy' ( .)איבי”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Former allies cannot offer help.

“Former allies cannot offer help.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Lamentations 1, 2, and 4 have the איכה formulae, but chapters 3 and 5 do not.

“Thus, Lamentations one, two and four all have the איכה formulae but chapters three 23 and five do not.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The severity of the punishment in Lamentations 2 is to the extent of cannibalism (specifically maternal mothers eating their own children).

“The severity of the punishment is to the extent of cannibalism (specifically maternal mothers eating their own children).”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Lamentations 2 concludes with a prayer, and the ball is placed right in God's court to act.

“Salters (2014:109) observes well that Lamentations 2 concludes with a prayer”

• Also stated in: § Lamentations 2 · p. 5 · plain

  “ball is placed right in God's court to act.”

• cites Salters (2014:109)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Prayer is usually given by an offerer who expects a positive answer from a deity.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Lamentations 4 presents three groups suffering: fallen heroes, females and their children, and priest and elders.

“Three groups of people are then presented with the graphic image of suffering. These groups are the fallen heroes, the females and their children (most vulnerable group) and lastly the priest and the elders (religious and civil leadership) (Westermann, 1994:198).”

• cites Westermann, 1994:198Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Lamentations 4 highlights the hopelessness of the survivors as they look for assistance from former allies and from their king.

“The section closes off by highlighting the hopelessness of the survivors as they look hopelessly for assistance from other former allies and from their king.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Whereas in the first section the גבר referred to God as an enemy, in the concluding section he refers to God as a saviour who can deliver from enemies.

“Whereas in the first section he referred to God as an enemy, in the concluding section he refers to God as a saviour who can deliver from enemies.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The severity of the punishment in Lamentations 2 is to the extent of the desecration of the sanctuary by dead bodies (religious leaders being killed in the sanctuary).

“Second, the severity of the punishment is to the extent of the desecration of the sanctuary by dead bodies (religious leaders being killed in the sanctuary).”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Maternal cannibalism connects Lamentations 4 with Lamentations 2; in Lamentations 2:20 it is presented as a rhetorical question, whereas in Lamentations 4:10 it is given in narrative form.

“The issue of the maternal cannibalism is one aspect that connects Lamentations 4 with other laments, specifically Lamentations 2. In Lamentations 2:20, the issue is presented in a rhetorical question, whereas in Lamentations 4:10 the event is given in a narrative form.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The prayer in Lamentations 2 basically asks God to look and consider the nation's plight.

“The Prayer basically asks God to look and consider the nation's plight.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

In both Lamentations 2:2,5 and 4:11 God is pictured as one who has swallowed Jacob's dwelling in his fierce anger.

“In both Lamentations 2 (i.e. 2:2, 5) and 4 (i.e. 4:11) God is pictured as one who has swallowed Jacob's dwelling in his fierce anger.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In terms of structure, Lamentations 4 imitates Lamentations 1 and 3, which conclude with imprecations.

“So, in terms of structure, Lamentations 4 imitates Lamentations 1 and 3, which conclude with some imprecations.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Daughter Zion turns to prayer in Lamentations 2:20-21.

“Daughter Zion indeed turns to prayer in verses 20 to 21.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In Lamentations 4:21, שוש is attached to שמח, and the combination reinforces the idea of joy and jubilation.

“In 4:21, שוש is attached to .שמח The combination of שוש and שמח is seen as a reinforcement 33 of the idea of joy and jubilation.”

• cites Salters (2014:333)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In Isaiah 3 there is punishment, but in Isaiah 4 there is restoration.

“For example, in Isaiah 3 there is punishment, but in Isaiah 4 there is restoration.”

• cites Isaiah 3Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Isaiah 4Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In Hebrew, the prayer in Lamentations 2 begins the same way it began in 1:20, with the fronting of the imperative ראה followed by the vocative יהוה.

“In Hebrew, the prayer begins the same way it began in 1:20, with the fronting of the imperative ראה followed by the vocative . יהוה”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The phrase ביום אף-יהוה joins verses 21 and 22 together.

“Firstly, it joins verses 21 and 22 together.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Lamentations 4 uses the acrostic letter in the first line, as do Lamentations 1 and 2, whereas Lamentations 3 uses the same letter in three lines.

“whereas Lamentations 3 uses the same letter in three lines, Lamentations 4 uses the letter in the first line as is the case with Lamentations 1 and 2 (Goldingay, 2022:163).”

• cites Goldingay, 2022:163Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The imprecations in Lamentations 4 are focused on the daughter of Edom.

“The imprecations are focused on the daughter of Edom.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The Hebrew word בת provides the crucial link and contrast between victims by the author.

“Thus, the Hebrew word ( בת daughter) provides the crucial link and contrast between victims by the author.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The subject of restoration is first introduced by an accusation against God that he has forgotten his own.

“The subject of restoration is first introduced by what seems to be an accusation against God: that he has forgotten his own.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Verse 21 is controlled by imperatives of request.

“Verse 21 is controlled by imperatives of request 45 .”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A few Greek and Latin manuscripts have titled Lamentations 5 as a prayer.

“This is possibly why a few Greek and Latin manuscripts have titled the lament as a prayer 41 .”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The alphabetic acrostics are missing in Lamentations 5.

“First, the alphabetic acrostics are missing.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Enjambment is intense in Lamentations 1 and 2 and decreases in Lamentations 3 and 4.

“The enjambment is intense in Lamentations 1 and 2 and decreases in Lamentations 3 and 4.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

In Lamentations 3, the alternate form אך is used but is not given the prominent position that איכה receives in Lamentations 1, 2 and 4.

“In Lamentations 3, we noted that although the alternate form אך is used, it is not given the prominent position that איכה receives in Lamentations 1, 2 and 4.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

In verse 19, the poet admits to the eternal reign of God.

“In verse 19, the poet admits to the eternal reign of God.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Having encircled the lament with a prayerful tone, the author goes on to outline the hardships suffered by various groups of people, their penitence, and finally the state of the location where the temple once stood, now inhabited by jackals.

“Having encircled the lament with a prayerful tone, the author goes on to outline the hardships suffered by the various groups of people 42 , their penitence 43 and finally the state of the location where the temple once stood, which is now inhabited by jackals 44 (Salters, 2014:339-340).”

• cites Salters, 2014:339-340Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The fronting of למה makes the question more potent.

“The fronting of the למה makes the question more potent.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

In Lamentations 5, the איכה is totally abandoned.

“However, as one comes to Lamentations 5, the איכה is totally abandoned.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Lamentations 2 and 5 do not end in imprecations.

“However, Lamentations 2 and 5 do not end in imprecations.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Lamentations 1, 3 and 4 all end with imprecations.

“We noted that Lamentations 1, 3 and 4 all end with imprecations.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Although there are no imprecations in Lamentations 5, unlike all the other previous laments, Lamentations 5 exhibits aspects of a communal lament.

“It is further noted that, although there are no imprecations in Lamentations 5, unlike all the other previous laments, Lamentations 5 exhibits aspects of a communal lament.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Lamentations 5 has aspects that connect it to the previous laments.

“It also has some aspects that connect it to the previous laments.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Lamentation 5 concludes with a prayerful tone that focuses on the sovereign God.

“However, preliminary observations show that Lamentation 5 concludes with a prayerful tone that focuses on the sovereign God.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The missing imprecations at the end of Lamentations 5 show significant deviation from the normal pattern of ending the laments.

“The missing imprecations at the end of Lamentations 5 show significant deviation from the normal pattern of ending the laments.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The words in Lamentations 5:19 find some resemblance with Psalm 102:12.

“The words in Lamentations 5:19 find some resemblance with Psalm 102:12.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The whole lament is seen as a communal prayer.

“The whole lament is seen as a communal prayer.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Lamentations 5 begins in a typical prayer fashion and closes as such.

“However, a closer look at the book reveals that the lament begins in a typical prayer fashion and closes as such.”

• Also stated in: § Lamentations 5 · p. 16 · plain

  “That the lament begins and ends in a prayer is affirmed by a number of scholars 40 .”

• cites Parry (2010:146)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Salters (2014:341)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Goldingay (2022:206)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The imprecations at the end of the lament are missing in Lamentations 5.

“Lastly, and more importantly in line with the argument of this article, the imprecations at the end of the lament are missing.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Lamentations 5 is fashioned in the form of prayer.

“In conclusion, we have established that Lamentations 5 is fashioned in the form of prayer.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Lamentations 1 to 5 all have a prayerful tone at the end, introduced mainly by the vocative יהוה.

“The author notes that Lamentations 1 to 5 all have a prayerful tone at the end, introduced mainly by the vocative . יהוה”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The poet is baffled by the fact that this God doesn't do anything concerning Judah's situation.

“Yet the poet is baffled by the fact that this God doesn't do anything concerning Judah's situation.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

There are literary devices that link Lamentations 4 to the previous laments.

“We also noted that there are a number of literary devices that link Lamentations 4 to the previous laments.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The feature of petition is given more prominence in Lamentations 5 than in any other lament.

“The feature of a petition is given more prominence in Lamentations 5 than in any other lament.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The praise aspect is omitted in Lamentations 5:19.

“The praise aspect is omitted.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The poet employs two phrases to express the everlasting dominion of God.

“The poet employs two phrases to express the everlasting dominion of God.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

In Lamentations 5:20-22, the poet's main concern is the restoration of Judah's fortune.

“In verses 20-22 the poet's main concern is the restoration of Judah's fortune.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

In Lamentations 4, the איכה formula is repeated in verses 1 and 2, unlike in Lamentations 1 and 2 where it is used only in the first verse.

“We also noted that, unlike in Lamentations 1 and 2, where the איכה formulae are used only in the first verse, in Lamentations 4 it is repeated in verses 1 and 2.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The hopeful note in Lamentations 4 is presented in the form of an imprecation, as in Lamentations 1 and 3.

“This hopeful note is presented in a form of an imprecation in the same manner as Lamentations 1 and 3.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Lamentations 1, 3 and 4 all end in imprecations.

“In addition to the prayerful tone, the author highlights that Lamentations 1, 3 and 4 all end in imprecations.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The use of the vocative at the beginning and at the end of the lament ultimately creates a literary feature of inclusion.

“The use of the vocative at the beginning and at the end of the lament ultimately creates a literary feature of inclusion.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The qinah meter/enjambment is missing in Lamentations 5.

“The third notable missing literary feature is the qinah meter / enjambment.”

• Also stated in: § Lamentations 5 · p. 14 · boosted

  “It is totally abandoned in Lamentations 5 (Parry, 2010:10).”

• cites Parry, 2010:10Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The continual presence of the enemy's sins before God will lead God to punish the enemy the way he punished Zion.

“The continual presence of the enemy's sins before God will lead God to punish the enemy the way he punished Zion.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The conclusion of Lamentations 1 is not a hopeless prayer but a prayer given with aspects of imprecations and with a sure hope that God is able to answer.

“The conclusion of the chapter is not a hopeless prayer but a prayer given with aspects of imprecations and with a sure hope that God is able to answer.”

May combine two claims.

A linear reading of Lamentations yields hope, just as a concentric reading does.

“It is therefore argued that the hopeful tone from a concentric reading can still be found from a linear reading of the text of Lamentations.”

• Also stated in: § Introduction · p. 2 · plain

  “This paper argues that just as a concentric reading of the book of Lamentations leads to hope, so does a linear reading. In other words, hope comes from both a linear and a concentric reading of the book of Lamentations.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The endings of the five laments are the decisive indicator of the book's overall tone, whether hope or despair.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Imprecations and prayers in Lamentations anticipate God's answer.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: God's answer to the prayers in Lamentations will be perfect.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The presence of these phrases affirms a dialogue with the prophetic tradition.

“This affirms a dialogue with the prophetic tradition.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The argument for a descending structure in Lamentations is supported better by the qinah meter rather than the acrostics.

“Secondly, the argument for a descending structure is supported better by the qinah meter rather than the acrostics.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The prayer in Lamentations 1 turns into imprecation, most likely influenced by a meditation on the sages' prohibition of celebration of the fall of enemies.

“Most likely influenced by a Muriwo meditation on the sages' prohibition of celebration of the fall of enemies 5 , the prayer turns into imprecation.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The writer of Lamentations 1 is reflecting on the wisdom literature, the prophets and the deuteronomistic tradition.

“From the above analysis, it can be ascertained that the writer of Lamentations 1 is reflecting on the wisdom literature, the prophets and the deuteronomistic tradition.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The acrostics in Lamentations are more inclined to support a concentric approach than a linear approach.

“The acrostics are more inclined to support a concentric approach than a linear approach.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The overall picture of Lamentations 1 is that there is nowhere to turn to for comfort except to turn to God, who has allowed the calamity.

“The overall picture of the chapter is that there is nowhere to turn to for comfort except to turn to God, who has allowed the calamity.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Daughter Zion is perhaps singing the imprecation in Lamentations 1 reflecting and in unison with Psalm 137.

“perhaps daughter Zion is singing this imprecation reflecting and in unison with Psalm 137 7F 8 .”

• cites Psalm 137Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The imprecations of Lamentations 1, 3, 4 and the prayers of 2, 5 all hopefully anticipate God's perfect answer.

“Thus, the imprecations of 1, 3 and 4 and the prayers of 2 and 5 all hopefully anticipate God's perfect answer.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Imprecations and prayers in Lamentations anticipate God's answer.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: God's answer to the prayers in Lamentations will be perfect.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The effect of the prayer in Lamentations 1:22 is to express the continual presence of the sins of the enemy before God.

“The effect of the prayer is to express the aspect of the continual presence of the sins of the enemy before God.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The conclusion of Lamentations 1 is tied to the conclusion of Lamentations 5.

“More importantly, it ties the conclusions of Lamentations 1 and Lamentations 5.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The figure of 5 in Lamentations supports not only qinah meter but also a chiastic structure.

“Thirdly, the figure of 5 supports not only qinah meter but also a chiastic structure.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A concentric reading of Lamentations leads to hope.

“This paper argues that just as a concentric reading of the book of Lamentations leads to hope, so does a linear reading.”

• cites Dorsey (1999:248)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Parry (2010:92)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted).

A concentric reading of Lamentations results in a chiastic structure that places Lamentations 3 at the centre.

“A number of scholars have argued that a concentric reading of the book of Lamentations results in a chiastic structure that places Lamentations 3 at the centre.”

• cites Dorsey (1999:248)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Parry (2010:92)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Lamentations 1 is fashioned in such a way that it is reminiscent of Lamentations 5, which concludes the book.

“It is fashioned in such a way that it is reminiscent of Lamentations 5, which concludes the book.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The book of Lamentations is a unified composition whose chapters can be interpreted in light of each other.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Taking הבאת as a hifil perfect means that the qatal form has been translated as a realizable wish.

“However, taking this as a hifil perfect will mean that the qatal form has been translated as a realizable wish 7 .”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The fact that there are five laments can be an argument for both the qinah meter and a chiastic structure.

“Therefore, the fact that there are five laments can be an argument for both the qinah meter as well as a chiastic structure.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The anger of God takes centre stage in Lamentations 2.

“This clearly shows that the anger of God takes centre stage in Lamentations 2.”

• cites Provan (1991)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Parry (2010)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Wright (2015)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

There is protest and anger in Lamentations 2, but Zion's chance of salvation rests with God, who is her only hope.

“There is protest, there is anger, but Zion's chance of salvation rests with God, who is her only hope.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Prayer is usually given by an offerer who expects a positive answer from a deity.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Both laments end with a firm hope that God is going to answer accordingly.

“They all end with a firm hope that God is going to answer accordingly.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Prayer is usually given by an offerer who expects a positive answer from a deity.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Lamentations 4 is one of the most hopeful laments considering what is in 4:21-22.

“Parry (2010:132) observes that although some scholars 34 do not see hope in Lamentations 4, it is one of the most hopeful laments considering what is in 4:21-22 35 .”

• cites Parry (2010:132)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The imprecations in Lamentations 4 expose the contrast between the daughter of Edom and the daughter of Judah.

“They are presented in such a way as to expose the contrast between the daughter of Edom the daughter of Judah.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Although there is indication that the Lord's hand will continue to be raised in executing punishment, there is also the promise of restoration once sin is confessed in the prophets.

“Although there is indication that the Lord's hand will continue to be raised in executing punishment, there is also the promise of restoration once sin is confessed in the prophets.”

May combine two claims.

Lamentations 4 ends with an imprecation against enemies, as do Lamentations 1 and 3, and this indicates a hopeful ending.

“However, as will be discovered later, this lament ends in a fashion typical of the psalms of lament: 27 with an imprecation against enemies as in Lamentation 1and 3 indicating a hopeful ending.”

• cites Westermann (1994:207)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The poet portrayed the picture so desperate and gloomy that it is understandable for the majority of scholars to conclude that there is no hope in the chapter.

“So desperate and gloomy has the poet portrayed the picture that it is understandable for the majority of scholars to conclude that there is no hope in the chapter.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The imprecations in Lamentations 4 come as a result of a thorough exposure of the suffering of the Judahites.

“The imprecations come as a result of a thorough exposure of the suffering of the Judahites.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The idea of the verbs טפחתי and רביתי in Lamentations 2:22 is that of bringing up children.

“Thus, the idea is that of bringing up children 22 .”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

In Lamentations 4, the imprecations may come as a surprise to many.

“But in the case of Lamentations 4, the imprecations may come as a surprise to many.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The basic message is that Daughter Zion will certainly be delivered in as much as Daughter Edom will certainly be punished.

“The basic message is that Daughter Zion will certainly be delivered in as much as Daughter Edom will certainly be punished.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Hope in the first lament is explicitly conveyed in the imprecations, whereas in the second lament, hope is implied in the accusative prayer.

“Hope in the first lament is explicitly conveyed in the imprecations, whereas in the second lament, hope is implied in the accusative prayer.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Prayer is usually given by an offerer who expects a positive answer from a deity.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The enemy in Lamentations 2:22 could be the LORD or it could be the human enemy.

“As Parry (2010:85) notes, this enemy could be the LORD or it could be the human enemy.”

• cites Parry (2010:85)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The Hebrew word translated 'rejoice' is שוש, which means to exult or display joy.

“The Hebrew word translated 'rejoice' is ,שוש which means to exult or display joy 31 .”

• cites Brown, Driver & Brigggs (1951:965)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

As the proper imprecations are uttered, there is renewed hope that God is certainly going to answer.

“Thus, as the proper imprecations are uttered, there is renewed hope that God is certainly going to answer.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

If the 'enemy' in Lamentations 2:22 is taken to refer to God, it means that God has turned into an enemy, which would mean the lament ends on a harsh tone.

“If the 'enemy' is taken to refer to God, it means that God has turned into an enemy, which would mean the lament ends on a harsh tone.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The loss of the איכה formulae in Lamentations 3 may have been compensated by the qinah meter in order to maintain the tone of the grief process.

“This may mean that the loss of the איכה formulae has been compensated by the qinah meter in order to maintain the tone of the grief process.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The qinah meter maintains the tone of the grief process.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The hyperbole in Lamentations 2 is meant to emphasise the magnitude of the catastrophe.

“In that regard, Provan (1991:79) then concludes well that the hyperbole is meant to emphasise the magnitude of the catastrophe.”

• cites Provan (1991:79)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Lamentations 3 begins with the גבר not being able to mention even God's name until 3:18.

“As Parry (2010:126) observes, Lamentations 3 begins with the גבר not being able to mention even God's name until 3:18.”

• cites Parry (2010:126)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The narrator's voice begins and concludes Lamentations 4, and in between it is interjected by Jerusalem's voice, which uses the first common plural.

“This therefore suggests that the narrator's voice begins and concludes Lamentations 4. In between, the narrator's voice is interjected by Jerusalem's voice, which uses the 1 st common plural.”

• cites Parry (2010:132)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The Judean woman turning to cannibalism draws the image of God's relationship to Judah down to its micro level.

“The Judean woman turning to cannibalism, therefore, draws down the image to its micro level.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

God is called upon to see and consider first who historically has ever suffered such severe punishment.

“God is called upon to see and consider first who historically has ever suffered such severe punishment.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

In the book of Lamentations, the mother has turned against her own children at the macro level.

“However, the mother has turned against her own children in the book of Lamentations (macro level).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

The reader is taken to the darkest and gloomiest picture that can ever be painted for the nation of Israel.

“In this way, the reader is taken to the darkest and gloomiest picture that can ever be painted for the nation of Israel.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Such a prayer closes with the hope that God will hear and act.

“Certainly such a prayer closes with the hope that God will hear and act.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

In Lamentations 4:22, the clause תם-עונך is better read as 'punishment' alongside the NIV rather than as guilt or iniquity.

“However, looking at the immediate context of the cup that will be passed on to Edom and the entire lament, it is better to read this alongside the NIV and take it to mean 'punishment'.”

• cites Salters (2014:337)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Lamentations 3 is an interim report on a continuous battle, not a triumph of faith over despair.

“Provan (1991:84), for instance, disputes the long-held belief that this central poem offers triumph of faith over despair. Instead, Provan (1991:84) argues that this poem is just an interim report on a continuous battle. Reading this as an interim report of a continuous battle translates to a linear reading, which is the thrust of this paper.”

• cites Provan (1991:84)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The prayer in Lamentations 3:55-62 is given in the perfect, as a wish that is realisable, and is therefore a hopeful prayer.

“Thus, the prayer is given in the perfect, as a wish that is realisable. It is therefore a hopeful prayer.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

If God has seen and knows what has happened to the גבר, deliverance is at hand.

“So if God has seen and knows, deliverance is at hand (Parry, 2010:122).”

• cites Parry, 2010:122Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

If the 'enemy' in Lamentations 2:22 is taken as a human enemy, daughter Zion is trying to end the lament without a finger directly pointing to God, perhaps toning down the protest in order to engage or give him an opportunity to answer.

“But if taken as a human enemy, daughter Zion is trying to end the lament without a finger directly pointing to God, perhaps toning down the protest in order to engage or give him an opportunity to answer.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Daughter Zion's protest points to the promises of God in the prophetic and Zionist traditions.

“In addition, daughter Zion's protest points to the promises of God in the prophetic and Zionist traditions.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The perfects of verse 22 and the imperfects of verse 21 are to be taken as perfects of confidence expressing assurance of the future.

“Ultimately, as Provan (1991:123) suggests, the perfects (verse 22) of this section and the imperfects of the previous section (verse 21) are to be taken as perfects of confidence expressing assurance of the future.”

• cites Provan (1991:123)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The day of the LORD's anger is the guiding theme for the entirety of Lamentations 2.

“Thus Westermann (1994:159) concludes well that the day of the LORD's anger is the guiding theme for the entirety of Lamentations 2.”

• cites Westermann (1994:159)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

After painting a gloomy picture, the poet bursts into hopeful imprecations to conclude the lament.

“However, after painting such a gloomy picture, the poet bursts into some hopeful imprecations to conclude the lament.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In Lamentations 4:20, the words 'breath' and 'shadow' denote the dependence and protection offered by the king in the Ancient Near East.

“His inability to provide help is stressed in verse 20, where the words 'breath' and 'shadow' are used to denote the dependence and protection 30 offered by the king in the Ancient Near East.”

• cites Provan ( 1991:122)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Hillers (1992:151)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Salters (2014:331)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Lamentations 2 could also be reflecting on passages dedicated to the northern kingdom of Israel.

“Besides passages that directly speak about Judah, Lamentations 2 could also be reflecting on passages that were dedicated to the northern kingdom of Israel.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

This change of attitude may have been necessitated by the opportunity to protest, the ability to contemplate God's character, the affirmation and assurance from God not to fear, and the firm hope that God had heard and seen the affliction and would surely avenge the action of the enemies.

“This change of attitude may have been necessitated by the opportunity to protest, the ability to contemplate God's character, the affirmation and assurance from God not to fear, and the firm hope that God had heard and seen the affliction and would surely avenge the action of the enemies.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Daughter Zion is protesting that the punishment is severe compared to historical punishment of such sins as hers.

“Thus, daughter Zion is protesting that the punishment is severe 19 compared to historical punishment of such sins as hers.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

In the execution of the punishment, God should be mindful of his promises.

“In the execution of the punishment, God should be mindful of his promises.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The second lament ends with a protest that is given within the rubric of a prayer.

“To conclude this, we note that the second lament ends with a protest that is given within the rubric of a prayer.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The word יחל is in the same semantic field as קוה.

“Salters (2014:229) notes that the word יחל is in the same semantic field as . קוה”

• cites Salters (2014:229)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Maternal cannibalism is the most horrendously extreme suffering that God has inflicted on the nation of Judah.

“As Bosman (2012:152) argues, maternal cannibalism is the most horrendously extreme suffering that God has inflicted on the nation of Judah.”

• cites Bosman (2012:152)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

At the heart of the middle chapter, the חסד and רחמים of God becomes the driving force that generates and propels the גבר to hope in God.

“The two words open and close the section so that, at the heart of the middle chapter, the חסד and רחמים of God becomes the driving force that generates and propels the גבר to hope in God.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The image of cannibalism depicts one of the worst sufferings ever experienced.

“The image of cannibalism depicts one of the worst sufferings ever experienced. As Bosman (2012:152) argues, maternal cannibalism is the most horrendously extreme suffering that God has inflicted on the nation of Judah.”

• cites Bosman (2012:152)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Convinced by the assurance of restoration after penitence, the poet in Lamentations 2:18-19 advises daughter Zion to cry out to the Lord.

“Convinced by the assurance of restoration after penitence, the poet in Lamentations 2:18-19 advises daughter Zion to cry out to the Lord.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The qinah meter is more dominant in Lamentations 3 than in other chapters.

“Hillers (1992:18) concludes alongside Budde (1882) that the qinah meter is more dominant in Chapter Three than in other chapters.”

• cites Hillers (1992:18)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Budde (1882)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

God gave total expression of his wrath through maternal cannibalism.

“God gave total expression of his wrath through maternal cannibalism.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In Lamentations 4:21, the cup refers to God's punishment, and the aspect of it being passed around is derived from joyous celebrations.

“Salters (2014:335) avers that the cup refers to God's punishment in this context, but he adds that the aspect of it being passed around is derived from joyous celebrations.”

• cites Salters (2014:335)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The omission of the איכה formulae in Lamentations 3 may signal a reduction of the dirge aspect.

“Since the איכה formulae are understood to reinforce the dirge aspect of the laments, its omission may signal reduction of the dirge aspect.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The איכה formulae reinforce the dirge aspect of the laments.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The loving kindness and the mercies of God have changed the attitude of the גבר.

“The loving kindness and the mercies of God have changed the attitude of the . גבר”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The metaphor of a cup as a symbol of judgment is well attested in the Hebrew Bible.

“The metaphor of a 'cup' as a symbol of judgment is well attested in the Hebrew bible. For example, in Jeremiah 25:15, there is a conceptual image of a cup full of wine of God's wrath which causes nations to stagger once they drink it.”

• cites Jeremiah 25:15Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Depending on the stem attached, the word יחל basically means waiting with a firm hope on something or someone.

“Depending on the stem attached, the word יחל basically means waiting with a firm hope on something/someone 24 .”

• cites Brown, Driver & Briggs, 1951:403-404Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

God's relationship to Judah is historically that of a caring mother.

“Thus, God's relationship to Judah is historically that of a caring mother 28 .”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Lamentations 4 may be intensifying the lament by repeating איכה.

“This shows that, although the three chapters begin the same way, Lamentations 4 may be intensifying the lament by its repetition of .איכה”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The verb תם should be connected retrospectively to the previous section about Edom and prospectively with the perfects of 22b.

“The verb תם should be connected retrospectively to the previous section (i.e. of Edom), where the contrast began. It should also be connected prospectively with the perfects of 22b.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Lamentations 4 can be read as a two-hander: a first-person singular voice speaks about Zion in verses 1-16 and 21-22, and a first-person plural voice speaks about 'us' in verses 17-20.

“Thus, Goldingay (2022:163) is right to say that Lamentations 4 can be read as a two-hander: a first-person singular voice speaks about Zion in verses 1-16 and 21-22, and a first- person plural voice that speaks about 'us' in verses 17-20.”

• cites Goldingay (2022:163)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Parry (2010:132)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

In the context of Lamentations 4:21, the image of being drunk and stripped naked serves to link this pericope to 1:8 and to expose the humiliation and shame that will be suffered by the Edomites the same way daughter Zion has suffered.

“First, it is to link this specific pericope to 1:8. Second, it is to expose the humiliation and shame that will be suffered by the Edomites the same way daughter Zion has suffered.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

As in 1:21, it is better to take the perfects in 3:55 to 62 and 4:22 as precative.

“As in 1:21, it is better to take the perfects in 3:55 to 62 and 4:22 as precative.”

• cites Hillers (1992:78)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Van der Merwe, Naudé & Kroeze, 2017:160Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

As one gets to Lamentations 5, the flames of dirge are totally extinguished.

“As one gets to Lamentations 5, it is totally extinguished.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The writer intentionally begins the lament in a prayerful tone and ends it that way.

“This, therefore, means that the writer intentionally begins the lament in a prayerful tone and ends it that way.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Lamentations 5 can be linked to Lamentations 2 because of the missing imprecations at the end.

“It can also be linked to Lamentations 2 because of the missing imprecations at the end.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Based on the covenant, the poet has every right to expect deliverance from God.

“Thus, based on the covenant, the poet has every right to expect deliverance from God.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: This covenantal relationship obligates God to act on behalf of his people.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Scholars such as Hillers (1992), Berlin (2002) and Dobbs-Allsopp (2002) continue to view Lamentations 5 as a prayer.

“Accordingly, scholars, such as Hillers (1992), Berlin (2002) and Dobbs-Allsopp (2002), continue to view Lamentations 5 as a prayer.”

• cites Hillers (1992)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Berlin (2002)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Dobbs-Allsopp (2002)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

In the case of Psalm 102, the entire section from verses 12 to 17 signifies assurance that the eternal king will surely hear the prayer and restore Zion.

“Stek (1984:893) observes that in the case of Psalm 102, the entire section from verses 12 to 17 signifies assurance that the eternal king will surely hear the prayer and restore Zion.”

• cites Stek (1984:893)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Verse 21 returns to verse 1 in terms of its use of imperatives and invocation of God.

“Goldingay (2022:206) rightly concludes that verse 21 returns to verse 1 in terms of its use of imperatives and invocation of God.”

• cites Goldingay (2022:206)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Lamentations 5 is half the length of chapter 4 and a third of the length of Chapters 1-3.

“The fact that Lamentation 5 serves as the conclusion is further supported by its length, which Parry (2010:146) observes as being half the length of chapter 4 and a third of the length of Chapters 1-3.”

• cites Parry (2010:146)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The fronting of a direct address to God is a feature of psalms of petition rather than a dirge.

“Westermann (1994:213) highlights that the fronting of a direct address to God is a feature of psalms of petition rather than a dirge.”

• cites Westermann (1994:213)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The fronting of the independent pronoun אתה is meant to bring a contrast to what has been said earlier.

“Berlin (2002:125) and Hillers (1992:160) make clear the point that the fronting of the independent pronoun אתה is meant to bring a contrast to what has been said earlier.”

• cites Berlin (2002:125)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Hillers (1992:160)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

God is specifically addressed in verses 1 and 19-22 with the imperatives that form the inclusion that sets the tone for the entire lament.

“Salters (2014:341) goes a step further and observes that God is specifically addressed in verses 1 and 19-22 with the imperatives that form the inclusion that sets the tone for the entire lament.”

• cites Salters (2014:341)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The literary devices linking Lamentations 4 to previous laments beckon the reader to see the laments as individual entities but also as a unitary whole.

“These literary devices beckon the reader to see the laments as individual entities but also as a unitary whole.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Verse 1 of Lamentations 5 is a plea and verses 19 to 22 are an appeal.

“For example, Parry (2010:146) notes that verse 1 is a plea and verses 19 to 22 are an appeal.”

• cites Parry (2010:146)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Verses 1, 21 and 22 of Lamentations 5 should be read with the same lenses.

“Thus, verses 1, 21 and 22 should be read with the same lenses.”

May combine two claims.

Although the temple has been destroyed and Mount Zion inhabited by jackals, God still exists.

“Thus, although the temple has been destroyed and Mount Zion inhabited by jackals, God still exists.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

It is better to see the restoration in Lamentations 5:21 holistically encompassing the material and spiritual dimension, as in restoration from exile.

“Although some scholars want to see the restoration as confined to the spiritual, looking at the first part and the second part of the verse together, it is better to see it holistically encompassing the material and spiritual dimension 46 as in restoration from exile 47 .”

• cites Dobbs-Allsopp (2002:146)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Salters (2014:372)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The איכה formula is one of the literary devices that indicates a dirge.

“It should be noted that the איכה formula is one of the literary devices that indicates a dirge.”

• cites Gunkel (1929)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Lamentations 2 shows that the protests directed to God in the form of accusation anticipate a hopeful answer from God.

“Lamentations 2 shows that the protests directed to God in the form of accusation anticipate a hopeful answer from God.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The entire book of Lamentations is primarily a national lament with incidentals of a dirge and an individual lament.

“Gottwald (1954:34) goes further, suggesting that the entire book of Lamentations is primarily a national lament with incidentals of a dirge and an individual lament.”

• cites Gottwald (1954:34)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Such a communal prayer is seen as a fitting conclusion to the entire book, as it leaves everything in the hands of him who is sovereign and is able to give ultimate deliverance.

“Such a communal prayer is seen as a fitting conclusion to the entire book, as it leaves everything in the hands of him who is sovereign and is able to give ultimate deliverance.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: This God is sovereign and his throne is eternal.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Lamentations 5 is a communal lament.

“In terms of classification, Westermann (1994), Hillers (1992), Parry (2010) and Salters (2014) are all agreed that Lamentations 5 is a communal lament.”

• cites Westermann (1994)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Hillers (1992)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Parry (2010)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The prayers end by laying everything in the hands of the one who caused the suffering and is the only source of deliverance.

“Thus, the prayers end by laying everything in the hands of the one who caused the suffering and is the only source of deliverance.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The missing limping meter in Lamentations 5 may suggest that the lamentation has come to an end and slowly comes to normalcy with a 3-3 rhythm.

“As the limping meter serves, to foster a hollow feeling within the reader, this missing component in Lamentations 5 may suggest again that the lamentation has come to an end, and slowly comes to normalcy with a 3-3 rhythm.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The author of Lamentations 5:21 might be thinking of a change of heart and change of fortunes in line with Jeremiah 31:18, 33-34.

“Thus the author might be thinking of a change of heart and change of fortunes in line with Jeremiah 31:18, 33-34.”

• cites Jeremiah 31:18, 33-34Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Lamentations 5 serves as a conclusion to the entire book of Lamentations.

“Lamentations 5 serves as a conclusion to the entire book of Lamentations.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The shift to focusing on God rather than on enemies reinforces the change of attitude and realisation that only God is able to deliver.

“The shift to focusing on God rather than on enemies reinforces the change of attitude and realisation that only God is able to deliver.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Once the confident hope in the salvation of the sovereign God has been established, it is difficult to imagine how the poet can slide back into despair.

“And once the confident hope in the salvation of the sovereign God has been established, it is difficult to imagine how the poet can slide back into despair.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The aspect of forgetting (שכח) should be understood with its antinomy, remember (זכר) in verse 1.

“The aspect of forgetting ( )שכח should be understood with its antinomy, remember ( ,)זכר in verse 1.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The flames of dirge become bigger at the beginning of Lamentations 4 and slowly die down in the latter parts of Lamentations 4.

“This may indicate that flames of dirge become bigger at the beginning of Lamentations 4 and slowly die down in the latter parts of Lamentations 4.”

May combine two claims.

Hope in Lamentations 2 and 5 is implied and implicit as opposed to the hope of Lamentations 1, 3 and 4, which is explicit through the imprecations.

“Preliminary observations show that hope in Lamentations 2 and 5 is implied and implicit as opposed to the hope of Lamentations 1, 3 and 4, which is explicit through the imprecations.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The remembrance of past events opens the way for contemplation of the nature of God.

“The remembrance of past events opens the way for contemplation of the nature of God.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

There is no contradiction between crying in protest to God and believing that God will ultimately hear and deliver based on his character and historical actions.

“Wright (2015:164) concludes that there is no contradiction between crying in protest to God and believing that God will ultimately hear and deliver based on his character and historical actions.”

• cites Wright (2015:164)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

Lamentations 5 should be understood as a stand-alone poem but also linked to the rest of the book.

“This basically means that it should be understood as a stand-alone poem but also linked to the rest of the book.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Lamentations 5 can be connected to the rest of the laments through the implied alphabetic acrostics.

“It can be connected to the rest of the laments through the implied alphabetic acrostics.”

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: The alphabetic acrostic in Lamentations 5 is implied by the use of the 22 verses.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

These imprecations suggest a hopeful ending.

“These imprecations suggest a hopeful ending.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Lamentations 4 ends on a hopeful note.

“In summary, it is undeniably clear that Lamentations 4 ends on a hopeful note.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Lamentations 5 serves as the handkerchief that wipes away all tears with a stern anticipation that God has heard the cries and will certainly answer.

“Thus, Lamentations 5 serves as the handkerchief that is wiping away all the tears with a stern anticipation that God has heard the cries and will certainly answer.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Because God reigns forever, his mercies to those who look to him for salvation will always be granted.

“Thus, because God reigns forever, his mercies to those who look to him for salvation will always be granted (Stek, 1984:893).”

• cites Stek, 1984:893Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Whereas all the other laments conclude with a prayer in the form of imprecations, Lamentations 5 is meant to be seen as a prayer in its entirety.

“This means that, whereas all the other laments conclude with a prayer in the form of imprecations, Lamentations 5 is meant to be seen as a prayer in its entirety.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Lamentations 5 is a prayer.

“Thus, as most scholars 49 are agreed that Lamentations 5 is a prayer, emphasis should be put on the understanding of a prayer.”

• cites Berlin (2002)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Dobbs-Allsopp (2002)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Wright (2015)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Combined with the first part of the verse, the phrase refers to God's eternal existence and eternal dominion.

“Combined with the first part of the verse, therefore, it refers to God's eternal existence and eternal dominion.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

Such a conclusion is fitting, as it not only concludes Lamentations 5 but also binds together and concludes all the laments.

“Such a conclusion is fitting, as it not only concludes Lamentations 5 but also binds together and concludes all the laments.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The concluding imprecations and prayers are all directed to God with the firm hope that he will answer according to his enduring attributes of sovereignty and love.

“The concluding imprecations and prayers are all directed to God with the firm hope that he will answer according to his enduring attributes of sovereignty and love.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The confident hope in Lamentations 4 could have been generated from the link between the King trapped in a pit (4:20) and the deliverance of the גבר from the pit (3:53-58).

“Parry (2010:142-143) then suggests that the confident hope could have been generated from the link between the King trapped in a pit (4:20) and the deliverance of the גבר from the pit (3:53-58).”

• cites Parry (2010:142-143)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Each communal lament may exhibit other unique features.

“Although this is the general pattern, McCann (1996:647) notes that each communal lament may exhibit other unique features.”

• cites McCann (1996:647)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Lamentations 5 utilises the 3-3 rhythm rather than the limping meter.

“Goldingay (2022:190) observes that rather than the limping meter, Lamentations 5 utilises the 3-3 rhythm.”

• cites Goldingay (2022:190)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Prayers as prayers do not incorporate responses.

“In the same vein as Goldingay (2022:209),”

• cites Goldingay (2022:209)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Lamentations 5 can be easily connected to Lamentations 3 because of the missing איכה formula.

“In summary, this therefore means that Lamentations 5 can be easily connected to Lamentations 3 because of the missing איכה formula.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Communal laments are expected to exhibit a structure including invocation, description of distress, plea, profession of trust, and promise to praise.

“As a communal lament, it is therefore expected to exhibit the following structure that characterises all communal laments:”