The DOI matches its Crossref record; 33 of the 34 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Recommended Standard of Cerebrospinal Fluid Analysis in the Diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis: A Consensus Statement
Abstract
New criteria for the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis (MS) were published as the result of an internationally formed committee. To increase the specificity of diagnosis and to minimize the number of false diagnoses, the committee recommended the use of both clinical and paraclinical criteria, the latter involving information obtained from magnetic resonance imaging, evoked potentials, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis. Although rigorous magnetic resonance imaging requirements were provided, the "new criteria paper" fell short in terms of guidelines as to how the CSF analysis should be performed and simply equated the IgG index with isoelectric focusing, without any justification. The spectrum of parameters analyzed and methods for CSF analysis differ worldwide and often yield variable results in terms of sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and reliability, with no decided "optimal" CSF test for the diagnosis of MS. To address this question specifically, an international panel of experts in MS and CSF diagnostic techniques was convened and the result was this article, representing a consensus of all the participants. These recommendations for establishing a standard for the evaluation of CSF in patients suspected of having MS should greatly complement the new criteria in ensuring that a correct diagnosis of MS is being made.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Multiple studies provide evidence that in adult patients with CIS, CSF OCBs are an independent predictor of the risk of a second attack when controlling for demographic, clinical, treatment, and MRI variables. 61-69”
From Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: 2017 revisions of the McDonald criteria (2018) · cites this paper as [64]
In the citing paper
“but in some patients, further supportive information can be obtained from cerebrospinal fluid examination and neurophysiological testing.”
From Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: progress and challenges (2017) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“Qualitative assessment of IgG using isoelectric focusing and immunofixation is the optimal method for detection of OCBs.14”
From Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: progress and challenges (2017) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“CSF findings in MS include a normal or mildly raised white cell count (<25 cells/cm 3 , predominantly lymphocytes) and protein (usually <1g/L), a raised IgG index and IgG oligoclonal bands (OCBs) not present in serum.14”
From Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: progress and challenges (2017) · cites this paper as [14]
Citations
Cites
Tibbling, G., Link, H., & Ohman, S. (1977) · Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation · doi:10.1080/00365517709091496 · Cited by 971
Cerebrospinal fluid analysis: disease-related data patterns and evaluation programs
Reiber, H., & Peter, J. B. (2001) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/s0022-510x(00)00501-3 · Cited by 740
Qin, Y., Duquette, P., Zhang, Y., Talbot, P. J., Poole, R., & Antel, J. P. (1998) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci3568 · Cited by 323
The intrathecal, polyspecific and oligoclonal immune response in multiple sclerosis
Reiber, H., Ungefehr, S., & Jacobi, C. (1998) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/135245859800400304 · Cited by 305
McLean, B., Luxton, R. W., & Thompson, E. J. (1990) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/113.5.1269 · Cited by 206
Self-citationVandvik, B., Norrby, E., Nordal, H. J., & DECRÉ, M. (1976) · Scandinavian Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-3083.1976.tb03050.x · Cited by 194
A study of oligoclonal band negative multiple sclerosis.
Zeman, A. Z., Kidd, D. P., McLean, B., Kelly, M. A., Francis, D. A., Miller, D. H., Kendall, B. E., Rudge, P., Thompson, E. J., & McDonald, W. I. (1996) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.60.1.27 · Cited by 161
Self-citationIgG production within the central nervous system: A critical review of proposed formulae
Lefvert, A. K., & Link, H. (1985) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.410170105 · Cited by 129
Oligoclonal IgG Bands in Cerebrospinal Fluid
Kostulas, V. (1987) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.1987.00520220043014 · Cited by 119
O’Connor, K. C., Chitnis, T., Griffin, D. E., Piyasirisilp, S., Bar‐Or, A., Khoury, S. J., Wucherpfennig, K. W., & Hafler, D. A. (2003) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/s0165-5728(03)00002-x · Cited by 98
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–200 of 627
2017 McDonald diagnostic criteria: A review of the evidence
McNicholas, N., Hutchinson, M., McGuigan, C., & Chataway, J. (2018) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2018.05.011 · Cited by 65
Free light chain monomers in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis
Kaplan, B., Aizenbud, B. M., Golderman, S., Yaskariev, R., & Sela, B. (2010) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2010.09.002 · Cited by 57
Lourenço, P., Shirani, A., Saeedi, J. A., Oger, J., Schreiber, W. E., & Tremlett, H. L. (2012) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/1352458512459684 · Cited by 57
Multiple Sclerosis Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers
Giovannoni, G. (2006) · Disease Markers · doi:10.1155/2006/509476 · Cited by 57
Self-citationUher, T., Horáková, D., Týblová, M., Zeman, D., Krasulová, E., Mrázová, K., Seidl, Z., Vaněčková, M., Krásenský, J., Weinstock‐Guttman, B., et al. (2015) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/1352458515601903 · Cited by 56
Intrathecal IgG Synthesis: A Resistant and Valuable Target for Future Multiple Sclerosis Treatments
Bonnan, M. (2015) · Multiple Sclerosis International · doi:10.1155/2015/296184 · Cited by 56
Updates on Clinically Isolated Syndrome and Diagnostic Criteria for Multiple Sclerosis
Marcus, J. F., & Waubant, E. L. (2012) · The Neurohospitalist · doi:10.1177/1941874412457183 · Cited by 61
Tear analysis in clinically isolated syndrome as new multiple sclerosis criterion
Calais, G., Forzy, G., Crinquette, C., Mackowiak, A., Seze, J. D., Blanc, F., Lebrun‐Frénay, C., Heinzlef, O., Clavelou, P., Moreau, T., et al. (2009) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/1352458509352195 · Cited by 55
Development of biomarkers for multiple sclerosis as a neurodegenerative disorder
Ziemann, U., Wahl, M., Hattingen, E., & Tumani, H. (2011) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2011.04.007 · Cited by 55
An update on the use of cerebrospinal fluid analysis as a diagnostic tool in multiple sclerosis
Gastaldi, M., Zardini, E., & Franciotta, D. M. (2016) · Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics · doi:10.1080/14737159.2017.1262260 · Cited by 54
IgG Index Revisited: Diagnostic Utility and Prognostic Value in Multiple Sclerosis
Zheng, Y., Cai, M., Yang, F., Zhou, J., Fang, W. J., Shen, C., Zhang, Y., & Ding, M. (2020) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.01799 · Cited by 55
Applying the 2017 McDonald diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis – Authors' reply
Thompson, A. J., Reingold, S. C., & Cohen, J. A. (2018) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(18)30168-6 · Cited by 61
Clinical characteristics of multiple sclerosis in Lebanon
Yamout, B., Barada, W., Tohme, R. A., Sibai, A. M., Khalifeh, R., & El-Hajj, T. (2008) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2008.02.009 · Cited by 53
Pryce, G., & Baker, D. (2018) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2018.07.030 · Cited by 57
Iron and the folate-vitamin B12-methylation pathway in multiple sclerosis
van Rensburg, S. J., Kotze, M. J., Hon, D., Haug, P., Kuyler, J., Hendricks, M. K., Botha, J., Potocnik, F. C. V., Matsha, T. E., & Erasmus, R. T. (2006) · Metabolic Brain Disease · doi:10.1007/s11011-006-9019-0 · Cited by 53
Cameron, E. M., Spencer, S. M., Lazarini, J., Harp, C. T., Ward, E. S., Burgoon, M. P., Owens, G. P., Racke, M. K., Bennett, J. L., Frohman, E. M., et al. (2009) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2009.05.014 · Cited by 52
Self-citationElevated CSF neurofilament proteins predict brain atrophy: A 15-year follow-up study
Petzold, A., Steenwijk, M. D., Eikelenboom, J. M., Wattjes, M. P., & Uitdehaag, B. M. J. (2016) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/1352458516645206 · Cited by 52
Regeniter, A., Kuhle, J., Mehling, M., Möller, H., Wurster, U., Freidank, H., & Siede, W. H. (2009) · Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery · doi:10.1016/j.clineuro.2008.12.004 · Cited by 58
Pathogenic autoantibodies in multiple sclerosis — from a simple idea to a complex concept
Höftberger, R., Lassmann, H., Berger, T., & Reindl, M. (2022) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/s41582-022-00700-2 · Cited by 50
Vitamin D receptor binding, chromatin states and association with multiple sclerosis
Disanto, G., Sandve, G. K., Berlanga‐Taylor, A. J., Ragnedda, G., Morahan, J. M., Watson, C. T., Giovannoni, G., Ebers, G. C., & Ramagopalan, S. V. (2012) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/dds189 · Cited by 50
Self-citationIntrathecal kappa free light chains as markers for multiple sclerosis
Vecchio, D., Bellomo, G., Serino, R., Virgilio, E., Lamonaca, M., Dianzani, U., Cantello, R. M., Comi, C., & Crespi, I. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-77029-7 · Cited by 52
Clinical association of intrathecal and mirrored oligoclonal bands in paediatric neurology
Sinclair, A. J., Wienholt, L. A., Tantsis, E. M., Brilot, F., & Dale, R. C. (2012) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2012.04443.x · Cited by 49
Gray Matter Is Targeted in First-Attack Multiple Sclerosis
Schutzer, S. E., Angel, T. E., Liu, T., Schepmoes, A., Xie, F., Bergquist, J., Vécsei, L., Zádori, D., Camp, D., Holland, B. K., et al. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0066117 · Cited by 49
Sánchez, P., Meca‐Lallana, V., Barbosa, A., Manzanares, R., Palmí, I., & Vivancos, J. (2017) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2017.08.005 · Cited by 49
de Vries, R. M. V. D. V., Wong, Y. Y. M., Mescheriakova, J. Y., van Pelt, E. D., Runia, T. F., Jafari, N., Siepman, T. A. M., Melief, M., Wierenga‐Wolf, A. F., van Luijn, M. M., et al. (2018) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/1352458518775303 · Cited by 49
Free light chains: Eclectic multipurpose biomarker
Basile, U., Gulli, F., Gragnani, L., Napodano, C., Pocino, K., Rapaccini, G. L., Mussap, M., & Zignego, A. L. (2017) · Journal of Immunological Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jim.2017.09.005 · Cited by 48
The increasing role of Kappa free light chains in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis
Konen, F. F., Schwenkenbecher, P., Jendretzky, K. F., Gingele, S., Sühs, K.-W., Tumani, H., Süße, M., & Skripuletz, T. (2021) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells10113056 · Cited by 47
Positive cerebrospinal fluid in the 2024 McDonald criteria for multiple sclerosis
Deisenhammer, F., Hegen, H., Arrambide, G., Banwell, B. L., Coetzee, T., Gnanapavan, S., Montalban, X., Tumani, H., Willrich, M. A., & Freedman, M. S. (2025) · eBioMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2025.105905 · Cited by 46
Self-citationVirtanen, J. O., Nicklén, J., Uotila, L., Färkkilä, M., Vaheri, A. I., & Koskiniemi, M. (2011) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2011.06.012 · Cited by 46
Courtney, A., Treadaway, K., Remington, G. M., & Frohman, E. M. (2009) · Medical Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.mcna.2008.09.014 · Cited by 46
Prognostic value of free light chains lambda and kappa in early multiple sclerosis
Voortman, M. M., Stojaković, T., Pirpamer, L., Jehna, M., Langkammer, C., Scharnagl, H., Reindl, M., Ropele, S., Seifert‐Held, T., Archelos, J.-J., et al. (2016) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/1352458516681503 · Cited by 45
Matute‐Blanch, C., Montalbán, X., & Comabella, M. (2017) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-804279-3.00005-8 · Cited by 45
Accuracy of diagnostic tests in multiple sclerosis - a systematic review
Schäffler, N., Köpke, S., Winkler, L., Schippling, S., Inglese, M., Fischer, K., & Heesen, C. (2010) · Acta Neurologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0404.2010.01454.x · Cited by 45
Multiple sclerosis: Disease biomarkers as indicated by pathophysiology
Berger, T., & Reindl, M. (2007) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2006.05.070 · Cited by 44
The cerebrospinal fluid in multiple sclerosis: far beyond the bands
Domingues, R. B., Fernandes, G. B. P., Leite, F. B. V. D. M., Tilbery, C. P., Thomaz, R. B., Silva, G. S., Mangueira, C. L. P., & Soares, C. A. S. (2017) · Einstein (São Paulo) · doi:10.1590/s1679-45082017rw3706 · Cited by 43
Quantitation of intrathecal immunoglobulin synthesis – a new empirical formula
Auer, M., Hegen, H., Zeileis, A., & Deisenhammer, F. (2016) · European Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1111/ene.12924 · Cited by 43
Self-citationCSF profile in primary progressive multiple sclerosis: Re-exploring the basics
Abdelhak, A., Hottenrott, T., Mayer, C., Hintereder, G., Zettl, U. K., Stich, O., & Tumani, H. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0182647 · Cited by 44
Kappa free light chains in cerebrospinal fluid to identify patients with oligoclonal bands
Süße, M., Hannich, M. J., Petersmann, A., Zylla, S., Pietzner, M., Nauck, M. A., & Dressel, A. (2018) · European Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1111/ene.13667 · Cited by 43
Cerebrospinal Fluid Interleukin-6 in Central Nervous System Inflammatory Diseases
Wullschleger, A., Kapina, V., Molnarfi, N., Courvoisier, D. S., Seebach, J. D., Santiago‐Raber, M., Hochstrasser, D. F., & Lalive, P. H. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0072399 · Cited by 43
Evidence of Oligoclonal Bands Does Not Exclude Non-Inflammatory Neurological Diseases
Pannewitz‐Makaj, K., Wurster, U., Jendretzky, K. F., Gingele, S., Sühs, K., Stangel, M., Skripuletz, T., & Schwenkenbecher, P. (2020) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics11010037 · Cited by 41
Interlaboratory Reproducibility of Isoelectric Focusing in Oligoclonal Band Detection
Franciotta, D. M., & Lolli, F. (2007) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1373/clinchem.2007.089052 · Cited by 41
Selective emergence of antibody-secreting cells in the multiple sclerosis brain
Bogers, L., Engelenburg, H. J., Janssen, M., Unger, P.-P. A., Melief, M.-J., Wierenga-Wolf, A. F., Hsiao, C.-C., Mason, M. R. J., Hamann, J., van Langelaar, J., et al. (2023) · eBioMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104465 · Cited by 40
Hegen, H., Walde, J. F., Milosavljevic, D., Aboulenein-Djamshidian, F., Şenel, M., Tumani, H., Deisenhammer, F., & Presslauer, S. (2019) · Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM) · doi:10.1515/cclm-2018-1300 · Cited by 42
Self-citationRobinson‐Agramonte, M. D. L. Á., Reiber, H., Cabrera-Gómez, J. A., & Sánchez, R. G. (2006) · Acta Neurologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0404.2006.00755.x · Cited by 39
Christiansen, M., Carstensen, M., Stilund, M., Christensen, T., Petersen, T., & Møller, H. J. (2018) · Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM) · doi:10.1515/cclm-2018-0400 · Cited by 39
CSF Kappa Free Light Chains: Cutoff Validation for Diagnosing Multiple Sclerosis
Saadeh, R. S., Bryant, S. C., McKeon, A. B., Weinshenker, B. G., Murray, D. L., Pittock, S. J., & Willrich, M. A. V. (2021) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2021.09.014 · Cited by 40
Franciotta, D. M., Stefano, A. L. D., Jarius, S., Zardini, E., Tavazzi, E., Ballerini, C., Marchioni, E., Bergamaschi, R., & Ceroni, M. (2010) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2010.10.027 · Cited by 38
Hegen, H., Berek, K., & Deisenhammer, F. (2022) · Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift · doi:10.1007/s10354-022-00912-7 · Cited by 40
Self-citationBone-marrow transplantation fails to halt intrathecal lymphocyte activation in multiple sclerosis
Mondria, T., Lamers, C. H. J., Boekhorst, P. A. W. T., Gratama, J. W., & Hintzen, R. Q. (2008) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.2007.133520 · Cited by 38
Zipoli, V., Hakiki, B., Portaccio, E., Lolli, F., Siracusa, G., Giannini, M., Pantoni, L., Pescini, F., Sorbi, S., & Amato, M. P. (2009) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/1352458508100502 · Cited by 38
Agnello, L., Gambino, C. M., Ciaccio, A. M., Masucci, A., Vassallo, R., Tamburello, M., Scazzone, C., Sasso, B. L., & Ciaccio, M. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25084323 · Cited by 38
Axelsson, M., Mattsson, N., Malmeström, C., Zetterberg, H., & Lycke, J. (2013) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2013.09.003 · Cited by 37
Pathogenesis of Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis
Vargas-Lowy, D., & Chitnis, T. (2012) · Journal of Child Neurology · doi:10.1177/0883073812456084 · Cited by 37
Schwenkenbecher, P., Sarikidi, A., Wurster, U., Bronzlik, P., Sühs, K., Raab, P., Stangel, M., Pul, R., & Skripuletz, T. (2016) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms17091592 · Cited by 37
Cerebrospinal fluid free light chains as diagnostic biomarker in neuroborreliosis
Hegen, H., Milosavljevic, D., Schnabl, C., Manowiecka, A., Walde, J. F., Deisenhammer, F., & Presslauer, S. (2018) · Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM) · doi:10.1515/cclm-2018-0028 · Cited by 37
Self-citationBrooks, J., McCudden, C. R., Breiner, A., & Bourque, P. R. (2019) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-025348 · Cited by 37
Hegen, H., Zinganell, A., Auer, M., & Deisenhammer, F. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0215410 · Cited by 37
Self-citationSerum neurofilament light chain in pediatric MS and other acquired demyelinating syndromes
Wong, Y. Y. M., Bruijstens, A. L., Barro, C., Michalak, Z., Melief, M., Wierenga‐Wolf, A. F., van Pelt, E. D., Neuteboom, R. F., Kühle, J., & Hintzen, R. Q. (2019) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000008057 · Cited by 37
Glycopeptide-Based Antibody Detection in Multiple Sclerosis by Surface Plasmon Resonance
Real‐Fernández, F., Passalacqua, I., Peroni, E., Chelli, M., Lolli, F., Papini, A. M., & Rovero, P. (2012) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s120505596 · Cited by 37
Geladaris, A., Häusser‐Kinzel, S., Pretzsch, R., Nissimov, N., Lehmann‐Horn, K., Häusler, D., & Weber, M. S. (2023) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-023-02552-6 · Cited by 36
Predicting multiple sclerosis severity with multimodal deep neural networks
Zhang, K., Lincoln, J. A., Jiang, X., Bernstam, E. V., & Shams, S. (2023) · BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making · doi:10.1186/s12911-023-02354-6 · Cited by 38
Cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis: lessons from cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers
Filippo, M. D., Gaetani, L., Salvadori, N., Chipi, E., Gentili, L., Borrelli, A., & Parnetti, L. (2020) · Neural Regeneration Research · doi:10.4103/1673-5374.286949 · Cited by 37
Berek, K., Bsteh, G., Auer, M., Pauli, F. D., Zinganell, A., Berger, T., Deisenhammer, F., & Hegen, H. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.675307 · Cited by 36
Self-citationDiaz, C. T. S., Flórez, S. D. L. H., Pérez, M. C., Pérez, M. Á. H., & García, V. M. (2021) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2021.676527 · Cited by 37
Giovannoni, G. (2014) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-52001-2.00029-7 · Cited by 38
Self-citationFreedman, M., Laks, J. A., Dotan, N., Altstock, R. T., Dukler, A., & Sindic, C. (2009) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/1352458508101944 · Cited by 36
Self-citationCerebrospinal Fluid Analysis in Multiple Sclerosis
Luque, F. A., & Jaffe, S. L. (2007) · International review of neurobiology · doi:10.1016/s0074-7742(07)79015-3 · Cited by 36
Olfactory function in patients with multiple sclerosis: A diffusion tensor imaging study
Erb, K., Böhner, G., Harms, L., Goektas, O., Fleiner, F., Dommes, E., Schmidt, F., Dahlslett, S. B., & Lüdemann, L. (2012) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2012.01.031 · Cited by 35
Lee, D. H., Peschke, M., Utz, K. S., & Linker, R. A. (2018) · European Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1111/ene.13853 · Cited by 36
Distinguishing neurosarcoidosis from multiple sclerosis based on CSF analysis
Arun, T., Pattison, L., & Palace, J. A. (2020) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000009491 · Cited by 35
Wu, J.-S., Qiu, W., Castley, A. S. L., JAMES, I. R., Joseph, J. P., Christiansen, F., Carroll, W. M., Mastaglia, F. L., & Kermode, A. G. (2009) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2009.10.005 · Cited by 35
Accuracy of CSF and MRI criteria for dissemination in space in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis
Villar, L. M., Barragán, N. G., Sádaba, M. C., Espiño, M., Rial, J. G., Millán, J. M. S., González‐Porqué, P., & Alvarez-Cermeño, J. C. (2007) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2007.08.030 · Cited by 35
Cerebrospinal Fluid Myelin Basic Protein Is Frequently Ordered but Has Little Value
Greene, D. N., Schmidt, R. L., Wilson, A. R., Freedman, M. S., & Grenache, D. G. (2012) · American Journal of Clinical Pathology · doi:10.1309/ajcpcych96qyphjm · Cited by 35
Self-citationJin, H., Lu, Q., Gao, F., & Hao, H.-J. (2023) · Annals of Translational Medicine · doi:10.21037/atm-21-3073 · Cited by 36
Cerebrospinal Fluid Pathologies in Schizophrenia-Spectrum Disorder—A Retrospective Chart Review
Campana, M., Strauß, J., Muenz, S., Oviedo-Salcedo, T., Fernando, P., Eichhorn, P., Falkai, P., Hasan, A., & Wagner, E. M. (2021) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbab105 · Cited by 34
Differential diagnosis of suspected multiple sclerosis: global health considerations
Correale, J. D., Solomon, A. J., Cohen, J. A., Banwell, B., Gracia, F., Gyang, T. V., Bedoya, F., Harnegie, M. P., Hemmer, B., Jacob, A., et al. (2024) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(24)00256-4 · Cited by 33
Fransen, N. L., de Jong, B. A., Heß, K., Kuhlmann, T., Vincenten, M. C. J., Hamann, J., Huitinga, I., & Smolders, J. (2021) · Neurology Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1212/nxi.0000000000000955 · Cited by 33
Libá, Z., Nohejlova, H., Čapek, V., Kršek, P., Šedivá, A., & Kayserová, J. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0219987 · Cited by 33
Multiple sclerosis or multiple possibilities
Rudick, R. A., & Miller, A. (2012) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0b013e318259e2e2 · Cited by 33
Potential Biomarkers Associated with Multiple Sclerosis Pathology
Mathur, D., Mishra, B. K., Rout, S., Lopez-Iranzo, F. J., López‐Rodas, G., Vallamkondu, J., Kandimalla, R. J. L., & Casanova, B. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms221910323 · Cited by 32
Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder in patients with connective tissue disease and myelitis
Kolfenbach, J., Horner, B. J., Ferucci, E. D., & West, S. G. (2011) · Arthritis Care & Research · doi:10.1002/acr.20486 · Cited by 32
Safety and Efficacy of Rituximab: Experience of a Single Multiple Sclerosis Center
Alldredge, B., Jordan, A., Imitola, J., & Racke, M. K. (2018) · Clinical Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1097/wnf.0000000000000268 · Cited by 32
Self-citationPuthenparampil, M., Altinier, S., Stropparo, E., Zywicki, S., Poggiali, D., Cazzola, C., Toffanin, E., Ruggero, S., Grassivaro, F., Zaninotto, M., et al. (2018) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2018.08.002 · Cited by 32
Oligoclonal bands and kappa free light chains: Competing parameters or complementary biomarkers?
Konen, F. F., Wurster, U., Schwenkenbecher, P., Gerritzen, A., Groß, C. C., Eichhorn, P., Harrer, A., Isenmann, S., Lewczuk, P., Lewerenz, J., et al. (2025) · Autoimmunity Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2025.103765 · Cited by 31
Ticozzi, N., Tiloca, C., Mencacci, N. E., Morelli, C., Doretti, A., Rusconi, D., Colombrita, C., Sangalli, D., Verde, F., Finelli, P., et al. (2012) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-012-6589-0 · Cited by 31
Multiple Sclerosis Misdiagnosis: A Persistent Problem to Solve
Gaitán, M. I., & Correale, J. D. (2019) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2019.00466 · Cited by 30
Schreiber, S., Schreiber, F., Garz, C., Dębska–Vielhaber, G., Assmann, A., Perosa, V., Petri, S., Dengler, R., Nestor, P. J., & Vielhaber, S. (2019) · Muscle & Nerve · doi:10.1002/mus.26444 · Cited by 30
Khani, M., Sass, L. R., Sharp, M. K., McCabe, A. R., Verbick, L. Z., Lad, S. P., & Martin, B. A. (2020) · Fluids and Barriers of the CNS · doi:10.1186/s12987-020-00185-5 · Cited by 29
Li, J.-Y., Cai, Z., Sun, X., Shen, D., Yang, X., Liu, M., & Cui, L. (2021) · Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10072-021-05731-z · Cited by 29
Balnytė, R., Rastenytė, D., Vaitkus, A., Mickevičienė, D., Skrodenienė, E., Vitkauskienė, A., & Ulozienė, I. (2013) · BMC Neurology · doi:10.1186/1471-2377-13-77 · Cited by 29
The presence of oligoclonal IgG bands in human CSF during the course of neurological diseases
Haertle, M., Kallweit, U., Weller, M., & Linnebank, M. (2014) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-013-7234-2 · Cited by 30
Utility of oligoclonal IgG band detection for MS diagnosis in daily clinical practice
Abraira, V., Alvarez‐Cermeño, J. C., Arroyo, R., Cámara, C., Casanova, B., Cubillo, S., de Andrés, C., Espejo, C., Fernández, Ó., Ferrer, J. M., et al. (2011) · Journal of Immunological Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jim.2011.06.009 · Cited by 29
Hegen, H., Berek, K., Cavalla, P., Christiansen, M., Emeršič, A., Filippo, M. D., Gaetani, L., Hassler, M., Leurs, C. E., Milosavljevic, D., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1327947 · Cited by 28
Self-citationPrognostic factors for multiple sclerosis symptoms in radiologically isolated syndrome
Fissolo, N., Schaedelin, S., Villar, L. M., Lünemann, J. D., Correale, J., Rejdak, K., Schwab, N., Vilaseca, A., Held, F., García-Merino, A., et al. (2025) · JAMA Neurology · doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2025.1481 · Cited by 27
Subjective visual vertical and visual dependency in patients with multiple sclerosis
Ulozienė, I., Totilienė, M., Balnytė, R., Kuzminienė, A., Kregždytė, R., Paulauskas, A., Blažauskas, T., Marozas, V., Uloza, V., & Kaski, D. N. (2020) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2020.102255 · Cited by 27
Acute autoimmune transverse myelitis following COVID-19 vaccination
Hirose, S., Hara, M., Koda, K., Natori, N., Yokota, Y., Ninomiya, S., & Nakajima, H. (2021) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000028423 · Cited by 27
Becker, M., Latarche, C., Román, E., Debouverie, M., Malaplate, C., & Guillemin, F. (2015) · BMC Neurology · doi:10.1186/s12883-015-0330-4 · Cited by 27
Intrathecal immunoglobulin synthesis: The potential value of an adjunct test
Emeršič, A., Anadolli, V., Krsnik, M., & Rot, U. (2018) · Clinica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.cca.2018.12.006 · Cited by 27
Association of HLA‐DRB1*15 allele and CSF oligoclonal bands in a Spanish multiple sclerosis cohort
Romero-Pinel, L., Martínez‐Yélamos, S., Bau, L., Matas, E., Gubieras, L., Pujal, J. M., Morandeira, F., Bas, J., & Arbizu, T. (2011) · European Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2011.03379.x · Cited by 26
Lim, B. C., Hwang, H. Y., Kim, K. J., Hwang, Y. S., Cheon, J., Kim, I.-O., Kim, H. J., & Chae, J. (2010) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/1352458510382685 · Cited by 26
Metadata
- Authors
- Freedman, M. S., Thompson, E. J., Deisenhammer, F., Giovannoni, G., Grimsley, G., Keir, G., Öhman, S., Racke, M. K., Sharief, M., Sindic, C. J. M., Sellebjerg, F., & Tourtellotte, W. W.
- Affiliations
- University of Ottawa (CA)
- Venue
- Archives of Neurology
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2005-06-01
- Volume
- 62
- Issue
- 6
- ISSN
- 0003-9942 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2123646700
- Cited by
- 41
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2023: 1 · 2020: 3 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 2.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Archives of Neurology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Multiple Sclerosis Research Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Peripheral Neuropathies and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Infectious Diseases and Tuberculosis
- Keywords
- multiple sclerosis, cerebrospinal fluid analysis, diagnostic criteria, IgG index, isoelectric focusing, magnetic resonance imaging, evoked potentials, diagnostic standardization, false diagnosis
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
