The DOI matches its Crossref record; 35 of the 35 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Efficacy of a Nicotine Lozenge for Smoking Cessation
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Since nicotine gum was introduced in the 1980s, nicotine replacement therapy has become the most widely used pharmacological smoking cessation treatment. Some smokers prefer acute oral forms, but many smokers reject chewing gum. We tested the safety and efficacy of a new nicotine polacrilex lozenge for smoking cessation. METHODS: Double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial with parallel arms testing 2- and 4-mg nicotine lozenges. Smokers (n = 1818) were assigned to a lozenge dose on the basis of nicotine dependence, assessed by time to the first cigarette of the day. Low-dependence smokers were randomized to receive the 2-mg nicotine (n = 459) or placebo (n = 458) lozenge; high-dependence smokers, the 4-mg nicotine (n = 450) or placebo (n = 451) lozenge. We assessed abstinence at 6, 12, 24, and 52 weeks and analyzed craving and withdrawal symptoms. RESULTS: Treatment with the nicotine lozenge resulted in significantly greater 28-day abstinence at 6 weeks, for the 2-mg (46.0% vs. 29.7%; odds ratio [OR], 2.10; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.59-2.79; P<.001) and the 4-mg (48.7% vs. 20.8%; OR, 3.69; 95% CI, 2.74-4.96; P<.001) lozenges, compared with placebo. Significant treatment effects were maintained for a full year. Smokers who used more lozenges achieved significantly better treatment effects. Use of the active lozenge also resulted in reduced craving and withdrawal. Most adverse events were moderate and resembled those seen with nicotine gum. CONCLUSION: The nicotine lozenge is a safe and effective new treatment for smoking cessation in low- and high-dependence smokers.
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In the citing paper
“medically approved oral smoking cessation aids such as nicotine gum and nicotine lozenges with a higher nicotine content and which give greater nicotine delivery to users [36] have previously been shown to be more effective in assisting smoking cessation than products with a lower nicotine content, particularly in more heavily dependent smokers [37–40].”
From A Randomised Study to Investigate the Nicotine Pharmacokinetics of Oral Nicotine Pouches and a Combustible Cigarette (2022) · cites this paper as [40]
In the citing paper
“In this study smokers who used NRT with no behavioral support doubled their odds of 6 months abstinence compared to non users, adjusting for nicotine dependence, with a difference in success rates of approximately 4%.”
From Tobacco addiction (2008) · cites this paper as [95]
Citations
Cites
The Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence: a revision of the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire
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Fagerström, K.-O. (1978) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/0306-4603(78)90024-2 · Cited by 2,221
Measuring nicotine dependence: A review of the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire
Fagerstrom, K. O., & Schneider, N. G. (1989) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/bf00846549 · Cited by 1,598
Heatherton, T. F., Kozlowski, L. T., Frecker, R. C., Rickert, W. S., & Robinson, J. C. (1989) · British Journal of Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1989.tb03059.x · Cited by 1,316
Smoking cessation guidelines for health professionals: an update
West, R. (2000) · Thorax · doi:10.1136/thorax.55.12.987 · Cited by 976
Nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation
Silagy, C., Lancaster, T., Stead, L., Mant, D., & Fowler, G. (2004) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd000146.pub2 · Cited by 972
Smoking withdrawal symptoms in two weeks of abstinence
Shiffman, S. M., & Jarvik, M. E. (1976) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/bf00634151 · Cited by 542
Self-citationMethods used to quit smoking in the United States. Do cessation programs help?
Fiore, M. C. (1990) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.263.20.2760 · Cited by 516
Racial and Ethnic Differences in Serum Cotinine Levels of Cigarette Smokers
Caraballo, R. S., Giovino, G. A., Pechacek, T. F., Mowery, P., Richter, P., Strauss, W. J., Sharp, D. J., Eriksen, M. P., Pirkle, J. L., & Maurer, K. R. (1998) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.280.2.135 · Cited by 457
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Ecological momentary assessment
Shiffman, S., Stone, A. A., & Hufford, M. R. (2008) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091415 · Cited by 6,454
Self-citationNicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation
Stead, L. F., Perera, R., Bullen, C., Mant, D., Hartmann‐Boyce, J., Cahill, K., & Lancaster, T. (2012) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd000146.pub4 · Cited by 2,564
A Clinical Practice Guideline for Treating Tobacco Use and Dependence: 2008 Update
(2008) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2008.04.009 · Cited by 1,410
Nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation
Silagy, C., Lancaster, T., Stead, L., Mant, D., & Fowler, G. (2004) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd000146.pub2 · Cited by 972
Guidelines on nicotine dose selection for in vivo research
Matta, S. G., Balfour, D. J., Benowitz, N. L., Boyd, R. T., Buccafusco, J. J., Caggiula, A. R., Craig, C. R., Collins, A. C., Damaj, M. I., Donny, E. C., et al. (2007) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-006-0441-0 · Cited by 824
Metadata
- Authors
- Shiffman, S., Dresler, C. M., Hajek, P., Gilburt, S. J. A., Targett, D. A., & Strahs, K. R.
- Affiliations
- Pinney Associates (United States) (US)
- ORCID
- Shiffman, Saul
- Venue
- Archives of Internal Medicine
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2002-06-10
- Volume
- 162
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1267
- ISSN
- 0003-9926 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2132992773
- Cited by
- 265
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2025: 6 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 11.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Archives of Internal Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- GlaxoSmithKline
- University of Pittsburgh
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Study
- Keywords
- nicotine lozenges, smoking cessation, nicotine replacement therapy, nicotine dependence, abstinence, craving, withdrawal symptoms, nicotine gum, adverse events
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Double-Blind Method, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Nicotine, Polymethacrylic Acids, Polyvinyls, Tablets, Smoking Cessation, Tobacco Use Cessation Devices
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