The DOI matches its Crossref record; 59 of the 59 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Cross-National Associations Between Gender and Mental Disorders in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys
Open accessAbstract
CONTEXT: Gender differences in mental disorders, including more anxiety and mood disorders among women and more externalizing disorders among men, are found consistently in epidemiological surveys. The gender roles hypothesis suggests that these differences narrow as the roles of women and men become more equal. OBJECTIVES: To study time-space (cohort-country) variation in gender differences in lifetime DSM-IV mental disorders across cohorts in 15 countries in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Survey Initiative and to determine if this variation is significantly related to time-space variation in female gender role traditionality as measured by aggregate patterns of female education, employment, marital timing, and use of birth control. DESIGN: Face-to-face household surveys. SETTING: Africa, the Americas, Asia, Europe, the Middle East, and the Pacific. PARTICIPANTS: Community-dwelling adults (N = 72,933). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview assessed lifetime prevalence and age at onset of 18 DSM-IV anxiety, mood, externalizing, and substance disorders. Survival analyses estimated time-space variation in female to male odds ratios of these disorders across cohorts defined by the following age ranges: 18 to 34, 35 to 49, 50 to 64, and 65 years and older. Structural equation analysis examined predictive effects of variation in gender role traditionality on these odds ratios. RESULTS: In all cohorts and countries, women had more anxiety and mood disorders than men, and men had more externalizing and substance disorders than women. Although gender differences were generally consistent across cohorts, significant narrowing was found in recent cohorts for major depressive disorder and substance disorders. This narrowing was significantly related to temporal (major depressive disorder) and spatial (substance disorders) variation in gender role traditionality. CONCLUSIONS: While gender differences in most lifetime mental disorders were fairly stable over the time-space units studied, substantial intercohort narrowing of differences in major depression was found to be related to changes in the traditionality of female gender roles. Additional research is needed to understand why this temporal narrowing was confined to major depression.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source doesn’t support the claim as written.
In the citing paper
“These studies found a relationship between gender roles and anxiety. 54”
From Factors associated with gender and sex differences in anxiety prevalence and comorbidity: A systematic review (2022) · cites this paper as [54]
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“MDD occurs about twice as often in women than in men”
From Major depressive disorder (2016) · cites this paper as [2]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The results seem to indicate that gender socialization is, at least in part, responsible for the development of the psychosocial characteristics that act as risk factors for women and protective factors for men in the onset and course of anxiety.44,54,56,59,64,70”
From Factors associated with gender and sex differences in anxiety prevalence and comorbidity: A systematic review (2022) · cites this paper as [54]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Note, however, that one study showed a single association in which the sex difference in depression diagnosis, instead, is smaller in countries with higher living conditions (Seedat et al., 2009).”
From A Systematic Review and New Analyses of the Gender-Equality Paradox (2025) · cites this paper as Seedat et al., 2009
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Seedat and colleagues (2009) found a significant narrowing in the gender difference in depression in recent cohorts.”
From Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms (2017) · cites this paper as Seedat et al., 2009
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Although SUDs remain more prevalent in men than in women, the gender gap has been narrowing 150,328- 330 , possibly in part due to changes in gender roles 331 .”
From Substance use disorders: a comprehensive update of classification, epidemiology, neurobiology, clinical aspects, treatment and prevention (2023) · cites this paper as [331]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“An epidemiological phenomenon consists in the repeatedly described sex differences in prevalence rates of MDD 2”
From Major depressive disorder (2016) · cites this paper as [2]
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“Despite a similar prevalence of general mental health problems for men and women in both low- and high-income countries [7], men are less likely than women to seek formal treatment for mood and anxiety disorders [8].”
From Masculinity and mental health treatment initiation for former political prisoners in Yangon, Myanmar – a qualitative investigation (2021) · cites this paper as [7]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“The authors concluded that prevention of depression seems feasible and psychological intervention may be an effective way to delay or prevent the onset of depressive disorders.”
From Time for united action on depression: a Lancet–World Psychiatric Association Commission (2022) · cites this paper as [449]
In the citing paper
“A meta-analysis of 32 RCTs (6,214 participants) of psychological interventions of various types among adults found that the chance of developing a depressive disorder was 21% lower than in the control groups. 449”
From Time for united action on depression: a Lancet–World Psychiatric Association Commission (2022) · cites this paper as [449]
In the citing paper
“Many psychiatric disorders show a different prevalence or onset in males and females (Seedat et al., 2009).”
From Defining the genetic, genomic, cellular, and diagnostic architectures of psychiatric disorders (2019) · cites this paper as Seedat et al., 2009
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,845
Bayesian model selection in social research
Raftery, A. E. (1995) · Sociological Methodology · doi:10.2307/271063 · Cited by 6,823
Kessler, R. C., & Üstün, T. B. (2004) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.168 · Cited by 4,771
Self-citationKESSLER, R. C., ADLER, L., AMES, M., DEMLER, O., FARAONE, S., HIRIPI, E., HOWES, M. J., JIN, R., SECNIK, K., SPENCER, T., et al. (2005) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291704002892 · Cited by 3,452
Self-citationDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Raber, G., & Spokas, M. (2024) · doi:10.4135/9781071886229.n145 · Cited by 2,806
Cross-national epidemiology of major depression and bipolar disorder
Weissman, M. M. (1996) · JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association · doi:10.1001/jama.1996.03540040037030 · Cited by 2,302
Prevalence and Treatment of Mental Disorders, 1990 to 2003
Kessler, R. C., Demler, O., Frank, R. G., Olfson, M., Pincus, H. A., Walters, E. E., Wang, P., Wells, K. B., & Zaslavsky, A. M. (2005) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmsa043266 · Cited by 1,910
Self-citationWorld Development Report 2004 : making services work for poor people
Pritchett, L. H., Gauthier, B., Devarajan, S., Filmer, D. P., Commins, S. K., Hammer, J. S., Shah, S., Soucat, A. L. B., & Aḥmad, J. (2003) · Cited by 1,517
Wood, W., & Eagly, A. H. (2002) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.128.5.699 · Cited by 1,509
Introduction to Variance Estimation.
King, B. F., & Wolter, K. M. (1987) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2289497 · Cited by 1,377
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- [19]19. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(24):2515-2523.
- [57]57. Kessler RC, Aguilar-Gaxiola S, Alonso J, Angermeyer MC, Anthony JC, Ber- glund PA, Chatterji S, de Girolamo G, de Graaf R, Demyttenaere K, Gasquet I, Gluzman S, Gruber MJ, Gureje O, Haro JM, Heeringa S, Karam A, Kawakami N, Lee S, Levinson D, Medina-Mora ME, Oakley-Browne MA, Pennell B-E, Petuk- hova M, Posada-Villa J, Ruscio A, Stein DJ, Tsang CHA, Üstün TB. Lifetime preva- lence and age-of-onset distributions of mental disorders in the World Mental Health Survey Initiative. In: Kessler RC, Üstün TB, eds. The WHO World Mental Health Surveys: Global Perspectives on the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders. Cam- bridge, England: Cambridge University Press; 2008:511-521.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 301–400 of 1,000
Prego-Meleiro, P., Montalvo, G., Quintela, O., & García‐Ruiz, C. (2020) · Forensic Science International · doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110460 · Cited by 40
Müller, G., Bombana, M., Heinzel-Gutenbrenner, M., Kleindienst, N., Bohus, M., Lyssenko, L., & Vonderlin, R. (2021) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-10637-8 · Cited by 40
Components of psychosocial health
Husain, W. (2021) · Health Education · doi:10.1108/he-05-2021-0084 · Cited by 22
Annequin, M., Weill, A., Thomas, F., & Chaix, B. (2015) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2015.02.002 · Cited by 39
Mutyambizi, C., Booysen, F., Stornes, P., & Eikemo, T. A. (2019) · International Journal for Equity in Health · doi:10.1186/s12939-019-0996-0 · Cited by 39
Fitzgerald, E., Parent, C. I., Kee, M. Z. L., & Meaney, M. J. (2021) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2021.635304 · Cited by 41
Emotion Regulation Flexibility in Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Conroy, K., Curtiss, J. E., Barthel, A. L., Lubin, R., Wieman, S., Bui, E., Simon, N. M., & Hofmann, S. G. (2020) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-019-09773-8 · Cited by 38
van Dijk, I., Lucassen, P. L., van Weel, C., & Speckens, A. E. M. (2017) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-017-1035-8 · Cited by 46
Trang, D. T. H., Correa‐Velez, I., & Dunne, M. P. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00031 · Cited by 37
Irving, J., Colling, C., Shetty, H., Pritchard, M., Stewart, R. J., Fusar‐Poli, P., McGuire, P. K., & Patel, R. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-042949 · Cited by 38
A Handbook for the Study of Mental Health
(2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316471289 · Cited by 43
Explaining the sex difference in depression with a unified bargaining model of anger and depression
Hagen, E. H., & Rosenström, T. H. (2016) · Evolution Medicine and Public Health · doi:10.1093/emph/eow006 · Cited by 39
Torrey, W. C., Cepeda, M., Castro, S., Bartels, S. M., Cubillos, L., Suárez‐Obando, F., Martínez‐Camblor, P., Uribe-Restrepo, J. M., Williams, M. J., Gómez–Restrepo, C., et al. (2020) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.201900457 · Cited by 38
Horwitz, A. V. (2009) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511984945.004 · Cited by 40
Jenkins, R., Othieno, C. J., Ongeri, L., Sifuna, P., Ong’echa, J. M., Kingora, J., Kiima, D., Omollo, R., & Ogutu, B. R. (2015) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-015-0693-5 · Cited by 37
A survey of veterinarian mental health and resilience in Ontario, Canada.
Best, C. O., Perret, J. L., Hewson, J., Khosa, D. K., Conlon, P. D., & Jones‐Bitton, A. (2020) · PubMed Central · Cited by 37
Perinatal depression: Heterogeneity of disease and in animal models
Qiu, W., Hodges, T. E., Clark, E. L., Blankers, S. A., & Galea, L. A. M. (2020) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2020.100854 · Cited by 39
The Importance of Studying Sex and Gender Differences in Opioid Misuse
McHugh, R. K. (2020) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.30676 · Cited by 37
The Impact of Mental Health Problems in Adolescence on Educational Attainment
von Simson, K., Brekke, I., & Hardoy, I. (2021) · Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1080/00313831.2020.1869077 · Cited by 42
Update on the Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Mania in Older-Age Bipolar Disorder
Chen, P., Dols, A., Rej, S., & Sajatovic, M. (2017) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-017-0804-8 · Cited by 35
Gender and the association between mental disorders and disability
Scott, K. M., & Collings, S. (2010) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2010.06.022 · Cited by 39
Self-citationWang, M., Alexanderson, K. A. E., Runeson, B., Head, J. A., Melchior, M., Perski, A., & Mittendorfer‐Rutz, E. (2013) · Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1136/oemed-2013-101462 · Cited by 36
Work stress models and diurnal cortisol variations: The SALVEO study.
Marchand, A., Juster, R., Durand, P., & LUPIEN, S. J. (2015) · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0039674 · Cited by 37
Depression in Diabetic Retinopathy: A Review and Recommendation for Psychiatric Management
Chen, X. N., & Lü, L. (2016) · Psychosomatics · doi:10.1016/j.psym.2016.04.003 · Cited by 35
Prevalent Tendencies for Mental Disorders in Pakistan
Husain, W. (2018) · Clínica y Salud · doi:10.5093/clysa2018a6 · Cited by 37
Lee, J., Chang, Y., Tsai, C., & Yen, C. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19042427 · Cited by 39
Mediating Effects of Stalking Victimization on Gender Differences in Mental Health
Kuehner, C., Gass, P., & Dreßing, H. R. (2011) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260511416473 · Cited by 38
Differential Impact of Risk Factors for Women and Men on the Risk of Major Depressive Disorder
Stegenga, B. T., King, M., Grobbee, D. E., Torres‐González, F., Švab, I., Maaroos, H., Xavier, M., Saldivia, S., Bottomley, C., Nazareth, I., et al. (2012) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2012.04.011 · Cited by 36
Profiles of childhood trauma: Betrayal, frequency, and psychological distress in late adolescence.
Martin, C. G., Ryzin, M. J. V., & Dishion, T. J. (2016) · Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1037/tra0000095 · Cited by 47
Masfety, V. K., Woodward, M. J., Keyes, K., Bitfoi, A., Carta, M., Koç, C., Lesinskienė, S., Mihova, Z., Otten, R., & Husky, M. (2020) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-020-01950-5 · Cited by 33
Gender Differences in the Outcome of Offspring Prenatally Exposed to Drugs of Abuse
Traccis, F., Frau, R., & Melis, M. (2020) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2020.00072 · Cited by 37
Oliver-Parra, A., Dalmau-Bueno, A., Ruiz-Muñoz, D., & García‐Altés, A. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0240681 · Cited by 39
Campbell, G., Noghrehchi, F., Nielsen, S., Clare, P. J., Bruno, R., Lintzeris, N., Cohen, M. L., Blyth, F., Hall, W., Larance, B., et al. (2020) · EClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100592 · Cited by 36
Mougharbel, F., Sampasa‐Kanyinga, H., Heidinger, B. A., Corace, K., Hamilton, H. A., & Goldfield, G. S. (2021) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.680028 · Cited by 36
Abreu, L., Koebach, A., Díaz, Ó., Carleial, S., Hoeffler, A., Stojetz, W., Freudenreich, H., Justino, P., & Brück, T. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.689396 · Cited by 37
Shevlin, M. E., Redican, E., Hyland, P., Murphy, J., Karatzias, T., McBride, O., Bennett, K. M., Butter, S., Hartman, T. K., Vallières, F., et al. (2023) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-023-02469-1 · Cited by 39
Psychological Distress and Related Factors in Female College Students
Vázquez, F. L., Otero, P., & Fernández, O. D. (2012) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2011.587485 · Cited by 47
Vaht, M., Merenäkk, L., Mäestu, J., Veidebaum, T., & Harro, J. (2014) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-013-3427-8 · Cited by 35
Muñoz‐Navarro, R., Vindel, A. C., Schmitz, F., Cabello, R., & Fernández‐Berrocal, P. (2021) · Health Education & Behavior · doi:10.1177/10901981211014101 · Cited by 39
Traeger, L., Cannon, S., Keating, N. L., Pirl, W. F., Lathan, C., Martin, M. Y., He, Y., & Park, E. R. (2014) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2012.46.6466 · Cited by 36
Gender Matters: A Critical Piece in Mental Health
Baños, R., & Miragall, M. (2024) · The Spanish Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1017/sjp.2024.29 · Cited by 43
McDermott, C. M., Liu, D., Ade, C. M., & Schrader, L. A. (2014) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2014.12.009 · Cited by 31
Gender, Work Burden, and Mental Health in Post-Reform China
Liu, L., MacPhail, F., & Dong, X. (2017) · Feminist Economics · doi:10.1080/13545701.2017.1384557 · Cited by 34
Longitudinal change instead of baseline testosterone predicts depressive symptoms
Kische, H., Pieper, L., Venz, J., Klotsche, J., März, W., Koch, U., Pittrow, D. B., Lehnert, H., Silber, S., Stalla, G. K., et al. (2017) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.12.013 · Cited by 34
Individual differences in inflammatory and oxidative mechanisms of stress-related mood disorders
Kalinichenko, L. S., Kornhuber, J., & Müller, C. P. (2019) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2019.100783 · Cited by 35
Resilience to mental disorders in a low-income, non-Westernized setting
Scott, K. M., Zhang, Y., Chardoul, S., Ghimire, D. J., Smoller, J. W., & Axinn, W. G. (2020) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291720001464 · Cited by 34
Self-citationKoenig, L. R., Blum, R. W., Shervington, D. O., Green, J., Li, M., Tabana, H., & Moreau, C. (2021) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2021.01.023 · Cited by 34
Gender disparities and depressive symptoms over the life course and across cohorts in China
Zhang, Y., & Zhao, M. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.08.134 · Cited by 34
Common Mental Disorders and Economic Uncertainty: Evidence from the COVID-19 Pandemic in the U.S.
Tham, W. W., Sojli, E., Bryant, R. A., & McAleer, M. J. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0260726 · Cited by 38
Jones, R., Freeman, M. P., Kornstein, S. G., Cooper, K., Daly, E., Canuso, C. M., & Nicholson, S. (2022) · Archives of Women s Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-021-01185-6 · Cited by 33
Annual incidence of substance-induced psychoses in Scandinavia from 2000 to 2016
Rognli, E. B., Taipale, H. T., Hjorthøj, C. R., Mittendorfer‐Rutz, E., Bramness, J. G., Heiberg, I. H., & Niemelä, S. (2022) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329172200229x · Cited by 36
Informe mundial sobre la salud mental: Transformar la salud mental para todos
de la Salud, O. P. (2023) · Pan American Health Organization eBooks · doi:10.37774/9789275327715 · Cited by 70
Disentangling sex differences in PTSD risk factors
Haering, S., Seligowski, A. V., Linnstaedt, S. D., Michopoulos, V., House, S. L., Beaudoin, F. L., An, X., Neylan, T. C., Clifford, G. D., Germine, L. T., et al. (2024) · Nature Mental Health · doi:10.1038/s44220-024-00236-y · Cited by 33
Self-citationEllis, R. A., Bailey, A. J., Jordan, C. J., Shapiro, H., Greenfield, S. F., & McHugh, R. K. (2024) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2024.05.017 · Cited by 33
Nolting, I. K. L., Nexhmedin Morina, B., Hoppen, T. H., Tam, K., & Kip, A. (2025) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2025.2476809 · Cited by 38
Gender-related differences in the associations between sexual impulsivity and psychiatric disorders
Erez, G., Pilver, C. E., & Potenza, M. N. (2014) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.04.009 · Cited by 37
Hirani, S. S., Norris, C. M., Vliet, K. J. V., van Zanten, S. V., Karmaliani, R., & Lasiuk, G. C. (2018) · International Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1007/s00038-018-1101-y · Cited by 31
Narlı, N., Özaşçılar, M., & İpek, I. Z. T. (2019) · Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies · doi:10.1080/15562948.2018.1557311 · Cited by 33
Major depressive disorders accompanying autoimmune diseases – Response to treatment
Białek, K. I., Czarny, P. L., Strycharz, J., & Śliwiński, T. (2019) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.109678 · Cited by 34
Morphometrical Brain Markers of Sex Difference
Brennan, D. J., Wu, T., & Fan, J. (2021) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhab037 · Cited by 32
Weerdmeester, J., van Rooij, M. M. J. W., Maciejewski, D. F., Engels, R. C. M. E., & Granic, I. (2021) · Technology Mind and Behavior · doi:10.1037/tmb0000028 · Cited by 36
Lee, J., Lim, J., Cho, S. H., Won, E., Jeong, H., Lee, M., Ko, Y., Han, C., Ham, B., & Han, K. (2022) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.04.018 · Cited by 33
Long, Y., Ouyang, X., Yan, C., Wu, Z., Huang, X., Pu, W., Cao, H., Liu, Z., & Palaniyappan, L. K. (2023) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.26202 · Cited by 32
Keyes, K. M., Jager, J., Hamilton, A. D., O’Malley, P. M., Miech, R. A., & Schulenberg, J. E. (2015) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.06.031 · Cited by 32
Goodwin, R. D., Wall, M. M., Choo, T. H., Galea, S., Horowitz, J. D., Nomura, Y., Zvolensky, M. J., & Hasin, D. S. (2014) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2014.01.014 · Cited by 32
Profiles of Depressive Symptoms and Anger in Men: Associations With Postpartum Family Functioning
Macdonald, J. A., Greenwood, C. J., Francis, L. M., Harrison, T. R., Graeme, L. G., Youssef, G. J., Manno, L. D., Skouteris, H., Fletcher, R. J., Knight, T., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.578114 · Cited by 32
Farmer, R. F., Kosty, D. B., Seeley, J. R., Olino, T. M., & Lewinsohn, P. M. (2013) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0031429 · Cited by 35
Krysinska, K. E., Batterham, P. J., & Christensen, H. M. (2016) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811118.2016.1162246 · Cited by 33
Ahlner, F., Sigström, R., Sterner, T. R., Fässberg, M. M., Kern, S., Östling, S., Wærn, M., & Skoog, I. G. (2018) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.13893 · Cited by 32
Shawon, M. S. R., Hossain, F. B., Ahmed, R., Poly, I. J., Hasan, M., & Rahman, M. R. (2024) · Archives of Women s Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-024-01433-5 · Cited by 36
Memory Under Stress: From Adaptation to Disorder
Schwabe, L. (2024) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2024.06.005 · Cited by 38
Vyncke, V., Hardyns, W., Peersman, W., Pauwels, L. J. R., Groenewegen, P., & Willems, S. J. T. (2014) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-960 · Cited by 31
Sahile, Y., Yitayih, S., Yeshanew, B., Gebeyehu, D. A., & Mihiretu, A. (2019) · International Journal of Mental Health Systems · doi:10.1186/s13033-019-0283-x · Cited by 31
Epigenetic mechanisms underlying stress-induced depression
de Carvalho, L. M., Chen, W.-Y., & Lasek, A. W. (2020) · International review of neurobiology · doi:10.1016/bs.irn.2020.08.001 · Cited by 33
The basolateral amygdala to lateral septum circuit is critical for regulating social novelty in mice
Rodriguez, L. A., Kim, S.-H., Page, S. C., Nguyen, C. V., Pattie, E. A., Hallock, H. L., Valerino, J., Maynard, K. R., Jaffe, A. E., & Martinowich, K. (2022) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-022-01487-y · Cited by 31
Vázquez, F. L., Torres, Á., Otero, P., & Fernández, O. D. (2011) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e31821cd29c · Cited by 34
Sex differences in the disability associated with mental disorders
Scott, K. (2011) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0b013e3283477ad5 · Cited by 32
Self-citationIs adolescent internet use a risk factor for the development of depression symptoms or vice-versa?
Fitzpatrick, C., Lemieux, A., Smith, J., West, G. L., Bohbot, V. D., & Asbridge, M. (2023) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291723000284 · Cited by 34
Le, T. L., Kenaszchuk, C., Milligan, K., & Urbanoski, K. A. (2019) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-019-6455-4 · Cited by 30
Alcohol use among older adults: A comparative study across four European countries
Rossow, I. M., & Træen, B. (2020) · Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs · doi:10.1177/1455072520954335 · Cited by 30
Perret, J. L., Best, C. O., Coe, J. B., Greer, A. L., Khosa, D. K., & Jones‐Bitton, A. (2020) · Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association · doi:10.2460/javma.2020.257.10.1057 · Cited by 32
Factors associated with perceived stress in Middle Eastern university students
Cheema, S., Maisonneuve, P., Abraham, A., Chaabna, K., Tom, A., Ibrahim, H. M., Mushannen, T., Yousuf, W., Lowenfels, A. B., & Mamtani, R. (2021) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2020.1865979 · Cited by 30
Zhao, N., Li, W., Zhang, S.-F., Yang, B. X., Sha, S., Cheung, T. C. C., Jackson, T., Zang, Y., & Xiang, Y. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.735973 · Cited by 32
Developing and Validating the Youth Conduct Problems Scale-Rwanda: A Mixed Methods Approach
Ng, L. C., Kanyanganzi, F., Munyanah, M., Mushashi, C., & Betancourt, T. S. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0100549 · Cited by 30
Sex Differences in Masculine Depression
Genuchi, M. C., & Mitsunaga, L. K. (2015) · The Journal of Men s Studies · doi:10.1177/1060826514561986 · Cited by 30
The off-prescription use of modafinil: An online survey of perceived risks and benefits
Teodorini, R. D., Rycroft, N., & Smith-Spark, J. H. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0227818 · Cited by 32
Biehal, N., Green, J., Sinclair, I., Roberts, C., Dixon, J., Kay, C., Parry, E., Roby, A., Rothwell, J., & Kapadia, D. (2012) · Digital Education Resource Archive (University College London) · Cited by 30
Rivas-Grajales, A. M., Barbour, T. A., Camprodon, J. A., & Kritzer, M. D. (2023) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/hrp.0000000000000366 · Cited by 33
Kirsch, D. E., Belnap, M. A., Kady, A., & Ray, L. A. (2025) · The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse · doi:10.1080/00952990.2024.2419540 · Cited by 29
Increased Anxiety and Anhedonia in Female Rats Following Exposure to Altitude
Sheth, C. S., Ombach, H. J., Olson, P. R., Renshaw, P. F., & Kanekar, S. (2018) · High Altitude Medicine & Biology · doi:10.1089/ham.2017.0125 · Cited by 28
Albikawi, Z. F. (2022) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm12111887 · Cited by 31
Okamoto, K., Thompson, R., Katagiri, A., & Bereiter, D. A. (2013) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2013.03.009 · Cited by 29
Clinical features of pure obsessive-compulsive disorder
Torres, A. R., Shavitt, R. G., Torresan, R. C., Ferrão, Y. A., Miguel, E. C., & Fontenelle, L. F. (2013) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2013.04.013 · Cited by 36
Sleep-related problems and minor psychiatric disorders among Brazilian shift workers
Olinto, M. T. A., Garcêz, A., Henn, R. L., Macagnan, J. B. A., Paniz, V. M. V., & Pattussi, M. P. (2017) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.08.018 · Cited by 28
Cosma, A. P., Elgar, F. J., de Looze, M. E., Canale, N., Lenzi, M., Inchley, J., & Vieno, A. (2022) · SSM - Population Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2022.101208 · Cited by 28
Closing the Gender Gap: The Case for Gender-Specific Alcoholism Research
Ruiz, S. M. (2013) · Journal of Alcoholism and Drug Dependence · doi:10.4172/2329-6488.1000e106 · Cited by 28
Albuja, A. F., Lara, M. A., Navarrete, L., & Nieto, L. L. (2016) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-016-0705-z · Cited by 28
Gender, income and mental health: The Turkish case
Köse, T. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0232344 · Cited by 35
The relationship between nightmares, depression and suicide
Hedström, A. K., Bellocco, R., Hössjer, O., Ye, W., Lagerros, Y. T., & Åkerstedt, T. (2020) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2020.11.018 · Cited by 30
Price, M. E., & McCool, B. A. (2021) · Alcohol · doi:10.1016/j.alcohol.2021.08.001 · Cited by 30
Metadata
- Authors
- Seedat, S., Scott, K. M., Angermeyer, M. C., Berglund, P., Bromet, E. J., Brugha, T. S., Demyttenaere, K., de Girolamo, G., Haro, J. M., Jin, R., Karam, E. G., Kovess-Masfety, V., Levinson, D., Medina Mora, M. E., Ono, Y., Ormel, J., Pennell, B.-E., Posada-Villa, J., Sampson, N. A., Williams, D., & Kessler, R. C.
- Affiliations
- Medical Research Council (GB)
- University of Otago (NZ)
- University of Michigan (US)
- State University of New York (US)
- University of Leicester (GB)
- Universitair Ziekenhuis Leuven (BE)
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ES)
- Harvard University (US)
- Saint George Hospital (LB)
- Israel Ministry of Health (IL)
- Keio University (JP)
- University Medical Center Groningen (NL)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Archives of General Psychiatry
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2009-07-01
- Volume
- 66
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 785
- ISSN
- 0003-990X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2810067
- OpenAlex
- W1990663212
- Cited by
- 1,518
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2026: 104 · 2025: 140 · 2024: 135 · 2023: 137 · 2022: 111 · 2021: 127 · 2020: 167 · 2019: 88 · 2018: 61 · 2017: 94 · 2016: 56 · 2015: 58 · 2014: 57 · 2013: 55 · 2012: 47
- FWCI
- 55.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Archives of General Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Lirias (KU Leuven) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Leicester Research Archive (University of Leicester) (submittedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation (R01 DA016558, R13-MH066849)
- John W. Alden Trust (R01-MH069864, R13-MH066849)
- Bristol-Myers Squibb
- Eli Lilly and Company
- Pfizer
- GlaxoSmithKline
- Sanofi
- World Health Organization
- Kaiser Permanente
- University of Michigan
- European Commission (1999-01042, QLG5–1999-01042, SANCO2004123, 2004123)
- Generalitat de Catalunya (01042, RETICS RD06/0011 REM-TAP, CB06/02/0046)
- Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (H16-KOKORO-013, H14-TOKUBETSU-026, H13-SHOGAI-023)
- Shire
- Regione Piemonte (00/0028)
- National Institutes of Health (5r13mh066849-04, 5r01mh069864-04, 5r01mh070884-05)
- Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
- Pfizer Foundation (R01‐MH069864, R01-DA016558, R13-MH066849, R03-TW006481)
- Pan American Health Organization (FIRCA R03-TW006481)
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CB06/02/0046, RETICS RD06/0011 REM-TAP, RETICS RD06/0011, RD06/0011, FIS 00/0028, CIBER CB06/02/0046)
- Departament de Salut, Generalitat de Catalunya (CB06/02/0046, RETICS RD06/0011 REM-TAP)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R13-MH-066849, RO1-MH61905, R0 1-MH61905, R01‐MH070884, MH61905, U01-MH-60220, R01MH061905, R01MH059575, MH60220, HHSN271200700030C, MH069864, U13MH066849, MH066849, U01MH060220, R01‐MH069864)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (K05DA015799, R01DA016558)
- Fogarty International Center (FIRCA R03TW006481, R03 TW0006481, R03TW006481)
- Cilag
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender Roles and Identity Studies
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Gender, Health, and Social Inequality
- Keywords
- gender differences in mental illness, anxiety disorders, mood disorders, major depressive disorder, substance use disorders, externalizing disorders, lifetime prevalence, age of onset, cohort variation, cross-national variation, women's education and employment, contraceptive use
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Anxiety Disorders, Mental Disorders, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Depressive Disorder, Major, Major Depressive Disorder, Developing Countries, Female, Gender Identity, Health Surveys, Humans, Internal-External Control, Male, Middle Aged, Risk, World Health Organization, Cohort Studies, Developed Countries, Substance-Related Disorders, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
