Alcohol Dosing and Total Mortality in Men and Women: An Updated Meta-analysis of 34 Prospective Studies
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Moderate consumption of alcohol is inversely related with coronary disease, but its association with mortality is controversial. We performed a meta-analysis of prospective studies on alcohol dosing and total mortality. METHODS: We searched PubMed for articles available until December 2005, supplemented by references from the selected articles. Thirty-four studies on men and women, for a total of 1 015 835 subjects and 94 533 deaths, were selected. Data were pooled with a weighed regression analysis of fractional polynomials. RESULTS: A J-shaped relationship between alcohol and total mortality was confirmed in adjusted studies, in both men and women. Consumption of alcohol, up to 4 drinks per day in men and 2 drinks per day in women, was inversely associated with total mortality, maximum protection being 18% in women (99% confidence interval, 13%-22%) and 17% in men (99% confidence interval, 15%-19%). Higher doses of alcohol were associated with increased mortality. The inverse association in women disappeared at doses lower than in men. When adjusted and unadjusted data were compared, the maximum protection was only reduced from 19% to 16%. The degree of association in men was lower in the United States than in Europe. CONCLUSIONS: Low levels of alcohol intake (1-2 drinks per day for women and 2-4 drinks per day for men) are inversely associated with total mortality in both men and women. Our findings, while confirming the hazards of excess drinking, indicate potential windows of alcohol intake that may confer a net beneficial effect of moderate drinking, at least in terms of survival.
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The frequency or amount of a given behavior or activity is a potential objective indicator of control problems, as with frequency of alcohol consumption.
“The frequency or amount of a given behavior or activity is a potential objective indicator of control problems (eg, frequency of alcohol consumption45-47).”
From Assessment and treatment of compulsive sexual behavior disorder: a sexual medicine perspective (2024) · cites this paper as [46]
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- Authors
- Di Castelnuovo, A.
- Venue
- Archives of Internal Medicine
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2006-12-11
- Volume
- 166
- Issue
- 22
- Pages
- 2437
- ISSN
- 0003-9926 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2149650579
- Cited by
- 930
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 47 · 2021: 53 · 2020: 45 · 2019: 46 · 2018: 57 · 2017: 53 · 2016: 57 · 2015: 68 · 2014: 68 · 2013: 52 · 2012: 71
- FWCI
- 21.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Archives of Internal Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- BOA (University of Milano-Bicocca) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Alcohol Consumption and Health Effects
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Keywords
- alcohol consumption, all-cause mortality, moderate drinking, J-shaped relationship, sex differences, alcohol dose-response, coronary disease
- MeSH terms
- Alcohol Drinking, Alcoholic Intoxication, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Europe, Female, Humans, Male, Prospective Studies, Socioeconomic Factors, United States, Logistic Models, Survival Analysis
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