The DOI matches its Crossref record; 59 of the 59 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Cross-National Associations Between Gender and Mental Disorders in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys
Open accessAbstract
CONTEXT: Gender differences in mental disorders, including more anxiety and mood disorders among women and more externalizing disorders among men, are found consistently in epidemiological surveys. The gender roles hypothesis suggests that these differences narrow as the roles of women and men become more equal. OBJECTIVES: To study time-space (cohort-country) variation in gender differences in lifetime DSM-IV mental disorders across cohorts in 15 countries in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Survey Initiative and to determine if this variation is significantly related to time-space variation in female gender role traditionality as measured by aggregate patterns of female education, employment, marital timing, and use of birth control. DESIGN: Face-to-face household surveys. SETTING: Africa, the Americas, Asia, Europe, the Middle East, and the Pacific. PARTICIPANTS: Community-dwelling adults (N = 72,933). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview assessed lifetime prevalence and age at onset of 18 DSM-IV anxiety, mood, externalizing, and substance disorders. Survival analyses estimated time-space variation in female to male odds ratios of these disorders across cohorts defined by the following age ranges: 18 to 34, 35 to 49, 50 to 64, and 65 years and older. Structural equation analysis examined predictive effects of variation in gender role traditionality on these odds ratios. RESULTS: In all cohorts and countries, women had more anxiety and mood disorders than men, and men had more externalizing and substance disorders than women. Although gender differences were generally consistent across cohorts, significant narrowing was found in recent cohorts for major depressive disorder and substance disorders. This narrowing was significantly related to temporal (major depressive disorder) and spatial (substance disorders) variation in gender role traditionality. CONCLUSIONS: While gender differences in most lifetime mental disorders were fairly stable over the time-space units studied, substantial intercohort narrowing of differences in major depression was found to be related to changes in the traditionality of female gender roles. Additional research is needed to understand why this temporal narrowing was confined to major depression.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source doesn’t support the claim as written.
In the citing paper
“These studies found a relationship between gender roles and anxiety. 54”
From Factors associated with gender and sex differences in anxiety prevalence and comorbidity: A systematic review (2022) · cites this paper as [54]
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“MDD occurs about twice as often in women than in men”
From Major depressive disorder (2016) · cites this paper as [2]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The results seem to indicate that gender socialization is, at least in part, responsible for the development of the psychosocial characteristics that act as risk factors for women and protective factors for men in the onset and course of anxiety.44,54,56,59,64,70”
From Factors associated with gender and sex differences in anxiety prevalence and comorbidity: A systematic review (2022) · cites this paper as [54]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Note, however, that one study showed a single association in which the sex difference in depression diagnosis, instead, is smaller in countries with higher living conditions (Seedat et al., 2009).”
From A Systematic Review and New Analyses of the Gender-Equality Paradox (2025) · cites this paper as Seedat et al., 2009
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Seedat and colleagues (2009) found a significant narrowing in the gender difference in depression in recent cohorts.”
From Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms (2017) · cites this paper as Seedat et al., 2009
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Although SUDs remain more prevalent in men than in women, the gender gap has been narrowing 150,328- 330 , possibly in part due to changes in gender roles 331 .”
From Substance use disorders: a comprehensive update of classification, epidemiology, neurobiology, clinical aspects, treatment and prevention (2023) · cites this paper as [331]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“An epidemiological phenomenon consists in the repeatedly described sex differences in prevalence rates of MDD 2”
From Major depressive disorder (2016) · cites this paper as [2]
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“Despite a similar prevalence of general mental health problems for men and women in both low- and high-income countries [7], men are less likely than women to seek formal treatment for mood and anxiety disorders [8].”
From Masculinity and mental health treatment initiation for former political prisoners in Yangon, Myanmar – a qualitative investigation (2021) · cites this paper as [7]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“The authors concluded that prevention of depression seems feasible and psychological intervention may be an effective way to delay or prevent the onset of depressive disorders.”
From Time for united action on depression: a Lancet–World Psychiatric Association Commission (2022) · cites this paper as [449]
In the citing paper
“A meta-analysis of 32 RCTs (6,214 participants) of psychological interventions of various types among adults found that the chance of developing a depressive disorder was 21% lower than in the control groups. 449”
From Time for united action on depression: a Lancet–World Psychiatric Association Commission (2022) · cites this paper as [449]
In the citing paper
“Many psychiatric disorders show a different prevalence or onset in males and females (Seedat et al., 2009).”
From Defining the genetic, genomic, cellular, and diagnostic architectures of psychiatric disorders (2019) · cites this paper as Seedat et al., 2009
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,845
Bayesian model selection in social research
Raftery, A. E. (1995) · Sociological Methodology · doi:10.2307/271063 · Cited by 6,823
Kessler, R. C., & Üstün, T. B. (2004) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.168 · Cited by 4,771
Self-citationKESSLER, R. C., ADLER, L., AMES, M., DEMLER, O., FARAONE, S., HIRIPI, E., HOWES, M. J., JIN, R., SECNIK, K., SPENCER, T., et al. (2005) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291704002892 · Cited by 3,452
Self-citationDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Raber, G., & Spokas, M. (2024) · doi:10.4135/9781071886229.n145 · Cited by 2,806
Cross-national epidemiology of major depression and bipolar disorder
Weissman, M. M. (1996) · JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association · doi:10.1001/jama.1996.03540040037030 · Cited by 2,302
Prevalence and Treatment of Mental Disorders, 1990 to 2003
Kessler, R. C., Demler, O., Frank, R. G., Olfson, M., Pincus, H. A., Walters, E. E., Wang, P., Wells, K. B., & Zaslavsky, A. M. (2005) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmsa043266 · Cited by 1,910
Self-citationWorld Development Report 2004 : making services work for poor people
Pritchett, L. H., Gauthier, B., Devarajan, S., Filmer, D. P., Commins, S. K., Hammer, J. S., Shah, S., Soucat, A. L. B., & Aḥmad, J. (2003) · Cited by 1,517
Wood, W., & Eagly, A. H. (2002) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.128.5.699 · Cited by 1,509
Introduction to Variance Estimation.
King, B. F., & Wolter, K. M. (1987) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2289497 · Cited by 1,377
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- [19]19. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(24):2515-2523.
- [57]57. Kessler RC, Aguilar-Gaxiola S, Alonso J, Angermeyer MC, Anthony JC, Ber- glund PA, Chatterji S, de Girolamo G, de Graaf R, Demyttenaere K, Gasquet I, Gluzman S, Gruber MJ, Gureje O, Haro JM, Heeringa S, Karam A, Kawakami N, Lee S, Levinson D, Medina-Mora ME, Oakley-Browne MA, Pennell B-E, Petuk- hova M, Posada-Villa J, Ruscio A, Stein DJ, Tsang CHA, Üstün TB. Lifetime preva- lence and age-of-onset distributions of mental disorders in the World Mental Health Survey Initiative. In: Kessler RC, Üstün TB, eds. The WHO World Mental Health Surveys: Global Perspectives on the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders. Cam- bridge, England: Cambridge University Press; 2008:511-521.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–300 of 1,000
Demographics of Patients Receiving Electroconvulsive Therapy Based on State-Mandated Reporting Data
Luccarelli, J., Henry, M. E., & McCoy, T. H. (2020) · Journal of Ect · doi:10.1097/yct.0000000000000692 · Cited by 64
National screening for anxiety and depression in Saudi Arabia 2022
Alhabeeb, A. A., Al-Duraihem, R. A., Al-Asmary, S. M., Alkhamaali, Z., Althumiri, N. A., & BinDhim, N. F. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1213851 · Cited by 65
Freedenberg, V. A., Thomas, S. A., & Friedmann, E. (2010) · Heart Failure Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.hfc.2010.08.008 · Cited by 63
Li, S., Xu, Y., Zheng, L., Pang, H., Zhang, Q., Lou, L., & Huang, X. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.789305 · Cited by 62
Social support and clinical improvement in COVID-19 positive patients in China
Yang, X. Y., Yang, X., Kumar, P., Cao, B., Ma, X., & Li, T. (2020) · Nursing Outlook · doi:10.1016/j.outlook.2020.08.008 · Cited by 66
Mota, N. P., Medved, M. I., Wang, J., Asmundson, G. J. G., Whitney, D., & Sareen, J. (2011) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2011.09.014 · Cited by 63
Sithey, G., Li, M., Wen, L. M., Kelly, P. J., & Clarke, K. (2018) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2017-018202 · Cited by 62
Sex is a defining feature of neuroimaging phenotypes in major brain disorders
Salminen, L. E., Tubi, M. A., Bright, J. K., Thomopoulos, S. I., Wieand, A., & Thompson, P. M. (2021) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.25438 · Cited by 61
Differences in drinking patterns between men and women in Brazil
Wolle, C. C., Sanches, M., Zilberman, M. L., Caetano, R., Zaleski, M., Laranjeira, R., & Pinsky, I. (2011) · Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1590/s1516-44462011000400010 · Cited by 62
Adams, R. E., Guey, L. T., Gluzman, S. F., & Bromet, E. J. (2011) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0020764011415204 · Cited by 62
Self-citationGranillo, M. T. (2012) · Journal of the Society for Social Work and Research · doi:10.5243/jsswr.2012.6 · Cited by 62
Uppsala Longitudinal Adolescent Depression Study (ULADS)
Alaie, I., Philipson, A., Ssegonja, R., Hagberg, L., Feldman, I., Sampaio, F., Möller, M., Arinell, H., Ramklint, M., Päären, A., et al. (2019) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024939 · Cited by 65
Polanco-Roman, L. A., Anglin, D. M., Miranda, R., & Jeglic, E. L. (2019) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-019-01097-w · Cited by 65
Degenhardt, L. J., Bruno, R., Lintzeris, N., Hall, W., Nielsen, S., Larance, B., Cohen, M. L., & Campbell, G. (2015) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(15)00005-x · Cited by 61
Lara, M. A., Navarrete, L., & Nieto, L. L. (2016) · Archives of Women s Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-016-0623-7 · Cited by 63
Well-Being across the Life Course
Mirowsky, J., & Ross, C. E. (2009) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511984945.023 · Cited by 60
Tarasoff, L. A., Milligan, K., Le, T. L., Usher, A. M., & Urbanoski, K. A. (2018) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2018.04.008 · Cited by 61
Kensbock, J. M., Alkærsig, L., & Lomberg, C. (2021) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.1177/00018392211014819 · Cited by 68
Women's empowerment and generalized anxiety in Minya, Egypt
Yount, K. M., Dijkerman, S., Zureick‐Brown, S., & VanderEnde, K. E. (2014) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.01.022 · Cited by 62
Molecular mechanisms of psychiatric diseases
Blokhin, I. O., Khorkova, O., Saveanu, R. V., & Wahlestedt, C. (2020) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2020.105136 · Cited by 64
Santo, T. D., Sun, Y., Wu, Y., He, C., Wang, Y., Jiang, X., Li, K.-X., Bonardi, O., Krishnan, A., Boruff, J., et al. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-14746-1 · Cited by 50
Parviainen, M., Aunola, K., Torppa, M., Poikkeus, A., & Vasalampi, K. (2020) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2020.101853 · Cited by 72
Lutz, N. M., Neufeld, S., Hook, R. W., Jones, P. B., Bullmore, E. T., Goodyer, I. M., Ford, T. J., Chamberlain, S. R., & Wilkinson, P. O. (2022) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811118.2022.2084004 · Cited by 77
Steingrímsson, S., Carlsen, H. K., Sigfússon, S., & Magnússon, A. (2012) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2012.03954.x · Cited by 58
Jacobson‐Pick, S., Audet, M., McQuaid, R. J., Kalvapalle, R., & Anisman, H. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0060133 · Cited by 61
Lago, L., Bruno, R., & Degenhardt, L. J. (2016) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(16)00088-2 · Cited by 58
Overlooked and Understudied: Health Consequences of Weight Stigma in Men
Himmelstein, M., Puhl, R., & Quinn, D. (2019) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.22599 · Cited by 52
Examination of the structure of psychopathology using latent class analysis
Olino, T. M., Klein, D. N., Farmer, R. F., Seeley, J. R., & Lewinsohn, P. M. (2011) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2011.05.008 · Cited by 58
A Systematic Review and New Analyses of the Gender-Equality Paradox
Herlitz, A., Hönig, I., Hedebrant, K., & Asperholm, M. (2025) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/17456916231202685 · Cited by 59
“Six studies, all in the old analyses, investigated Depression (Hopcroft & Bradley, 2007; Hopcroft & McLaughlin, 2012; Salk et al., 2017; Seedat et al., 2009; Van de Velde et al., 2013; Wang et al., 2016).”
InfluentialWalsh, K., McLaughlin, K. A., Hamilton, A. D., & Keyes, K. M. (2017) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2017.05.001 · Cited by 55
Psychological well-being of Thai nursing students
Ratanasiripong, P., & Wang, C. D. C. (2010) · Nurse Education Today · doi:10.1016/j.nedt.2010.08.002 · Cited by 56
Prevalence of psychiatric morbidity in a community sample in Western Kenya
Kwobah, E. K., Epstein, S., Mwangi, A., Litzelman, D. K., & Atwoli, L. (2017) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-017-1202-9 · Cited by 56
Keyes, K. M., Allel, K., Staudinger, U. M., Ornstein, K. A., & Calvo, E. (2019) · International review of neurobiology · doi:10.1016/bs.irn.2019.09.001 · Cited by 55
Gender Disparities in Patients With Alcoholic Liver Disease Evaluated for Liver Transplantation
McElroy, L. M., Likhitsup, A., Winder, G. S., Saeed, N., Hassan, A., Sonnenday, C. J., Fontana, R. J., & Mellinger, J. L. (2019) · Transplantation · doi:10.1097/tp.0000000000002843 · Cited by 55
Amare, A. T., Caughey, G. E., Whitehead, C., Lang, C. E., Bray, S. C., Corlis, M., Visvanathan, R., Wesselingh, S., & Inacio, M. C. (2020) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0004867420945367 · Cited by 53
Masculine Traits and Depressive Symptoms in Older and Younger Men and Women
Price, E. C., Gregg, J. J., Smith, M. D., & Fiske, A. (2015) · American Journal of Men s Health · doi:10.1177/1557988315619676 · Cited by 55
Perinatal exposure to bisphenol A at the intersection of stress, anxiety, and depression
Wiersielis, K., Samuels, B. A., & Roepke, T. A. (2020) · Neurotoxicology and Teratology · doi:10.1016/j.ntt.2020.106884 · Cited by 57
Comai, S., Melloni, E. M. T., Lorenzi, C., Bollettini, I., Vai, B., Zanardi, R., Colombo, C., Valtorta, F., Benedetti, F., & Poletti, S. (2021) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2021.11.003 · Cited by 53
Juventud: Realidades y Retos para un Desarrollo con Igualdad
Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (2016) · Libros de la CEPAL · doi:10.18356/1d4fe2ef-es · Cited by 54
Hedonic sensitivity to low-dose ketamine is modulated by gonadal hormones in a sex-dependent manner
Saland, S. K., Schoepfer, K. J., & Kabbaj, M. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep21322 · Cited by 54
“Female Preponderance” of Depression in Non-clinical Populations: A Meta-Analytic Study
Wang, K., Lu, H., Cheung, E. F. C., Neumann, D. L., Shum, D., & Chan, R. C. K. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01398 · Cited by 57
The long noncoding RNA FEDORA is a cell type– and sex-specific regulator of depression
Issler, O., van der Zee, Y. Y., Ramakrishnan, A., Xia, S.-H., Zinsmaier, A. K., Tan, C., Li, W., Browne, C. J., Walker, D. M., Salery, M., et al. (2022) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.abn9494 · Cited by 51
Juster, R., Moskowitz, D. S., Lavoie, J., & D’Antono, B. (2013) · Stress · doi:10.3109/10253890.2013.835395 · Cited by 58
Drug-induced Brugada syndrome: Clinical characteristics and risk factors
Konigstein, M., Rosso, R., Topaz, G., Postema, P. G., Friedensohn, L., Heller, K., Zeltser, D., Belhassen, B., Adler, A., & Viskin, S. (2016) · Heart Rhythm · doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2016.03.016 · Cited by 54
The role of social support and sociocultural adjustment for international students' mental health
Razgulin, J., Argustaitė-Zailskienė, G., & Šmigelskas, K. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-27123-9 · Cited by 52
Lin, P., Li, D., Shi, Y., Li, Q., Guo, X., Dong, K., Chen, Q., Lou, X., Li, Z., Li, P., et al. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15071752 · Cited by 51
Psychological distress among university female students and their need for mental health services
Bernharðsdóttir, J., & Vilhjálmsson, R. (2012) · Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/jpm.12002 · Cited by 62
The Association between Depressive Symptoms and Non-Psychiatric Hospitalisation in Older Adults
Prina, M. A., Deeg, D. J. H., Brayne, C., Beekman, A. T. F., & Huisman, M. A. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0034821 · Cited by 52
Gender discrimination, victimisation and women's mental health
Hosang, G. M., & Bhui, K. S. (2018) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.2018.244 · Cited by 60
Martínez‐Alés, G., Hernández‐Calle, D., Khauli, N., & Keyes, K. M. (2020) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2020_158 · Cited by 59
A functional role of meningeal lymphatics in sex difference of stress susceptibility in mice
Dai, W.-P., Yang, M., Xia, P., Xiao, C., Huang, S., Zhang, Z., Cheng, X. R., Li, W., Jin, J., Zhang, J., et al. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-32556-x · Cited by 49
Gender differences in abusers of amphetamine-type stimulants and ketamine in southwestern China
Zhang, Y., Lu, C., Zhang, J., Li, H., Song, H., Li, J., & Kang, L. (2012) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2012.06.024 · Cited by 51
Green, M. J., & Benzeval, M. (2010) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291710000851 · Cited by 55
Meyer, S. R., Decker, M. R., Tol, W. A., Abshir, N., Mar, A. A., & Robinson, W. C. (2015) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-015-1162-7 · Cited by 50
Co‐occurrence of obsessive‐compulsive disorder and substance use disorder in the general population
Blom, R. M., Koeter, M. W. J., van den Brink, W., de Graaf, R., ten Have, M., & Denys, D. A. J. P. (2011) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03559.x · Cited by 49
Social support, mental health needs, and HIV risk behaviors: a gender-specific, correlation study
Fang, L., Chuang, D.-M., & Al‐Raes, M. (2019) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-019-6985-9 · Cited by 49
Mental health consequences of long-term stays in refugee camps: preliminary evidence from Moria
van de Wiel, W., Castillo-Laborde, C., Francisco Urzúa, I., Fish, M., & Scholte, W. F. (2021) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-11301-x · Cited by 49
Anxiety disorders in young people: a population-based study
Mondin, T. C., Konradt, C. E., Cardoso, T. D. A., Quevedo, L. D. A., Jansen, K., Mattos, L. D. D., Pinheiro, R. T., & Silva, R. A. D. (2013) · Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria · doi:10.1590/1516-4446-2013-1155 · Cited by 47
Depression and the Suicidal Patient
Kuo, D. C., Tran, M., Shah, A. A., & MATORIN, A. A. (2015) · Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.emc.2015.07.005 · Cited by 53
Campbell, G., Bruno, R., Lintzeris, N., Cohen, M. L., Nielsen, S., Hall, W., Larance, B., Mattick, R. P., Blyth, F., Farrell, M., et al. (2016) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000548 · Cited by 47
Webers, C., Vanhoof, L., Leue, C., Boonen, A. E. R. C. H., & Köhler, S. (2019) · Arthritis Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13075-019-1995-7 · Cited by 48
Epidemiology of major depressive disorder
Stegenga, B. T. (2011) · Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) · Cited by 49
Massey, E., Smith, J., & Roberts, B. (2017) · Conflict and Health · doi:10.1186/s13031-017-0133-x · Cited by 47
Yang, Y., Fang, F., Arnberg, F. K., Kuja‐Halkola, R., D'Onofrio, B. M., Larsson, H., Brikell, I., Chang, Z., Andreassen, O. A., Lichtenstein, P., et al. (2024) · The Lancet Regional Health - Europe · doi:10.1016/j.lanepe.2024.101105 · Cited by 55
Thomson, R., & Katikireddi, S. V. (2018) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.08.034 · Cited by 49
Depression and cardiovascular autonomic control: a matter of vagus and sex paradox
Tobaldini, E., Carandina, A., Toschi‐Dias, E., Erba, L., Furlan, L., Sgoifo, A., & Montano, N. (2020) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.06.029 · Cited by 48
Work and Unemployment as Stressors
Lennon, M. C., & Limonic, L. (2009) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511984945.015 · Cited by 46
Differences in problem and pathological gambling: A narrative review considering sex and gender
Gartner, C., Bickl, A. M., Härtl, S., Loy, J. K., & Häffner, L. (2022) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.2022.00019 · Cited by 47
van der Waerden, J. E. B., Hoefnagels, C., & Hosman, C. M. H. (2010) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2010.02.137 · Cited by 45
Depression, gender, and the treatment gap in Mexico
Rafful, C. M., Medina‐Mora, M. E., Borges, G. L. G., Benjet, C. L., & Orozco, R. (2012) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2011.12.040 · Cited by 48
Self-citationAyazi, T., Lien, L., Eide, A. H., Shadar, E. J. S., & Hauff, E. (2013) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-013-0775-y · Cited by 47
Ishida, M., Montagni, I., Matsuzaki, K., Shimamoto, T., Cariou, T., Kawamura, T., Tzourio, C., & Iwami, T. (2020) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-020-02948-8 · Cited by 46
Buffenstein, I., Kaneakua, B., Taylor, E. J., Matsunaga, M., Choi, S. Y., Carrazana, E. J., Viereck, J. C., Liow, K. K., & Ghaffari‐Rafi, A. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-23664-1 · Cited by 45
Sex representation in neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders' preclinical and clinical studies
DuMont, M., Agostinis, A., Singh, K., Swan, E., Buttle, Y., & Tropea, D. (2023) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106214 · Cited by 47
Howard, L. M., Wilson, C. A., Reilly, T. J., Moss, K. M., Mishra, G. D., Coupland‐Smith, E., Riecher‐Rössler, A., Seedat, S., Smith, S. M., Steinberg, J. R., et al. (2025) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.21305 · Cited by 61
Self-citationAnxiety and depression in adults in their eighties: do gender differences remain?
Pachana, N. A., McLaughlin, D., Leung, J., Byrne, G. J., & Dobson, A. J. (2011) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610211001372 · Cited by 45
Infant temperament prospectively predicts general psychopathology in childhood
Morales, S., Tang, A., Bowers, M. E., Miller, N. V., Buzzell, G. A., Smith, E., Seddio, K., Henderson, H. A., & Fox, N. A. (2021) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579420001996 · Cited by 44
Stress Levels and Mental Well-Being among Slovak Students during e-Learning in the COVID-19 Pandemic
Rutkowska, A., Líška, D., Cieślik, B., Wrzeciono, A., Broďáni, J., Barcalová, M., Gurín, D., & Rutkowski, S. (2021) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare9101356 · Cited by 53
Noto, B., Asmus, I., Schäfers, M. A., Görlich, D., & Riemann, B. (2022) · Thyroid · doi:10.1089/thy.2022.0067 · Cited by 44
Simon, A. E., Umbricht, D., Lang, U. E., & Borgwardt, S. (2014) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2014.09.016 · Cited by 45
Lin, Y., Fisher, M. E., Roberts, S. M. M., & Moser, J. S. (2016) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2016.00451 · Cited by 47
A Pilot Study Investigating the Effect of Music-Based Intervention on Depression and Anhedonia
Janzen, T. B., Shirawi, M. I. A., Rotzinger, S., Kennedy, S. H., & Bartel, L. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01038 · Cited by 47
Self-harm behavior among individuals with intermittent explosive disorder and personality disorders
Jenkins, A. L., McCloskey, M. S., Kulper, D. A., Berman, M. E., & Coccaro, E. F. (2014) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.08.013 · Cited by 43
Lee, J. H., Ba, D. M., Liu, G., LESLIE, D. L., Zacharia, B. E., & Goyal, N. (2019) · JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery · doi:10.1001/jamaoto.2018.4512 · Cited by 44
Sleep therapeutics and neuropsychiatric illness
Krystal, A. D. (2019) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-019-0474-9 · Cited by 44
Duan, G., He, Q., Pang, Y., Chen, W., Liao, H., Liu, H., Tan, L., Liu, Y., Tao, J., Zhang, J., et al. (2019) · Brain Imaging and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11682-019-00178-5 · Cited by 43
Why the symptoms and objective signs of dry eye disease may not correlate
McMonnies, C. W. (2020) · Journal of Optometry · doi:10.1016/j.optom.2020.10.002 · Cited by 43
McHugh, R. K., Nguyen, M. D., Chartoff, E. H., Sugarman, D. E., & Greenfield, S. F. (2021) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108978 · Cited by 45
WILLIAMS, E. S., Mazei‐Robison, M. S., & Robison, A. J. (2021) · Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology · doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a039198 · Cited by 44
Cui, W., Sun, M., Dong, Q., Guo, Y., Liao, X., & Li, Y. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems · doi:10.1109/tcss.2023.3291950 · Cited by 42
Impact of the Number of Parents With Alcohol Use Disorder on Alcohol Use Disorder in Offspring
Yoon, G., Westermeyer, J. J., Kuskowski, M. A., & Nesheim, L. (2013) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.13m08350 · Cited by 45
Preston, T. J., Carr, D. C., Hajcak, G., Sheffler, J., & Sachs‐Ericsson, N. (2021) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2021.1998350 · Cited by 41
Gender differences in psychopathy links to drug use.
Schulz, N., Murphy, B. A., & Verona, E. (2015) · Law and Human Behavior · doi:10.1037/lhb0000165 · Cited by 41
Calvo, E., Medina, J. T., Ornstein, K. A., Staudinger, U. M., Fried, L. P., & Keyes, K. M. (2020) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108219 · Cited by 42
Lara, D. R., Ottoni, G. L., Brunstein, M. G., Frozi, J., de Carvalho, H. W., & Bisol, L. W. (2012) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2012.03.011 · Cited by 40
Kulesza, M., Raguram, R., & Rao, D. (2014) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2014.03.005 · Cited by 40
Lu, S., Xu, J., Li, M., Xue, J., Lu, X., Feng, L., Fu, B., Wang, G., Zhong, N., & Hu, B. (2017) · Journal of International Medical Research · doi:10.1177/0300060517708920 · Cited by 40
Association between bruxism and symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux disease: A case-control study
Li, Y., Fan, Y., Niu, L., Long, Y., Tay, F. R., & Chen, J. (2018) · Journal of Dentistry · doi:10.1016/j.jdent.2018.07.005 · Cited by 40
The possible beneficial effects of creatine for the management of depression
Pazini, F. L., Cunha, M. P., & Rodrigues, A. L. S. (2018) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.08.029 · Cited by 47
Logan, T. (2019) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/s10896-019-00111-w · Cited by 40
Metadata
- Authors
- Seedat, S., Scott, K. M., Angermeyer, M. C., Berglund, P., Bromet, E. J., Brugha, T. S., Demyttenaere, K., de Girolamo, G., Haro, J. M., Jin, R., Karam, E. G., Kovess-Masfety, V., Levinson, D., Medina Mora, M. E., Ono, Y., Ormel, J., Pennell, B.-E., Posada-Villa, J., Sampson, N. A., Williams, D., & Kessler, R. C.
- Affiliations
- Medical Research Council (GB)
- University of Otago (NZ)
- University of Michigan (US)
- State University of New York (US)
- University of Leicester (GB)
- Universitair Ziekenhuis Leuven (BE)
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ES)
- Harvard University (US)
- Saint George Hospital (LB)
- Israel Ministry of Health (IL)
- Keio University (JP)
- University Medical Center Groningen (NL)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Archives of General Psychiatry
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2009-07-01
- Volume
- 66
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 785
- ISSN
- 0003-990X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2810067
- OpenAlex
- W1990663212
- Cited by
- 1,518
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2026: 104 · 2025: 140 · 2024: 135 · 2023: 137 · 2022: 111 · 2021: 127 · 2020: 167 · 2019: 88 · 2018: 61 · 2017: 94 · 2016: 56 · 2015: 58 · 2014: 57 · 2013: 55 · 2012: 47
- FWCI
- 55.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Archives of General Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Lirias (KU Leuven) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Leicester Research Archive (University of Leicester) (submittedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation (R01 DA016558, R13-MH066849)
- John W. Alden Trust (R01-MH069864, R13-MH066849)
- Bristol-Myers Squibb
- Eli Lilly and Company
- Pfizer
- GlaxoSmithKline
- Sanofi
- World Health Organization
- Kaiser Permanente
- University of Michigan
- European Commission (1999-01042, QLG5–1999-01042, SANCO2004123, 2004123)
- Generalitat de Catalunya (01042, RETICS RD06/0011 REM-TAP, CB06/02/0046)
- Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (H16-KOKORO-013, H14-TOKUBETSU-026, H13-SHOGAI-023)
- Shire
- Regione Piemonte (00/0028)
- National Institutes of Health (5r13mh066849-04, 5r01mh069864-04, 5r01mh070884-05)
- Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
- Pfizer Foundation (R01‐MH069864, R01-DA016558, R13-MH066849, R03-TW006481)
- Pan American Health Organization (FIRCA R03-TW006481)
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CB06/02/0046, RETICS RD06/0011 REM-TAP, RETICS RD06/0011, RD06/0011, FIS 00/0028, CIBER CB06/02/0046)
- Departament de Salut, Generalitat de Catalunya (CB06/02/0046, RETICS RD06/0011 REM-TAP)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R13-MH-066849, RO1-MH61905, R0 1-MH61905, R01‐MH070884, MH61905, U01-MH-60220, R01MH061905, R01MH059575, MH60220, HHSN271200700030C, MH069864, U13MH066849, MH066849, U01MH060220, R01‐MH069864)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (K05DA015799, R01DA016558)
- Fogarty International Center (FIRCA R03TW006481, R03 TW0006481, R03TW006481)
- Cilag
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender Roles and Identity Studies
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Gender, Health, and Social Inequality
- Keywords
- gender differences in mental illness, anxiety disorders, mood disorders, major depressive disorder, substance use disorders, externalizing disorders, lifetime prevalence, age of onset, cohort variation, cross-national variation, women's education and employment, contraceptive use
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Anxiety Disorders, Mental Disorders, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Depressive Disorder, Major, Major Depressive Disorder, Developing Countries, Female, Gender Identity, Health Surveys, Humans, Internal-External Control, Male, Middle Aged, Risk, World Health Organization, Cohort Studies, Developed Countries, Substance-Related Disorders, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
