The DOI matches its Crossref record; 27 of the 27 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Prevalence and Correlates of Nonrestorative Sleep Complaints
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Nonrestorative sleep (NRS) has been little studied in the general population, even though this symptom has an important role in several medical conditions such as heart disease, fibromyalgia, and chronic fatigue syndrome, as well as various sleep disorders. METHODS: A total of 25,580 individuals (age range, 15-100 years) from the noninstitutionalized general population representative of 7 European countries (France, the United Kingdom, Germany, Italy, Portugal, Spain, and Finland) were interviewed by telephone using the Sleep-EVAL system. Nonrestorative sleep was analyzed in relationship to sociodemographic determinants, environmental factors, life habits, health, sleep-wake schedule, and psychological factors. RESULTS: The prevalence of NRS was 10.8% (95% confidence interval, 10.4%-11.2%) in the sample, was higher in women than in men (12.5% vs 9.0%; P<.001), and decreased with age. The United Kingdom (16.1%) and Germany (15.5%) had the highest prevalence of NRS and Spain (2.4%), the lowest. In multivariate analyses, several factors were positively associated with NRS. The most important were younger age, dissatisfaction with sleep, difficulty getting started in the morning, stressful life, presence of anxiety, bipolar or a depressive disorder, and having a physical disease. When compared with subjects who have difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep (without NRS), subjects with NRS reported more frequently a variety of daytime impairment (irritability, physical, and mental fatigue) and consulted a physician twice as frequently for their sleeping difficulties than did other subjects with insomnia. CONCLUSIONS: Nonrestorative sleep is a frequent symptom in the general population, but its prevalence largely varies between countries. It is often associated with mental disorders and characteristics of sleep deprivation (such as extra sleep time on weekends). Nonrestorative sleep affected more frequently the active classes of the population and caused greater daytime impairment than difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep.
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“Nonrestorative sleep (i.e., sleep that is non-refreshing despite normal sleep duration) results in daytime impairments such as physical and intellectual fatigue, role impairments, and cognitive and memory problems [48].”
From Loneliness matters: a theoretical and empirical review of consequences and mechanisms (2010) · cites this paper as [48]
In the citing paper
“Sleep fragmentation is one insomnia complaint most associated with daytime dysfunction and report of poor sleep quality (Ohayon, 2005)”
From Sleep health: Reciprocal regulation of sleep and innate immunity (2017) · cites this paper as Ohayon, 2005
Citations
Cites
Epidemiology of insomnia: what we know and what we still need to learn
Ohayon, M. M. (2002) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1053/smrv.2002.0186 · Cited by 3,743
Self-citationLewis, G., Pelosi, A. J., Araya, R., & Dunn, G. (1992) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291700030415 · Cited by 1,487
Insomnia and Its Treatment: Prevalence and Correlates
Mellinger, G. D. (1985) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1985.01790260019002 · Cited by 1,071
Ancoli‐Israel, S., & Roth, T. G. (1999) · PubMed · Cited by 776
Comparability of telephone and face-to-face interviews in assessing axis I and II disorders
Rohde, P., Lewinsohn, P. M., & Seeley, J. R. (1997) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.154.11.1593 · Cited by 522
Wiegand, H. (1968) · Biometrische Zeitschrift · doi:10.1002/bimj.19680100122 · Cited by 510
What are the contributing factors for insomnia in the general population?
Ohayon, M. M., & Roth, T. G. (2001) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-3999(01)00285-9 · Cited by 280
Self-citationPrevalence and consequences of sleep disorders in a shift worker population
Ohayon, M. M., Lemoine, P., Arnaud-Briant, V., & Dreyfus, M. (2002) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-3999(02)00438-5 · Cited by 274
Self-citationPrevalence of insomnia and associated factors in South Korea
Ohayon, M. M., & Hong, S. (2002) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-3999(02)00449-x · Cited by 222
Self-citationLow sleep quality and daytime sleepiness in obese patients without obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome
Resta, O., Barbaro, M. P. F., Bonfitto, P., Giliberti, T., Depalo, A., Pannacciulli, N., & Pergola, G. D. (2003) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2796.2003.01133.x · Cited by 185
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Loneliness matters: a theoretical and empirical review of consequences and mechanisms
Hawkley, L. C., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2010) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12160-010-9210-8 · Cited by 4,782
“impairments, and cognitive and memory problems [48].”
Sleep Health: Can We Define It? Does It Matter?
Buysse, D. J. (2014) · SLEEP · doi:10.5665/sleep.3298 · Cited by 2,768
A Systematic Review Assessing Bidirectionality between Sleep Disturbances, Anxiety, and Depression
Alvaro, P. K., Roberts, R. M., & Harris, J. K. (2013) · Sleep · doi:10.5665/sleep.2810 · Cited by 1,573
Sleep health: Reciprocal regulation of sleep and innate immunity
Irwin, M. R., & Opp, M. R. (2017) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2016.148 · Cited by 624
Roth, T., Jaeger, S., Jin, R., Kalsekar, A., Stang, P. E., & Kessler, R. C. (2006) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.05.039 · Cited by 422
Metadata
- Authors
- Ohayon, M. M.
- Affiliations
- Stanford Medicine (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ohayon, Maurice M.
- ORCID
- Ohayon, Maurice M.
- Venue
- Archives of Internal Medicine
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2005-01-10
- Volume
- 165
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 35
- ISSN
- 0003-9926 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2105127676
- Cited by
- 276
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 15.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Archives of Internal Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Obstructive Sleep Apnea Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Keywords
- non-restorative sleep, prevalence, sleep complaints, daytime dysfunction, sleep deprivation, depression, bipolar disorder, sociodemographic factors, sleep timing, gender differences, general population
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Mental Disorders, Female, Finland, France, Germany, United Kingdom, Humans, Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders, Italy, Life Style, Male, Middle Aged, Portugal, Risk Factors, Sleep Deprivation, Spain, Stress, Psychological, Prevalence, Logistic Models
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