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Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-up in Adults With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood
Open accessAbstract
CONTEXT: Volumetric studies have reported relatively decreased cortical thickness and gray matter volumes in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) whose childhood status was retrospectively recalled. We present, to our knowledge, the first prospective study combining cortical thickness and voxel-based morphometry in adults diagnosed as having ADHD in childhood. OBJECTIVES: To test whether adults with combined-type childhood ADHD exhibit cortical thinning and decreased gray matter in regions hypothesized to be related to ADHD and to test whether anatomic differences are associated with a current ADHD diagnosis, including persistent vs remitting ADHD. DESIGN: Cross-sectional analysis embedded in a 33-year prospective follow-up at a mean age of 41.2 years. SETTING: Research outpatient center. PARTICIPANTS: We recruited probands with ADHD from a cohort of 207 white boys aged 6 to 12 years. Male comparison participants (n = 178) were free of ADHD in childhood. We obtained magnetic resonance images in 59 probands and 80 comparison participants (28.5% and 44.9% of the original samples, respectively). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Whole-brain voxel-based morphometry and vertexwise cortical thickness analyses. RESULTS: The cortex was significantly thinner in ADHD probands than in comparison participants in the dorsal attentional network and limbic areas (false discovery rate < 0.05, corrected). In addition, gray matter was significantly decreased in probands in the right caudate, right thalamus, and bilateral cerebellar hemispheres. Probands with persistent ADHD (n = 17) did not differ significantly from those with remitting ADHD (n = 26) (false discovery rate < 0.05). At uncorrected P < .05, individuals with remitting ADHD had thicker cortex relative to those with persistent ADHD in the medial occipital cortex, insula, parahippocampus, and prefrontal regions. CONCLUSIONS: Anatomic gray matter reductions are observable in adults with childhood ADHD, regardless of the current diagnosis. The most affected regions underpin top-down control of attention and regulation of emotion and motivation. Exploratory analyses suggest that diagnostic remission may result from compensatory maturation of prefrontal, cerebellar, and thalamic circuitry.
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TL;DR
In a 33-year prospective follow-up, adults diagnosed with combined-type ADHD in childhood showed thinner cortex and lower gray matter than comparison subjects, largely regardless of current ADHD diagnosis. Remitters and persistents did not differ at corrected thresholds, but exploratory uncorrected analyses suggested remitters had thicker cortex in some regions.
Key findings
- Global mean cortical thickness was significantly lower in ADHD probands (n=59) than comparisons (n=80): 3.18±0.11 mm vs 3.24±0.11 mm, p<0.001, Cohen’s d=0.54. Probands with persistent ADHD differed from non-ADHD comparisons (3.14±0.13 mm vs 3.25±0.10 mm, p=0.0005, d=1.02); remitters also differed from non-ADHD comparisons (3.20±0.11 mm, p=0.04, d=0.48), while persistents and remitters did not differ significantly (p=0.10, d=0.51).
- Vertex-wise analyses at FDR<0.05 found significantly thinner cortex in ADHD probands in the dorsal attentional network and limbic areas, with the largest cluster extending from right precuneus to precentral gyrus; no region was significantly thicker in probands. VBM showed significantly decreased gray matter in probands in right caudate, right thalamus, and bilateral cerebellar hemispheres, as well as cortical regions.
- Persistents (n=17) did not differ significantly from remitters (n=26) at FDR<0.05. At uncorrected p<0.05, remitters had thicker cortex than persistents in medial occipital cortex, insula, parahippocampus, and prefrontal regions; no regions exceeded cluster threshold where remitters had thinner cortex than persistents.
Methods
- Cross-sectional MRI analysis embedded in a 33-year prospective follow-up at mean age 41. The original ADHD group comprised 207 6–12-year-old Caucasian boys referred from 1970–1977 (mean age 8.3 years); male comparisons (n=178) were free of ADHD in childhood. MRI scans were obtained in 59 probands and 80 comparisons (28% and 45% of original samples, respectively).
- Anatomic T1-weighted images were acquired on two 3T Siemens scanners and processed through the CIVET-MNI pipeline. Whole-brain VBM and vertex-wise cortical thickness analyses (81,924 vertices) controlled for age at scan and scanner model; results were thresholded at FDR<0.05, with post-hoc region-of-interest analyses and exploratory uncorrected p<0.05 analyses.
- Current diagnostic subgroups included persistents (n=17), remitters (n=26), and ADHD-NOS probands (n=16); comparisons were dichotomized into non-ADHD comparisons (n=57) and comparisons with ADHD-NOS (n=23). Subgroup analyses excluded ADHD-NOS participants.
Limitations
- Stated by the paper: imaging data were examined only cross-sectionally in middle adulthood despite the prospective longitudinal design; only 28% of initially diagnosed probands and 45% of comparisons had analyzable MRI scans; scanned probands had significantly higher rates of substance use disorders at 18FU than non-scanned probands, although no significant relationships were observed between brain measures and substance use disorders.
- Stated by the paper: probands had significantly lower IQ than comparisons in childhood/adolescence and adulthood; all but four scanned probands were treated with methylphenidate in childhood, so effects of ADHD without medication treatment cannot be assessed; the sample was limited to Caucasian males; two scanners were used; and analyses were limited to cortical thickness and VBM.
- Evident from the text: the high rate of ADHD-NOS in comparisons was comparable to that in probands, which the authors speculate may reflect secular changes in ADHD awareness or possible instrument-related error; the cross-sectional imaging design cannot establish whether anatomic differences precede or follow diagnostic remission.
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In the paper
“Surface-wide, mean cortical thickness was significantly lower in probands (n=59) than comparisons (n=80) (mean ± SD 3.18±0.11mm and 3.24±0.11mm, respectively; p<0.001 in regression controlling for age and scanner; Cohen’s d=0.54).”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > RESULTS > GLOBAL CORTICAL THICKNESS
plaincorrelationaln = 59- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“However, persistents and remitters did not differ significantly (p=0.10, d=0.51).”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > RESULTS > GLOBAL CORTICAL THICKNESS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Left hemisphere clusters were located in superior frontal gyrus/frontal pole, precentral gyrus, insula, temporal pole, and cuneus.”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > RESULTS > VERTEX-WISE ANALYSES OF CORTICAL THICKNESS
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In the paper
“This discrepancy reflects a significantly higher rate of unavoidable factors in probands (27%) (i.e., deaths, incarcerations and MRI exclusions) than in comparisons (12%) (χ2(1)=12.08, p<0.001).”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > RESULTS
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“There was no instance in which cortical thickness was significantly increased in probands.”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > RESULTS > VERTEX-WISE ANALYSES OF CORTICAL THICKNESS
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In the paper
“When vertex-wise results were thresholded at p<0.05 (uncorrected), we observed thinner cortex for persistents versus remitters in insula, bilateral temporal cortex including right temporal pole and in left occipital Brodmann area (BA) 19, orbitofrontal cortex and medial ACC (see Figure 2, Author e-Table 7).”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > RESULTS > EXPLORATORY VERTEX-WISE ANALYSES
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“Other right hemisphere clusters were located in inferior parietal lobe, temporal pole, and insula.”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > RESULTS > VERTEX-WISE ANALYSES OF CORTICAL THICKNESS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Additionally, this analysis revealed thinner cortex related to persistent ADHD in the left medial occipital cortex and right subgenual ACC.”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > RESULTS > VERTEX-WISE ANALYSES OF CORTICAL THICKNESS
plaincorrelationaln = 17- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Accordingly, results are based on anatomic images from 59 ADHD probands and 80 comparisons.”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > RESULTS
plainn = 59- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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“Nearly all probands (n=57; 97% of those scanned) were treated with methylphenidate in childhood between ages 6 and 12, for an average of 2.2 years.35”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > METHODS > ADULT-FOLLOW UP ASSESSMENT (41FU)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [35] Mannuzza S Klein RG Truong NL Moulton JL III Roizen ER Howell KH Castellanos FX Age of methylphenidate treatment initiation in children with ADHD and later substance abuse: prospective follow-up into adulthood Am J Psychiatry 2008 165 5 604 609 18381904 PMC2967384
plainn = 57- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“A larger proportion of comparisons (45% of originally enrolled participants) than probands (29%) had analyzable MRI scans.”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > RESULTS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“At 41FU, probands with persistent ADHD differed significantly from non-ADHD comparisons (3.14±0.13mm and 3.25±0.10mm, respectively; p=0.0005; d=1.02).”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > RESULTS > GLOBAL CORTICAL THICKNESS
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In the paper
“The 17 individuals with persistent ADHD differed significantly from the 57 non-ADHD comparisons in most but not all the regions identified in the initial inclusive analyses (see Table 2 and Figure 1B).”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > RESULTS > VERTEX-WISE ANALYSES OF CORTICAL THICKNESS
plaincorrelationaln = 17- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“There were no regions exceeding our cluster size threshold of 50 vertices in which remitters exhibited thinner cortex than those with persistent ADHD.”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > RESULTS > EXPLORATORY VERTEX-WISE ANALYSES
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The remitters (3.20±0.11mm) also differed from non-ADHD comparisons in overall cortical thickness (p=0.04, d=0.48).”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > RESULTS > GLOBAL CORTICAL THICKNESS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Beyond this global difference, the greatest cortical thinning associated with childhood ADHD was located in bilateral parietal lobes, temporal poles, insula, precentral gyri, frontal poles, and right precuneus.”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > COMMENT
plaincorrelationaln = 59- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“VBM analyses of diagnostic subgroups or of medication treatment in childhood with methylphenidate or thioridazine did not yield significant results even with more lenient thresholds (FDR≤0.2).”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > RESULTS > VOXEL-BASED MORPHOMETRY
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“Although less sensitive,48 VBM also revealed significantly decreased GM in probands versus comparisons in right precentral, bilateral parietal, left temporal, and right cuneus.”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [48] Hutton C Draganski B Ashburner J Weiskopf N A comparison between voxel-based cortical thickness and voxel-based morphometry in normal aging Neuroimage 2009 48 2 371 380 19559801 PMC2741580
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In the paper
“Relative to comparisons, remitters had (non-significantly) greater cortical thickness in left superior temporal gyrus extending to insula and orbitofrontal cortex, left parahippocampus, left ACC, and left medial occipital cortex (see Author e-Table 7).”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > RESULTS > EXPLORATORY REGION-BASED ANALYSES
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In the paper
“No cortical region was significantly thicker in probands than comparisons.”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > COMMENT
plainn = 59- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In exploratory uncorrected analyses, probands with persistent ADHD exhibited reduced cortical thickness relative to remitters in bilateral medial occipital lobes, temporal lobes extending to insula, and left parahippocampus.”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > COMMENT
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Probands with remitted ADHD did not differ significantly from persistents when analyses were corrected for full-brain comparisons.”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > COMMENT
plainn = 59- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Additionally, VBM detected decreased GM in probands in caudate, thalamus and cerebellar hemispheres.”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > COMMENT
plainn = 59- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“However, we failed to observe hypothesized group differences in prefrontal regions.1, 3”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] Valera EM Faraone SV Murray KE Seidman LJ Meta-analysis of structural imaging findings in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder Biol Psychiatry 2007 61 12 1361 1369 16950217
- Not checked yetcites [3] Krain AL Castellanos FX Brain development and ADHD Clin Psychol Rev 2006 26 4 433 444 16480802
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In the paper
“Similar findings were obtained when we contrasted probands with persistent ADHD versus comparisons without ADHD.”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > COMMENT
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Strikingly, we also observed significantly thinner cortex in precuneus and superior parietal lobe, which along with the dorsal network core regions are implicated in top-down processing of shifting of attention.59”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [59] Shulman GL Astafiev SV Franke D Pope DL Snyder AZ McAvoy MP Corbetta M Interaction of stimulus-driven reorienting and expectation in ventral and dorsal frontoparietal and basal ganglia-cortical networks J Neurosci 2009 29 14 4392 4407 19357267 PMC2743562
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In the paper
“We also found occipital cortical thinning in probands with persistent ADHD versus non-ADHD comparisons.”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > COMMENT
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The core areas constituting the dorsal attentional network include the intraparietal sulcus and the conjunction of the precentral and superior frontal sulcus (frontal eye fields)55 which were particularly affected in the ADHD probands.”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [55] Corbetta M Shulman GL Control of goal-directed and stimulus-driven attention in the brain Nat Rev Neurosci 2002 3 3 201 215 11994752
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Our VBM analysis revealed cerebellar, thalamic and striatal GM deficits in ADHD.”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > COMMENT
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Third, the lack of proband-comparison differences in prefrontal cortex or ACC was unexpected.8, 9, 17, 20, 21”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [8] Makris N Seidman LJ Valera EM Biederman J Monuteaux MC Kennedy DN Caviness VS Jr Bush G Crum K Brown AB Faraone SV Anterior cingulate volumetric alterations in treatment-naive adults with ADHD: a pilot study J Atten Disord 2010 13 4 407 413 20008822 PMC3746768
- Not checked yetcites [9] Seidman LJ Valera EM Makris N Monuteaux MC Boriel DL Kelkar K Kennedy DN Caviness VS Bush G Aleardi M Faraone SV Biederman J Dorsolateral prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortex volumetric abnormalities in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder identified by magnetic resonance imaging Biol Psychiatry 2006 60 10 1071 1080 16876137
- Not checked yetcites [17] Makris N Buka SL Biederman J Papadimitriou GM Hodge SM Valera EM Brown AB Bush G Monuteaux MC Caviness VS Kennedy DN Seidman LJ Attention and executive systems abnormalities in adults with childhood ADHD: a DT-MRI study of connections Cereb Cortex 2008 18 5 1210 1220 17906338
- Not checked yetcites [20] Makris N Biederman J Valera EM Bush G Kaiser J Kennedy DN Caviness VS Faraone SV Seidman LJ Cortical thinning of the attention and executive function networks in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder Cereb Cortex 2007 17 6 1364 1375 16920883
- Not checked yetcites [21] Biederman J Makris N Valera EM Monuteaux MC Goldstein JM Buka S Boriel DL Bandyopadhyay S Kennedy DN Caviness VS Bush G Aleardi M Hammerness P Faraone SV Seidman LJ Towards further understanding of the co-morbidity between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and bipolar disorder: a MRI study of brain volumes Psychol Med 2008 38 7 1045 1056 17935640
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In the paper
“We were surprised by the rate of ADHD-NOS diagnosed in comparisons, which was comparable to the rate in probands.”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > COMMENT
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“We also did not detect significant effects of childhood treatment with stimulants or thioridazine in cortical thickness or VBM analyses.”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > COMMENT
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“we did not observe significant relationships between brain anatomic measures and substance use disorders.”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > COMMENT
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In the paper
“as all but four of the scanned probands were treated with methylphenidate as children.”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > COMMENT
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In the paper
“we also detected significant reductions in cortex thickness in parietal, temporal and posterior frontal regions corresponding to the dorsal attentional network and limbic areas.”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > COMMENT
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- Rests on an assumption: The parietal, temporal and posterior frontal regions and limbic areas underpin top-down control of attention and the regulation of emotion and motivation.
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In the paper
“By contrast, remitters tended to differ from persistents in medial occipital cortex, temporal pole, insula, orbitofrontal cortex, parahippocampus, frontal pole, and subcortically in cerebellum and thalamus.”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > COMMENT
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In the paper
“These regions underpin top-down control of attention and the regulation of emotion and motivation and were comparably diminished in probands with remitted ADHD or persistent ADHD.”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > COMMENT
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In the paper
“Additionally, clinical ADHD remits in a substantial proportion of individuals followed into adulthood,24, 25 but the neurobiology of remission has not been previously examined in middle adulthood.”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > CONTEXT
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [24] Mannuzza S Klein RG Bonagura N Malloy P Giampino TL Addalli KA Hyperactive boys almost grown up. V. Replication of psychiatric status Arch Gen Psychiatry 1991 48 1 77 83 1984764
- Not checked yetcites [25] Biederman J Mick E Faraone SV Age-dependent decline of symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: impact of remission definition and symptom type Am J Psychiatry 2000 157 5 816 818 10784477
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In the paper
“The documented inaccuracies of such reports23 highlight the advantage of assessing brain anatomy in individuals with established childhood-onset ADHD prospectively followed into adulthood.”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > CONTEXT
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [23] Mannuzza S Klein RG Klein DF Bessler A Shrout P Accuracy of adult recall of childhood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder Am J Psychiatry 2002 159 11 1882 1888 12411223
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In the paper
“Faute de mieux, investigations of structural brain abnormalities in adults have relied on adults’ retrospective recall of their childhood status.8, 9, 16–22”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > CONTEXT
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [8] Makris N Seidman LJ Valera EM Biederman J Monuteaux MC Kennedy DN Caviness VS Jr Bush G Crum K Brown AB Faraone SV Anterior cingulate volumetric alterations in treatment-naive adults with ADHD: a pilot study J Atten Disord 2010 13 4 407 413 20008822 PMC3746768
- Not checked yetcites [9] Seidman LJ Valera EM Makris N Monuteaux MC Boriel DL Kelkar K Kennedy DN Caviness VS Bush G Aleardi M Faraone SV Biederman J Dorsolateral prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortex volumetric abnormalities in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder identified by magnetic resonance imaging Biol Psychiatry 2006 60 10 1071 1080 16876137
- Not checked yetcites [16] Faraone SV Biederman J Feighner JA Monuteaux MC Assessing symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adults: Which is more valid? J Consult Clin Psychol 2000 68 5 830 842 11068969
- Not checked yetcites [17] Makris N Buka SL Biederman J Papadimitriou GM Hodge SM Valera EM Brown AB Bush G Monuteaux MC Caviness VS Kennedy DN Seidman LJ Attention and executive systems abnormalities in adults with childhood ADHD: a DT-MRI study of connections Cereb Cortex 2008 18 5 1210 1220 17906338
- Not checked yetcites [18] Monuteaux MC Seidman LJ Faraone SV Makris N Spencer T Valera E Brown A Bush G Doyle AE Hughes S Helliesen M Mick E Biederman J A preliminary study of dopamine D4 receptor genotype and structural brain alterations in adults with ADHD Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2008 147B 8 1436 1441 18951431
- Not checked yetcites [19] Hesslinger B Tebartz van Elst L Thiel T Haegele K Hennig J Ebert D Frontoorbital volume reductions in adult patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder Neuroscience Letters 2002 328 3 319 321 12147334
- Not checked yetcites [20] Makris N Biederman J Valera EM Bush G Kaiser J Kennedy DN Caviness VS Faraone SV Seidman LJ Cortical thinning of the attention and executive function networks in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder Cereb Cortex 2007 17 6 1364 1375 16920883
- Not checked yetcites [21] Biederman J Makris N Valera EM Monuteaux MC Goldstein JM Buka S Boriel DL Bandyopadhyay S Kennedy DN Caviness VS Bush G Aleardi M Hammerness P Faraone SV Seidman LJ Towards further understanding of the co-morbidity between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and bipolar disorder: a MRI study of brain volumes Psychol Med 2008 38 7 1045 1056 17935640
- Not checked yetcites [22] Valera EM Faraone SV Biederman J Poldrack RA Seidman LJ Functional neuroanatomy of working memory in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder Biol Psychiatry 2005 57 5 439 447 15737657
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In the paper
“At 18FU, a comparison group free of childhood ADHD, matched for age, sex, ethnicity, and childhood social class was recruited.26–30”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > CONTEXT
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [26] Gittelman R Mannuzza S Shenker R Bonagura N Hyperactive boys almost grown up: I. Psychiatric status Arch Gen Psychiatry 1985 42 10 937 947 4037987
- Not checked yetcites [27] Mannuzza S Klein RG Bonagura N Malloy P Giampino TL Addalli KA Hyperactive boys almost grown up. V. Replication of psychiatric status Arch Gen Psychiatry 1991 48 1 77 83 1984764
- Not checked yetcites [28] Mannuzza S Klein RG Bessler A Malloy P LaPadula M Adult outcome of hyperactive boys. Educational achievement, occupational rank, and psychiatric status Arch Gen Psychiatry 1993 50 7 565 576 8317950
- Not checked yetcites [29] Mannuzza S Klein RG Bessler A Malloy P LaPadula M Adult psychiatric status of hyperactive boys grown up Am J Psychiatry 1998 155 4 493 498 9545994
- Not checked yetcites [30] Gittelman-Klein R Klein DF Katz S Saraf K Pollack E Comparative effects of methylphenidate and thioridazine in hyperkinetic children. I. Clinical results Arch Gen Psychiatry 1976 33 10 1217 1231 971031
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In the paper
“First, consistent with decreased total cerebral volume in ADHD,2–4 our observation of reduced global cortical thickness in probands with ADHD confirms prior reports.13, 14, 20”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2] Castellanos FX Lee PP Sharp W Jeffries NO Greenstein DK Clasen LS Blumenthal JD James RS Ebens CL Walter JM Zijdenbos A Evans AC Giedd JN Rapoport JL Developmental trajectories of brain volume abnormalities in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder J Am Med Assoc 2002 288 14 1740 1748 12365958
- Not checked yetcites [3] Krain AL Castellanos FX Brain development and ADHD Clin Psychol Rev 2006 26 4 433 444 16480802
- Not checked yetcites [4] Durston S Hulshoff Pol HE Schnack HG Buitelaar JK Steenhuis MP Minderaa RB Kahn RS van Engeland H Magnetic resonance imaging of boys with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and their unaffected siblings J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2004 43 3 332 340 15076267
- Not checked yetcites [13] Narr KL Woods RP Lin J Kim J Phillips OR Del’homme M Caplan R Toga AW McCracken JT Levitt JG Widespread cortical thinning is a robust anatomical marker for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2009 48 10 1014 1022 19730275 PMC2891193
- Not checked yetcites [14] Shaw P Lerch J Greenstein D Sharp W Clasen L Evans A Giedd J Castellanos FX Rapoport J Longitudinal mapping of cortical thickness and clinical outcome in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder Arch Gen Psychiatry 2006 63 5 540 549 16651511
- Not checked yetcites [20] Makris N Biederman J Valera EM Bush G Kaiser J Kennedy DN Caviness VS Faraone SV Seidman LJ Cortical thinning of the attention and executive function networks in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder Cereb Cortex 2007 17 6 1364 1375 16920883
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In subcortical analyses, we also confirmed anatomic abnormalities in caudate,3, 50, 51 thalamus52, 53 and cerebellum3 in ADHD.”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3] Krain AL Castellanos FX Brain development and ADHD Clin Psychol Rev 2006 26 4 433 444 16480802
- Not checked yetcites [50] Carmona S Proal E Hoekzema EA Gispert JD Picado M Moreno I Soliva JC Bielsa A Rovira M Hilferty J Bulbena A Casas M Tobena A Vilarroya O Ventro-striatal reductions underpin symptoms of hyperactivity and impulsivity in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder Biol Psychiatry 2009 66 10 972 977 19576573
- Not checked yetcites [51] Carmona S Vilarroya O Bielsa A Tremols V Soliva JC Rovira M Tomas J Raheb C Gispert JD Batlle S Bulbena A Global and regional gray matter reductions in ADHD: a voxel-based morphometric study Neurosci Lett 2005 389 2 88 93 16129560
- Not checked yetcites [52] Dickstein SG Bannon K Castellanos FX Milham MP The neural correlates of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: an ALE meta-analysis J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2006 47 10 1051 1062 17073984
- Not checked yetcites [53] Ivanov I Bansal R Hao X Zhu H Kellendonk C Miller L Sanchez-Pena J Miller AM Chakravarty MM Klahr K Durkin K Greenhill LL Peterson BS Morphological abnormalities of the thalamus in youths with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder Am J Psychiatry 2010 167 4 397 408 20123910 PMC4282161
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Broadly, our results implicate disruptions in large-scale neural systems involved in the regulation of both attention and emotion in adults with childhood ADHD.”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > COMMENT
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Strikingly, we also observed significantly thinner cortex in precuneus and superior parietal lobe, which along with the dorsal network core regions are implicated in top-down processing of shifting of attention.59”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [59] Shulman GL Astafiev SV Franke D Pope DL Snyder AZ McAvoy MP Corbetta M Interaction of stimulus-driven reorienting and expectation in ventral and dorsal frontoparietal and basal ganglia-cortical networks J Neurosci 2009 29 14 4392 4407 19357267 PMC2743562
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In the paper
“Additionally, we report on the largest sample to date of adults with confirmed childhood ADHD who had remitted.”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > COMMENT
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Nevertheless, analyses excluding ADHD-NOS did not alter results appreciably.”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > COMMENT
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“our principal findings of persistent differences in brain anatomy survived covarying for IQ even with conservative full-brain correction.”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > COMMENT
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Further, our exploratory analyses suggest that thinner cortex and diminished gray matter in the dorsal attentional network and limbic relay regions is related to the trait of having had ADHD in childhood, regardless of current diagnostic status.”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > COMMENT
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Our findings are consistent with pathophysiological models of ADHD highlighting not only cognitive executive functions (“cool” processes) but also emotion/motivational deficits (“hot” processes).105”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [105] Castellanos FX Sonuga-Barke EJ Milham MP Tannock R Characterizing cognition in ADHD: beyond executive dysfunction Trends Cogn Sci 2006 10 3 117 123 16460990
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“We cannot rule out that remitters may have differed from persistents in these regions since childhood, but the most parsimonious explanation is offered by the hypothesis that remission entails compensatory processes12, 107 underpinned by prefrontal cortical maturation.”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12] Shaw P Eckstrand K Sharp W Blumenthal J Lerch JP Greenstein D Clasen L Evans A Giedd J Rapoport JL Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is characterized by a delay in cortical maturation Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2007 104 49 19649 19654 18024590 PMC2148343
- Not checked yetcites [107] Halperin JM Schulz KP Revisiting the role of the prefrontal cortex in the pathophysiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder Psychol Bull 2006 132 4 560 581 16822167
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“However, these probands and comparisons did not differ from the original sample”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > COMMENT
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While we found supporting evidence for ACC and orbitofrontal involvement in diagnostic remission of ADHD, our data also suggest superior temporal, medial occipital and thalamo-cerebellar involvement in remission.”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > COMMENT
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Nevertheless, this is the largest sample of children with ADHD followed into adulthood, obviating the unreliability of retrospective recall of childhood symptoms.”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > COMMENT
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“using similar approaches did not yield high rates of ADHD symptoms in comparisons in two previous “blind” assessments.”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [24] Mannuzza S Klein RG Bonagura N Malloy P Giampino TL Addalli KA Hyperactive boys almost grown up. V. Replication of psychiatric status Arch Gen Psychiatry 1991 48 1 77 83 1984764
- Not checked yetcites [26] Gittelman R Mannuzza S Shenker R Bonagura N Hyperactive boys almost grown up: I. Psychiatric status Arch Gen Psychiatry 1985 42 10 937 947 4037987
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Fortunately, scans were approximately counterbalanced across probands and comparisons”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > COMMENT
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Secondary analyses (see eFigure 2) also showed that we obtained comparable results when we examined only the 98 scans obtained on the Allegra scanner.”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > COMMENT
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus these differences seem to primarily reflect the childhood diagnosis of ADHD.”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > COMMENT
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“This supports the suggestion that symptom amelioration and diagnostic remission may result in part from compensatory maturation of frontal thalamic cerebellar circuits.”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [107] Halperin JM Schulz KP Revisiting the role of the prefrontal cortex in the pathophysiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder Psychol Bull 2006 132 4 560 581 16822167
- Not checked yetcites [109] Fassbender C Schweitzer JB Is there evidence for neural compensation in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder? A review of the functional neuroimaging literature Clin Psychol Rev 2006 26 4 445 465 16500007 PMC2677014
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 48
- Probably not a substantial claim. 57
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Both remitters and persistents had thinner cortex than non-ADHD comparisons, with medium to large effect sizes.”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > RESULTS > REGION-BASED ANALYSES OF CORTICAL THICKNESS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As shown in eFigure 1 and Author e-Table 6, after covarying for IQ (in addition to scanner and age), significant cluster centers remained largely unchanged in location, but the clusters were less extensive.”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > RESULTS > VERTEX-WISE ANALYSES OF CORTICAL THICKNESS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, scanned probands had significantly higher rates of alcohol substance use disorder (SUD), non-alcohol SUD, and any SUD than probands who were not scanned (Author e-Table 3)”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > RESULTS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Using FDR<0.05, remitters (n=26) did not differ significantly from non-ADHD comparisons; persistents and remitters also did not differ in any region at this threshold.”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > RESULTS > VERTEX-WISE ANALYSES OF CORTICAL THICKNESS
plainn = 26- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Figure 1A displays the multiple clusters of vertices (detailed in Table 2) for which the cortex was significantly thinner (surface-wide FDR<0.05) in ADHD probands; the largest cluster extended from right precuneus to precentral gyrus.”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > RESULTS > VERTEX-WISE ANALYSES OF CORTICAL THICKNESS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Average effect sizes between persistents and non-ADHD comparisons (d=0.73) were larger than for remitters (d=0.52), although all confidence intervals overlapped (not shown); persistents and remitters did not differ significantly from each other in any cluster at FDR<0.05 (see Table 2).”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > RESULTS > REGION-BASED ANALYSES OF CORTICAL THICKNESS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Due to refusals and MRI exclusions (see Table 1), we obtained MRI scans in 59 ADHD probands and 80 comparisons.”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > METHODS > ADULT-FOLLOW UP ASSESSMENT (41FU)
plainn = 59- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were no vertices at which cortical thickness was significantly associated with lifetime or current substance abuse diagnoses, dimensional measures of substance abuse, lifetime smoking history, or thioridazine treatment, nor were there any significant interactions between group and scanner for any cortical or VBM measures.”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > RESULTS > VERTEX-WISE ANALYSES OF CORTICAL THICKNESS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“probands and comparisons with current ADHD-NOS, which is not well-defined and did not differ between groups (27% and 29%, respectively), were excluded from subgroup analyses.”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > METHODS > ADULT-FOLLOW UP ASSESSMENT (41FU)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On average 33 years after initial childhood diagnosis, clinical data were obtained on 135 male probands (65% of original sample, 69% of those living) and 136 male comparisons (76% of 178 recruited in adolescence, 77% of those living).”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > METHODS > ADULT-FOLLOW UP ASSESSMENT (41FU)
plainn = 135- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Within both proband and comparison groups, individuals scanned and those not scanned did not differ significantly on prevalence of ADHD, Antisocial Personality Disorder, mood or anxiety disorders, any DSM-III disorders, age at referral, IQ, socioeconomic status, or Teacher Conners Hyperactivity Factor score.”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > RESULTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Probands and comparisons did not differ significantly in age at scan, or in lifetime prevalence of substance abuse or dependence (see Table 1).”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > RESULTS > DEMOGRAPHICS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As expected, probands and comparisons differed significantly in IQ in childhood and 41FU assessments.”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > RESULTS > DEMOGRAPHICS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By contrast, rates of refusal, failure to schedule or to locate subjects did not differ significantly (45% of probands versus 43% of comparisons).”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > RESULTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As shown in Table 3 and Figure 3, GM density was significantly greater (FDR<0.05) for comparisons than for probands in many of the same regions identified through cortical thickness analyses as well as in subcortical regions inaccessible to cortex-based measures.”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > RESULTS > VOXEL-BASED MORPHOMETRY
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the clusters that differentiated persistents from remitters in exploratory vertex-wise analyses, persistents differed markedly from non-ADHD comparisons (average d=0.75), whereas remitters did not (average d=0.03; t(9)=8.26, p<0.0001).”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > RESULTS > EXPLORATORY REGION-BASED ANALYSES
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We found similar results in analyses that included all participants as well as in those limited to probands with persistent ADHD versus non-ADHD comparisons.”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > COMMENT
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“With respect to current adult diagnosis, probands with persistent ADHD differed most from non-ADHD comparisons in the same cortical regions identified in our primary analyses, as well as in additional clusters in left medial occipital cortex and subgenual ACC.”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > COMMENT
plaincorrelationaln = 59- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In a prospective 33-year longitudinal follow-up of 59 probands (mean age 41 years) with established ADHD in childhood and 80 prospectively enrolled non-ADHD comparisons, we found an overall significant reduction in mean cortical thickness in probands.”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > COMMENT
plaincorrelationaln = 59- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In contrast, we did not find group differences in much of prefrontal cortex but found widespread cortical thinning in bilateral parietal-temporal cortex.”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > COMMENT
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Figure 4 displays decreased GM in probands in right caudate, right thalamus and bilateral cerebellar hemispheres.”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > RESULTS > VOXEL-BASED MORPHOMETRY
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, we found widespread thinner cortex and decreased GM density in bilateral parietal and precentral regions, overlapping areas of the dorsal attentional network.”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > COMMENT
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Second, our analyses revealed thinner cortex in probands, and particularly those with persistent ADHD, across multiple limbic regions such as temporal poles (BA38), insula (BA13) and subgenual ACC (BA25).”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > COMMENT
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“our probands had significantly lower IQ than comparisons both in childhood/adolescence and adulthood.”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > COMMENT
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In regions in which we found suggestive differences, we observed remarkable congruence between remitters and controls in left superior temporal gyrus, ACC, parahippocampus, and occipital cortical thickness as well as in thalamus and cerebellum gray matter density.”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > COMMENT
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We observed thinner cortex in regions subserving both emotional regulation (temporal pole, insula, parahippocampus and subgenual ACC) and top-down attentional regulation (dorsal attentional network and medial occipital cortex).”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > COMMENT
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“there were no significant main effects or interactions related to scanner type.”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > COMMENT
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These findings were largely echoed by VBM, which additionally highlighted decreased GM in caudate.”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > COMMENT
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“treatment had been discontinued for all subjects for several decades.”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > COMMENT
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we found thinner overall cortex in probands with childhood ADHD that was even more pronounced in those with persistent ADHD.”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > COMMENT
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The diagnosis of ADHD requires onset in childhood, but persistence of ADHD into adulthood is now well documented.4, 5”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > CONTEXT
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4] Durston S Hulshoff Pol HE Schnack HG Buitelaar JK Steenhuis MP Minderaa RB Kahn RS van Engeland H Magnetic resonance imaging of boys with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and their unaffected siblings J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2004 43 3 332 340 15076267
- Not checked yetcites [5] Kessler RC Adler L Barkley R Biederman J Conners CK Demler O Faraone SV Greenhill LL Howes MJ Secnik K Spencer T Ustun TB Walters EE Zaslavsky AM The prevalence and correlates of adult ADHD in the United States: results from the national comorbidity survey replication Am J Psychiatry 2006 163 4 716 723 16585449 PMC2859678
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These findings are consistent with a model of ADHD as a disorder of frontal-striatal-cerebellar circuitry.”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > CONTEXT
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Volumetric studies in children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) have consistently found global reductions of total brain volume with prefrontal cortex, anterior and posterior cingulate cortex, basal ganglia, cerebellum and parieto-temporal regions particularly affected relative to typically developing subjects.1–4”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > CONTEXT
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] Valera EM Faraone SV Murray KE Seidman LJ Meta-analysis of structural imaging findings in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder Biol Psychiatry 2007 61 12 1361 1369 16950217
- Not checked yetcites [2] Castellanos FX Lee PP Sharp W Jeffries NO Greenstein DK Clasen LS Blumenthal JD James RS Ebens CL Walter JM Zijdenbos A Evans AC Giedd JN Rapoport JL Developmental trajectories of brain volume abnormalities in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder J Am Med Assoc 2002 288 14 1740 1748 12365958
- Not checked yetcites [3] Krain AL Castellanos FX Brain development and ADHD Clin Psychol Rev 2006 26 4 433 444 16480802
- Not checked yetcites [4] Durston S Hulshoff Pol HE Schnack HG Buitelaar JK Steenhuis MP Minderaa RB Kahn RS van Engeland H Magnetic resonance imaging of boys with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and their unaffected siblings J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2004 43 3 332 340 15076267
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“A sparse literature on brain anatomy in adults with ADHD also reports decreased volumes in orbitofrontal cortex,6 anterior cingulate cortex (ACC),7, 8 dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC),9 superior frontal cortex and cerebellum.10”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > CONTEXT
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [6] Hesslinger B Tebartz van Elst L Thiel T Haegele K Hennig J Ebert D Frontoorbital volume reductions in adult patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder Neurosci Lett 2002 328 3 319 321 12147334
- Not checked yetcites [7] Seidman LJ Valera EM Makris N Monuteaux MC Boriel DL Kelkar K Kennedy DN Caviness VS Bush G Aleardi M Faraone SV Biederman J Dorsolateral prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortex volumetric abnormalities in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder identified by magnetic resonance imaging Biol Psychiatry 2006 60 10 1071 1080 16876137
- Not checked yetcites [8] Makris N Seidman LJ Valera EM Biederman J Monuteaux MC Kennedy DN Caviness VS Jr Bush G Crum K Brown AB Faraone SV Anterior cingulate volumetric alterations in treatment-naive adults with ADHD: a pilot study J Atten Disord 2010 13 4 407 413 20008822 PMC3746768
- Not checked yetcites [9] Seidman LJ Valera EM Makris N Monuteaux MC Boriel DL Kelkar K Kennedy DN Caviness VS Bush G Aleardi M Faraone SV Biederman J Dorsolateral prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortex volumetric abnormalities in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder identified by magnetic resonance imaging Biol Psychiatry 2006 60 10 1071 1080 16876137
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Complementary analyses of cortical thickness11 reveal overall decreased cortical thickness in children11–14 and adults with ADHD with reductions in ACC, medial frontal regions and parieto-temporo-occipital cortex.12–14”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > CONTEXT
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11] Castellanos FX Proal E Location, location, and thickness: volumetric neuroimaging of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder comes of age J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2009 48 10 979 981 20854767
- Not checked yetcites [12] Shaw P Eckstrand K Sharp W Blumenthal J Lerch JP Greenstein D Clasen L Evans A Giedd J Rapoport JL Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is characterized by a delay in cortical maturation Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2007 104 49 19649 19654 18024590 PMC2148343
- Not checked yetcites [13] Narr KL Woods RP Lin J Kim J Phillips OR Del’homme M Caplan R Toga AW McCracken JT Levitt JG Widespread cortical thinning is a robust anatomical marker for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2009 48 10 1014 1022 19730275 PMC2891193
- Not checked yetcites [14] Shaw P Lerch J Greenstein D Sharp W Clasen L Evans A Giedd J Castellanos FX Rapoport J Longitudinal mapping of cortical thickness and clinical outcome in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder Arch Gen Psychiatry 2006 63 5 540 549 16651511
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Major DSM-IV disorders, as well as multiple aspects of function, were assessed for the interval between 25FU and 41FU by trained clinicians “blind” to all antecedent data.”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > METHODS > ADULT-FOLLOW UP ASSESSMENT (41FU)
plainn = 135- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For each comparison, we regressed cortical thickness at each of 81,924 vertices or whole-brain GM density on group, controlling for age at time of scan and scanner model.”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > METHODS > STATISTICAL ANALYSES
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“we reexamined subgroup differences heuristically using an uncorrected p<0.05 threshold with a cluster threshold of 50 vertices.47”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > METHODS > STATISTICAL ANALYSES
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [47] Shaw P Sharp WS Morrison M Eckstrand K Greenstein DK Clasen LS Evans AC Rapoport JL Psychostimulant treatment and the developing cortex in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder Am J Psychiatry 2009 166 1 58 63 18794206 PMC2700349
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Results were thresholded using a false discovery rate (FDR) of 0.05.45, 46”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > METHODS > STATISTICAL ANALYSES
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [45] Benjamini Y Hochberg Y Controlling the false discovery rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing J R Stat Soc Series B Stat Methodol 1995 57 1 289 300
- Not checked yetcites [46] Genovese CR Lazar NA Nichols T Thresholding of statistical maps in functional neuroimaging using the false discovery rate Neuroimage 2002 15 4 870 878 11906227
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“proportions did not differ significantly across scanners, (χ(1)2=0.96, p=0.33)”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > METHODS > IMAGING
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Systematic diagnostic assessments at each follow-up were conducted by interviewers “blind” to past history and group membership.”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > CONTEXT
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Refusal was low (circa 5%).”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > METHODS > PARTICIPANTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We then compared the diagnostic subgroups of probands (persistents, remitters) and the comparisons without current ADHD, Bonferroni corrected for the number of clusters.”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > METHODS > STATISTICAL ANALYSES
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We report cortical thickness and voxel-based morphometry (VBM) analyses on the largest sample to date of adults with childhood ADHD diagnoses (mean age 8) consistent with DSM-IV.”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > CONTEXT
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because of significant between-group differences in IQ, we confirmed cortical thickness results by also adjusting for IQ.”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > METHODS > STATISTICAL ANALYSES
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Linear regression models controlled for age at time of scan and scanner model (Trio vs. Allegra).”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > METHODS > STATISTICAL ANALYSES
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Recently, Almeida et al.15 found cortical thinning in right frontal lobe of children, adolescents and adults with ADHD.”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > CONTEXT
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15] Almeida LG Ricardo-Garcell J Prado H Barajas L Fernandez-Bouzas A Avila D Martinez RB Reduced right frontal cortical thickness in children, adolescents and adults with ADHD and its correlation to clinical variables: A cross-sectional study J Psychiatr Res 2010 44 16 1214 1212 20510424
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Medical center pediatric charts were reviewed for children seen for routine physical exams from 1970–1977 when they were 6 through 12 years-old, group-matched for probands’ race, childhood socioeconomic status and geographical residence.”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > METHODS > PARTICIPANTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“We retained clusters comprising at least 50 contiguous vertices for cortical thickness47 and five voxels for VBM.”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > METHODS > STATISTICAL ANALYSES
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [47] Shaw P Sharp WS Morrison M Eckstrand K Greenstein DK Clasen LS Evans AC Rapoport JL Psychostimulant treatment and the developing cortex in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder Am J Psychiatry 2009 166 1 58 63 18794206 PMC2700349
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A cross-sectional study of children, adolescents and adults found that individuals with ADHD, regardless of age, had significantly thinner right superior frontal cortex than controls.15”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15] Almeida LG Ricardo-Garcell J Prado H Barajas L Fernandez-Bouzas A Avila D Martinez RB Reduced right frontal cortical thickness in children, adolescents and adults with ADHD and its correlation to clinical variables: A cross-sectional study J Psychiatr Res 2010 44 16 1214 1212 20510424
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Thinner cortex has been reported in children with ADHD in prefrontal and precentral regions12, 14 parietal and temporal lobes12, 13 and inferior frontal gyrus bilaterally.58”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12] Shaw P Eckstrand K Sharp W Blumenthal J Lerch JP Greenstein D Clasen L Evans A Giedd J Rapoport JL Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is characterized by a delay in cortical maturation Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2007 104 49 19649 19654 18024590 PMC2148343
- Not checked yetcites [14] Shaw P Lerch J Greenstein D Sharp W Clasen L Evans A Giedd J Castellanos FX Rapoport J Longitudinal mapping of cortical thickness and clinical outcome in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder Arch Gen Psychiatry 2006 63 5 540 549 16651511
- Not checked yetcites [13] Narr KL Woods RP Lin J Kim J Phillips OR Del’homme M Caplan R Toga AW McCracken JT Levitt JG Widespread cortical thinning is a robust anatomical marker for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2009 48 10 1014 1022 19730275 PMC2891193
- Not checked yetcites [58] Batty MJ Liddle EB Pitiot A Toro R Groom MJ Scerif G Liotti M Liddle PF Paus T Hollis C Cortical gray matter in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a structural magnetic resonance imaging study J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 49 3 229 238 20410712 PMC2829134
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our results extend prior volumetric and cortical thickness findings in ADHD.”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > COMMENT
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“In the adults with ADHD, the specific reduction, with correction for multiple comparisons limited to the frontal lobe, was localized to BA9.”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15] Almeida LG Ricardo-Garcell J Prado H Barajas L Fernandez-Bouzas A Avila D Martinez RB Reduced right frontal cortical thickness in children, adolescents and adults with ADHD and its correlation to clinical variables: A cross-sectional study J Psychiatr Res 2010 44 16 1214 1212 20510424
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In our main analyses, we applied FDR full-brain correction for multiple comparisons, and observed significant differences whether groups were defined by initial childhood history or by current adult diagnoses.”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > COMMENT
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Studies of cortical thickness in children with ADHD are more numerous than those in adults,12–14, 33, 47, 56, 57 and typically have examined the entire cerebrum, although nearly all (except14) report results uncorrected for multiple comparisons.”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12] Shaw P Eckstrand K Sharp W Blumenthal J Lerch JP Greenstein D Clasen L Evans A Giedd J Rapoport JL Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is characterized by a delay in cortical maturation Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2007 104 49 19649 19654 18024590 PMC2148343
- Not checked yetcites [13] Narr KL Woods RP Lin J Kim J Phillips OR Del’homme M Caplan R Toga AW McCracken JT Levitt JG Widespread cortical thinning is a robust anatomical marker for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2009 48 10 1014 1022 19730275 PMC2891193
- Not checked yetcites [14] Shaw P Lerch J Greenstein D Sharp W Clasen L Evans A Giedd J Castellanos FX Rapoport J Longitudinal mapping of cortical thickness and clinical outcome in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder Arch Gen Psychiatry 2006 63 5 540 549 16651511
- Not checked yetcites [33] Shaw P Gornick M Lerch J Addington A Seal J Greenstein D Sharp W Evans A Giedd JN Castellanos FX Rapoport JL Polymorphisms of the dopamine D4 receptor, clinical outcome, and cortical structure in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder Arch Gen Psychiatry 2007 64 8 921 931 17679637
- Not checked yetcites [47] Shaw P Sharp WS Morrison M Eckstrand K Greenstein DK Clasen LS Evans AC Rapoport JL Psychostimulant treatment and the developing cortex in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder Am J Psychiatry 2009 166 1 58 63 18794206 PMC2700349
- Not checked yetcites [56] Shaw P Lalonde F Lepage C Rabin C Eckstrand K Sharp W Greenstein D Evans A Giedd JN Rapoport J Development of cortical asymmetry in typically developing children and its disruption in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder Arch Gen Psychiatry 2009 66 8 888 896 19652128 PMC2948210
- Not checked yetcites [57] Wolosin SM Richardson ME Hennessey JG Denckla MB Mostofsky SH Abnormal cerebral cortex structure in children with ADHD Hum Brain Mapp 2009 30 1 175 184 17985349 PMC2883170
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Studies of cortical thickness in adults with ADHD have focused on specific regions associated with executive function and attentional control.54, 55”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [54] Posner MI Petersen SE The attention system of the human brain Annu Rev Neurosci 1990 13 25 42 2183676
- Not checked yetcites [55] Corbetta M Shulman GL Control of goal-directed and stimulus-driven attention in the brain Nat Rev Neurosci 2002 3 3 201 215 11994752
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Makris et al.9 selected nine parcellation units (from 48) per hemisphere and found thinner cortex related to ADHD in prefrontal and cingulate cortex and inferior parietal lobe, albeit without correcting for multiple comparisons.9”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [9] Seidman LJ Valera EM Makris N Monuteaux MC Boriel DL Kelkar K Kennedy DN Caviness VS Bush G Aleardi M Faraone SV Biederman J Dorsolateral prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortex volumetric abnormalities in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder identified by magnetic resonance imaging Biol Psychiatry 2006 60 10 1071 1080 16876137
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Furthermore, although we found less frontal and prefrontal cortical thinning in ADHD than others,12–15, 20, 49 we confirmed thinner cortical mantle in occipito-parietal,12, 13, 20 temporal cortex and precentral regions13, 14 in ADHD.”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12] Shaw P Eckstrand K Sharp W Blumenthal J Lerch JP Greenstein D Clasen L Evans A Giedd J Rapoport JL Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is characterized by a delay in cortical maturation Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2007 104 49 19649 19654 18024590 PMC2148343
- Not checked yetcites [13] Narr KL Woods RP Lin J Kim J Phillips OR Del’homme M Caplan R Toga AW McCracken JT Levitt JG Widespread cortical thinning is a robust anatomical marker for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2009 48 10 1014 1022 19730275 PMC2891193
- Not checked yetcites [14] Shaw P Lerch J Greenstein D Sharp W Clasen L Evans A Giedd J Castellanos FX Rapoport J Longitudinal mapping of cortical thickness and clinical outcome in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder Arch Gen Psychiatry 2006 63 5 540 549 16651511
- Not checked yetcites [15] Almeida LG Ricardo-Garcell J Prado H Barajas L Fernandez-Bouzas A Avila D Martinez RB Reduced right frontal cortical thickness in children, adolescents and adults with ADHD and its correlation to clinical variables: A cross-sectional study J Psychiatr Res 2010 44 16 1214 1212 20510424
- Not checked yetcites [20] Makris N Biederman J Valera EM Bush G Kaiser J Kennedy DN Caviness VS Faraone SV Seidman LJ Cortical thinning of the attention and executive function networks in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder Cereb Cortex 2007 17 6 1364 1375 16920883
- Not checked yetcites [49] Sowell ER Thompson PM Welcome SE Henkenius AL Toga AW Peterson BS Cortical abnormalities in children and adolescents with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder The Lancet 2003 362 9397 1699 1707 14643117
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“We found convincing converging anatomic evidence implicating the dorsal attentional network55 and distributed regions within limbic circuits that were thinner in ADHD probands than in comparisons.”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [55] Corbetta M Shulman GL Control of goal-directed and stimulus-driven attention in the brain Nat Rev Neurosci 2002 3 3 201 215 11994752
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The bilateral dorsal network, which mediates goal-directed, top-down executive control processes, interacts with a right-sided ventral system (stimulus-driven, bottom-up) during attentional functioning,1, 55 particularly in redirecting attention.”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] Valera EM Faraone SV Murray KE Seidman LJ Meta-analysis of structural imaging findings in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder Biol Psychiatry 2007 61 12 1361 1369 16950217
- Not checked yetcites [55] Corbetta M Shulman GL Control of goal-directed and stimulus-driven attention in the brain Nat Rev Neurosci 2002 3 3 201 215 11994752
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Early anatomical studies of ADHD did not specifically examine thalamic nuclei, although thalamic hypoactivation emerged in an unbiased meta-analysis.52”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [52] Dickstein SG Bannon K Castellanos FX Milham MP The neural correlates of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: an ALE meta-analysis J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2006 47 10 1051 1062 17073984
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The core areas constituting the dorsal attentional network include the intraparietal sulcus and the conjunction of the precentral and superior frontal sulcus (frontal eye fields)55 which were particularly affected in the ADHD probands.”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [55] Corbetta M Shulman GL Control of goal-directed and stimulus-driven attention in the brain Nat Rev Neurosci 2002 3 3 201 215 11994752
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Individuals with ADHD are easily distracted when required to ignore extraneous signals.70, 71”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [70] Lijffijt M Kenemans JL Verbaten MN van Engeland H A meta-analytic review of stopping performance in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: deficient inhibitory motor control? J Abnorm Psychol 2005 114 2 216 222 15869352
- Not checked yetcites [71] Clark L Blackwell AD Aron AR Turner DC Dowson J Robbins TW Sahakian BJ Association between response inhibition and working memory in adult ADHD: a link to right frontal cortex pathology? Biol Psychiatry 2007 61 12 1395 1401 17046725
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Top-down control deficits when responding to irrelevant stimuli are associated with impaired working memory.72, 73”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [72] Zanto TP Rubens MT Bollinger J Gazzaley A Top-down modulation of visual feature processing: The role of the inferior frontal junction Neuroimage 2010 53 2 736 745 20600999 PMC2930130
- Not checked yetcites [73] Gazzaley A D’Esposito M Top-down modulation and normal aging Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007 1097 67 83 17413013
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Abnormal activation of occipital cortex has been found in youth74 and adults75–77 with ADHD during working memory tasks.”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [74] Durston S Tottenham NT Thomas KM Davidson MC Eigsti IM Yang Y Ulug AM Casey BJ Differential patterns of striatal activation in young children with and without ADHD Biol Psychiatry 2003 53 10 871 878 12742674
- Not checked yetcites [75] Schweitzer JB Faber TL Grafton ST Tune LE Hoffman JM Kilts CD Alterations in the functional anatomy of working memory in adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder Am J Psychiatry 2000 157 2 278 280 10671402
- Not checked yetcites [76] Schweitzer JB Lee DO Hanford RB Tagamets MA Hoffman JM Grafton ST Kilts CD A positron emission tomography study of methylphenidate in adults with ADHD: alterations in resting blood flow and predicting treatment response Neuropsychopharmacology 2003 28 5 967 973 12700698
- Not checked yetcites [77] Schweitzer JB Hanford RB Medoff DR Working memory deficits in adults with ADHD: is there evidence for subtype differences? Behav Brain Funct 2006 2 43 17173676 PMC1762010
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Cerebellar involvement in ADHD is well-established, with findings in children reported mostly in the vermis,1–4, 79 and in the hemispheres in adults, as in this sample.60, 80, 81”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] Valera EM Faraone SV Murray KE Seidman LJ Meta-analysis of structural imaging findings in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder Biol Psychiatry 2007 61 12 1361 1369 16950217
- Not checked yetcites [2] Castellanos FX Lee PP Sharp W Jeffries NO Greenstein DK Clasen LS Blumenthal JD James RS Ebens CL Walter JM Zijdenbos A Evans AC Giedd JN Rapoport JL Developmental trajectories of brain volume abnormalities in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder J Am Med Assoc 2002 288 14 1740 1748 12365958
- Not checked yetcites [3] Krain AL Castellanos FX Brain development and ADHD Clin Psychol Rev 2006 26 4 433 444 16480802
- Not checked yetcites [4] Durston S Hulshoff Pol HE Schnack HG Buitelaar JK Steenhuis MP Minderaa RB Kahn RS van Engeland H Magnetic resonance imaging of boys with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and their unaffected siblings J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2004 43 3 332 340 15076267
- Not checked yetcites [79] Castellanos FX Giedd JN Berquin PC Walter JM Sharp W Tran T Vaituzis AC Blumenthal JD Nelson J Bastain TM Zijdenbos A Evans AC Rapoport JL Quantitative brain magnetic resonance imaging in girls with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder Arch Gen Psychiatry 2001 58 3 289 295 11231836
- Not checked yetcites [60] Wolf RC Plichta MM Sambataro F Fallgatter AJ Jacob C Lesch KP Herrmann MJ Schonfeldt-Lecuona C Connemann BJ Gron G Vasic N Regional brain activation changes and abnormal functional connectivity of the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex during working memory processing in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder Hum Brain Mapp 2009 30 7 2252 2266 19107748 PMC6870879
- Not checked yetcites [80] Perlov E Tebarzt van Elst L Buechert M Maier S Matthies S Ebert D Hesslinger B Philipsen A H(1)-MR-spectroscopy of cerebellum in adult attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder J Psychiatr Res 2010 44 14 938 943 20332052
- Not checked yetcites [81] Valera EM Spencer RM Zeffiro TA Makris N Spencer TJ Faraone SV Biederman J Seidman LJ Neural substrates of impaired sensorimotor timing in adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder Biol Psychiatry 2010 68 4 359 367 20619827 PMC2917236
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The insula and ACC play important roles in sensorimotor, emotional and cognitive function.85, 86”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [85] Pollatos O Gramann K Schandry R Neural systems connecting interoceptive awareness and feelings Hum Brain Mapp 2007 28 1 9 18 16729289 PMC6871500
- Not checked yetcites [86] Craig AD How do you feel? Interoception: the sense of the physiological condition of the body Nat Rev Neurosci 2002 3 8 655 666 12154366
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Similarly, in a meta-analysis of functional imaging studies, children and adolescents with ADHD showed activation decreases in left middle occipital gyrus (BA19) compared to controls.52”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [52] Dickstein SG Bannon K Castellanos FX Milham MP The neural correlates of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: an ALE meta-analysis J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2006 47 10 1051 1062 17073984
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These findings are consistent with studies of ADHD that report abnormal patterns of activation in parietal regions52 during working memory,60–62 attentional63–65 or response inhibition tasks.66, 67”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [52] Dickstein SG Bannon K Castellanos FX Milham MP The neural correlates of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: an ALE meta-analysis J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2006 47 10 1051 1062 17073984
- Not checked yetcites [60] Wolf RC Plichta MM Sambataro F Fallgatter AJ Jacob C Lesch KP Herrmann MJ Schonfeldt-Lecuona C Connemann BJ Gron G Vasic N Regional brain activation changes and abnormal functional connectivity of the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex during working memory processing in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder Hum Brain Mapp 2009 30 7 2252 2266 19107748 PMC6870879
- Not checked yetcites [61] Bayerl M Dielentheis TF Vucurevic G Gesierich T Vogel F Fehr C Stoeter P Huss M Konrad A Disturbed brain activation during a working memory task in drug-naive adult patients with ADHD Neuroreport 2010 21 6 442 446 20224456
- Not checked yetcites [62] Burgess GC Depue BE Ruzic L Willcutt EG Du YP Banich MT Attentional control activation relates to working memory in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder Biol Psychiatry 2010 67 7 632 640 20060961 PMC2953472
- Not checked yetcites [63] Banich MT Burgess GC Depue BE Ruzic L Bidwell LC Hitt-Laustsen S Du YP Willcutt EG The neural basis of sustained and transient attentional control in young adults with ADHD Neuropsychologia 2009 47 14 3095 3104 19619566 PMC3703501
- Not checked yetcites [64] Cubillo A Halari R Ecker C Giampietro V Taylor E Rubia K Reduced activation and inter-regional functional connectivity of fronto-striatal networks in adults with childhood Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and persisting symptoms during tasks of motor inhibition and cognitive switching J Psychiatr Res 2010 44 10 629 639 20060129
- Not checked yetcites [65] Schneider MF Krick CM Retz W Hengesch G Retz-Junginger P Reith W Rosler M Impairment of fronto-striatal and parietal cerebral networks correlates with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) psychopathology in adults - a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study Psychiatry Res 2010 183 1 75 84 20558047
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Recently, several studies have identified thalamic abnormalities in children/adolescents53, 82 and adults with ADHD.83, 84”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [53] Ivanov I Bansal R Hao X Zhu H Kellendonk C Miller L Sanchez-Pena J Miller AM Chakravarty MM Klahr K Durkin K Greenhill LL Peterson BS Morphological abnormalities of the thalamus in youths with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder Am J Psychiatry 2010 167 4 397 408 20123910 PMC4282161
- Not checked yetcites [82] Qiu MG Ye Z Li QY Liu GJ Xie B Wang J Changes of brain structure and function in ADHD children Brain Topogr 2010 ePub Dec 30 2010 21191807
- Not checked yetcites [83] Cubillo A Halari R Ecker C Giampietro V Taylor E Rubia K Reduced activation and inter-regional functional connectivity of fronto-striatal networks in adults with childhood Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and persisting symptoms during tasks of motor inhibition and cognitive switching J Psychiatr Res 2010 44 10 629 639 20060129
- Not checked yetcites [84] Dibbets P Evers EA Hurks PP Bakker K Jolles J Differential brain activation patterns in adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) associated with task switching Neuropsychology 2010 24 4 413 423 20604616
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Additionally, a recent VBM study in adults with ADHD found significant bilateral reduction of GM volume only in early visual cortex.78”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [78] Ahrendts J Rusch N Wilke M Philipsen A Eickhoff SB Glauche V Perlov E Ebert D Hennig J Tebartz van Elst L Visual cortex abnormalities in adults with ADHD: A structural MRI study World J Biol Psychiatry ePub Sep 29 2010 20879808
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Occipital cortex has been recently found to interact with the dorsal network in maintaining attention59 and in suppressing responses to irrelevant stimuli.68, 69”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [59] Shulman GL Astafiev SV Franke D Pope DL Snyder AZ McAvoy MP Corbetta M Interaction of stimulus-driven reorienting and expectation in ventral and dorsal frontoparietal and basal ganglia-cortical networks J Neurosci 2009 29 14 4392 4407 19357267 PMC2743562
- Not checked yetcites [68] Capotosto P Babiloni C Romani GL Corbetta M Frontoparietal cortex controls spatial attention through modulation of anticipatory alpha rhythms J Neurosci 2009 29 18 5863 5872 19420253 PMC2692025
- Not checked yetcites [69] Mevorach C Hodsoll J Allen H Shalev L Humphreys G Ignoring the elephant in the room: a neural circuit to downregulate salience J Neurosci 2010 30 17 6072 6079 20427665 PMC6632594
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the probands studied did not differ significantly from those excluded on nearly all clinical and demographic variables, except for significantly higher rates of substance use disorders at 18FU in scanned probands.”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > COMMENT
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In turn, the insula, along with participating in performance of demanding tasks,90 is clearly also related to affective processing.91”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [90] Eckert MA Menon V Walczak A Ahlstrom J Denslow S Horwitz A Dubno JR At the heart of the ventral attention system: the right anterior insula Hum Brain Mapp 2009 30 8 2530 2541 19072895 PMC2712290
- Not checked yetcites [91] Quartz SR Reason, emotion and decision-making: risk and reward computation with feeling Trends Cogn Sci 2009 13 5 209 215 19362037
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Anatomic “spiraling” circuits begin with emotion/motivation pathways which influence “cool” cognitive processes, which in turn control motor responses.106”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [106] Haber SN The primate basal ganglia: parallel and integrative networks J Chem Neuroanat 2003 26 4 317 330 14729134
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The temporal poles have been proposed as a channel for the integration of emotion and perception, playing an important role in both emotional and social functions.92”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [92] Olson IR Plotzker A Ezzyat Y The enigmatic temporal pole: a review of findings on social and emotional processing Brain 2007 130 Pt 7 1718 1731 17392317
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Specifically, subgenual ACC is implicated in emotional processing and pain perception.87”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [87] Vogt BA Vogt L Farber NB Bush G Architecture and neurocytology of monkey cingulate gyrus J Comp Neurol 2005 485 3 218 239 15791645 PMC2649765
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Cortical thickness studies in ADHD have downplayed findings in the temporal pole, which have been reported but not discussed.12–14”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12] Shaw P Eckstrand K Sharp W Blumenthal J Lerch JP Greenstein D Clasen L Evans A Giedd J Rapoport JL Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is characterized by a delay in cortical maturation Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2007 104 49 19649 19654 18024590 PMC2148343
- Not checked yetcites [13] Narr KL Woods RP Lin J Kim J Phillips OR Del’homme M Caplan R Toga AW McCracken JT Levitt JG Widespread cortical thinning is a robust anatomical marker for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2009 48 10 1014 1022 19730275 PMC2891193
- Not checked yetcites [14] Shaw P Lerch J Greenstein D Sharp W Clasen L Evans A Giedd J Castellanos FX Rapoport J Longitudinal mapping of cortical thickness and clinical outcome in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder Arch Gen Psychiatry 2006 63 5 540 549 16651511
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The temporal pole (BA38) is classified as a paralimbic region, based on its interconnections with both amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex, and is implicated in social and emotional processes.92”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [92] Olson IR Plotzker A Ezzyat Y The enigmatic temporal pole: a review of findings on social and emotional processing Brain 2007 130 Pt 7 1718 1731 17392317
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Altered activation in temporal pole is associated with deficits in face recognition93–100 and mentalizing, i.e., theory of mind.101–104”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [93] Mackay CE Roberts N Mayes AR Downes JJ Foster JK Mann D An exploratory study of the relationship between face recognition memory and the volume of medial temporal lobe structures in healthy young males Behav Neurol 1998 11 1 3 20 11568398
- Not checked yetcites [94] Nakamura K Kawashima R Sato N Nakamura A Sugiura M Kato T Hatano K Ito K Fukuda H Schormann T Zilles K Functional delineation of the human occipito-temporal areas related to face and scene processing. A PET study Brain 2000 123 Pt 9 1903 1912 10960054
- Not checked yetcites [95] Grabowski TJ Damasio H Tranel D Ponto LL Hichwa RD Damasio AR A role for left temporal pole in the retrieval of words for unique entities Hum Brain Mapp 2001 13 4 199 212 11410949 PMC6871982
- Not checked yetcites [96] Dupont S Investigating temporal pole function by functional imaging Epileptic Disord 2002 4 Suppl 1 S17 22 12424086
- Not checked yetcites [97] Nelson EE McClure EB Monk CS Zarahn E Leibenluft E Pine DS Ernst M Developmental differences in neuronal engagement during implicit encoding of emotional faces: an event-related fMRI study J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2003 44 7 1015 1024 14531584
- Not checked yetcites [98] Tsukiura T Namiki M Fujii T Iijima T Time-dependent neural activations related to recognition of people’s names in emotional and neutral face-name associative learning: an fMRI study Neuroimage 2003 20 2 784 794 14568451
- Not checked yetcites [99] Griffith HR Richardson E Pyzalski RW Bell B Dow C Hermann BP Seidenberg M Memory for famous faces and the temporal pole: functional imaging findings in temporal lobe epilepsy Epilepsy Behav 2006 9 1 173 180 16766230
- Not checked yetcites [100] Kim JW Kim JJ Jeong BS Ki SW Im DM Lee SJ Lee HS Neural mechanism for judging the appropriateness of facial affect Brain Res Cogn Brain Res 2005 25 3 659 667 16226433
- Not checked yetcites [101] Jimura K Konishi S Asari T Miyashita Y Temporal pole activity during understanding other persons’ mental states correlates with neuroticism trait Brain Res 2010 1328 104 112 20226769
- Not checked yetcites [102] Mier D Lis S Neuthe K Sauer C Esslinger C Gallhofer B Kirsch P The involvement of emotion recognition in affective theory of mind Psychophysiology 2010 47 6 1028 1039 20456660
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We were able to analyze imaging data from only 28% of initially diagnosed probands with ADHD and 45% of comparison subjects.”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > COMMENT
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In humans, subgenual ACC is functionally connected with multiple limbic regions including temporal poles88 and insula.89”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [88] Margulies DS Kelly AM Uddin LQ Biswal BB Castellanos FX Milham MP Mapping the functional connectivity of anterior cingulate cortex Neuroimage 2007 37 2 579 588 17604651
- Not checked yetcites [89] Taylor KS Seminowicz DA Davis KD Two systems of resting state connectivity between the insula and cingulate cortex Hum Brain Mapp 2009 30 9 2731 2745 19072897 PMC6871122
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Exclusion of conduct disorder comorbidity (see Author e-Text) in childhood also averted confusion as to the origin of the deficits found in cortical thickness or GM density.”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > COMMENT
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus our results may not generalize to ADHD in women or to other racial or ethnic groups.”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > COMMENT
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While we found supporting evidence for ACC and orbitofrontal involvement in diagnostic remission of ADHD, our data also suggest superior temporal, medial occipital and thalamo-cerebellar involvement in remission.”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > COMMENT
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, this constraint avoided potential confounds from possible sex, ethnic, or socioeconomic differences.”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > COMMENT
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Abnormal activations in insula and subgenual ACC were reported in a meta-analysis of ADHD functional imaging.52”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [52] Dickstein SG Bannon K Castellanos FX Milham MP The neural correlates of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: an ALE meta-analysis J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2006 47 10 1051 1062 17073984
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Medication treatment has been reported to affect cortical thickness47”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > COMMENT
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [47] Shaw P Sharp WS Morrison M Eckstrand K Greenstein DK Clasen LS Evans AC Rapoport JL Psychostimulant treatment and the developing cortex in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder Am J Psychiatry 2009 166 1 58 63 18794206 PMC2700349
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“in this first study of childhood ADHD prospectively examined in adulthood”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > COMMENT
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper relies on this without support.
The neurobiology of ADHD remission has not been previously examined in middle adulthood.
“but the neurobiology of remission has not been previously examined in middle adulthood.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The parietal, temporal and posterior frontal regions and limbic areas underpin top-down control of attention and the regulation of emotion and motivation.
“These regions underpin top-down control of attention and the regulation of emotion and motivation”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“while developmental diminution of the ADHD symptoms may correlate with the maturation of frontal cortex and related circuits subserved by the CSTC loops (Makris et al., 2007; Halperin et al., 2008; Proal et al., 2011; Clerkin et al., 2013; Francx et al., 2015, 2016; Schulz et al., 2017).”
From A Review of Heterogeneity in Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) (2019) · cites this paper as Proal et al., 2011
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Studies suggest that functional and structural deficits in frontal lobe and thalamus are associated with the emergence of ADHD (Proal et al., 2011; Xia et al., 2012; Cortese et al., 2013; Shaw et al., 2015);”
From A Review of Heterogeneity in Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) (2019) · cites this paper as Proal et al., 2011
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Statistics recomputed
Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.
- Consistentχ²(1) = 12.08reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“χ2(1)=12.08, p < .001”
- Consistentt(9) = 8.26reported p < .0001 · recomputed p < .001
“t(9)=8.26, p < .0001”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > METHODS > ADULT-FOLLOW UP ASSESSMENT (41FU)
“Nearly all probands (n=57; 97% of those scanned) were treated with methylphenidate in childhood between ages 6 and 12”
§ Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-Up in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood > COMMENT
“all but four of the scanned probands were treated with methylphenidate as children”
Citations
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,845
Controlling the False Discovery Rate: A Practical and Powerful Approach to Multiple Testing
Benjamini, Y., & Hochberg, Y. (1995) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B: Statistical Methodology · doi:10.1111/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x · Cited by 109,482
Control of goal-directed and stimulus-driven attention in the brain
Corbetta, M., & Shulman, G. L. (2002) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn755 · Cited by 12,881
Fast robust automated brain extraction
Smith, S. M. (2002) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.10062 · Cited by 10,496
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Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
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Metadata
- Authors
- Proal, E.
- Affiliations
- NYU Langone Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Proal, Erika
- Venue
- Archives of General Psychiatry
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2011-11-01
- Volume
- 68
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1122
- ISSN
- 0003-990X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3554238
- OpenAlex
- W2158859522
- Semantic Scholar
- 9dbd4e4ed4955d04846261d0bad1fde7993b98e3
- Cited by
- 207
- References
- 106
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 35 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 13.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Archives of General Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5t32mh067763-10)
- National Institute of Mental Health (T32MH-067763)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA016979)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, cortical thinning, adult ADHD, dorsal attention network, limbic system, caudate nucleus, thalamus, cerebellum, prefrontal cortex, emotion regulation
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Behavioral Symptoms, Cerebral Cortex, Child, Chronic Disease, Cross-Sectional Studies, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Organ Size, Remission Induction, Time, Age of Onset
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-10, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-10 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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