Oligoclonal bands and kappa free light chains: Competing parameters or complementary biomarkers?
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: The 2024-revised McDonald criteria for multiple sclerosis (MS) proposed to incorporate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-specific oligoclonal bands and kappa free light chains (KFLC) as diagnostic biomarkers. While the 2017-revised criteria highlighted CSF-specific oligoclonal bands to indicate intrathecal IgG synthesis, significantly enhancing early MS diagnosis, KFLC have emerged as additional marker. Now, the question rises of whether both biomarkers serve as competing or complementary tools in MS diagnostics. METHODS: In this narrative review, we extensively searched the literature on oligoclonal bands and KFLC determination in CSF and serum across neurological disorders, with a focus on MS, using the PubMed database to demonstrate the complementarity of both biomarkers. RESULTS: Oligoclonal bands have long been a reliable marker of intrathecal IgG synthesis in MS, valued for their high diagnostic sensitivity, unique patient "fingerprints," clonality differentiation, semi-quantitative analysis, and pre-analytic robustness. However, they present challenges in standardization, labor-intensity, method variability, examiner dependency, and limited data on non-IgG immunoglobulins. Quantitative KFLC measurement provides rapid, examiner-independent, and cost-effective assessment across all immunoglobulin classes but might have lower specificity, lacked consensus on standardized interpretation in recent years, and is not yet supported by comprehensive prospective multinational studies on its prognostic role. CONCLUSION: Both oligoclonal bands and KFLC have unique strengths and limitations that complement each other, potentially serving as complementary markers for evaluating intrathecal Ig synthesis in MS diagnosis. Further evidence is needed to establish the value of KFLC in MS diagnosis, thus multicenter prospective studies are being conducted to compare the diagnostic utility of both markers.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
When applying the published diagnostic sensitivity of the select-6∗ methods of 82%-89%, hypothetically some of the missed MS diagnoses could have been made, possibly reaching a similar proportion of MS diagnosis as compared with detection of KFLC.
“When applying the published diagnostic sensitivity of the select-6∗ methods of 82%–89%, hypothetically some of the missed MS diagnoses could have been made, possibly reaching a similar proportion of MS diagnosis as compared with detection of KFLC.”
From Applying the 2024-revised McDonald criteria for multiple sclerosis using conventional diagnostic tools: a single-centre prospective cohort study in Germany (2026) · cites this paper as [12]
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn CSF, intrathecal inflammation can be demonstrated by oligoclonal bands (OCB) or by kappa free light chains (KFLC).
“in CSF, intrathecal inflammation can be demonstrated by oligoclonal bands (OCB) or by kappa free light chains (KFLC), which represent a complementary biomarker.8, 9, 10, 11, 12”
From Applying the 2024-revised McDonald criteria for multiple sclerosis using conventional diagnostic tools: a single-centre prospective cohort study in Germany (2026) · cites this paper as [12]
CSF analysis in general and detection of CSF-restricted oligoclonal bands in special are pivotal for differential diagnosis beyond the diagnostic contribution, helping to exclude mimics and provide additional diagnostic information such as the clonality of IgG.
“CSF analysis in general and detection of CSF-restricted oligoclonal bands in special are pivotal for differential diagnosis beyond the diagnostic contribution, helping to exclude mimics and provide additional diagnostic information such as the clonality of IgG.”
From Applying the 2024-revised McDonald criteria for multiple sclerosis using conventional diagnostic tools: a single-centre prospective cohort study in Germany (2026) · cites this paper as [12]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: 2017 revisions of the McDonald criteria
Thompson, A. J., Banwell, B. L., Barkhof, F., Carroll, W. M., Coetzee, T., Comi, G., Correale, J., Fazekas, F., Filippi, M., Freedman, M. S., et al. (2018) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(17)30470-2 · Cited by 8,167 · see citing works
Cerebrospinal fluid in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: a consensus report.
Andersson, M., Alvarez-Cermeno, J., Bernardi, G., Cogato, I., Fredman, P., Frederiksen, J., Fredrikson, S., Gallo, P., Grimaldi, L. M., Gronning, M., et al. (1994) · Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.57.8.897 · Cited by 741 · see citing works
Self-citationIsolated bipallidal lesions caused by extrapontine myelinolysis.
(2008) · Institutional Research Information System (Università degli Studi di Brescia) · doi:10.1212/01 · Cited by 573 · see citing works
Rituximab reduces B cells and T cells in cerebrospinal fluid of multiple sclerosis patients
Cross, A. H., Stark, J. L., Lauber, J., Ramsbottom, M. J., & Lyons, J. (2006) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2006.06.029 · Cited by 455 · see citing works
Guidelines on routine cerebrospinal fluid analysis. Report from an EFNS task force
Deisenhammer, F., Bartoš, A., Egg, R., Gilhus, N. E., Giovannoni, G., Rauer, S., & Sellebjerg, F. T. (2006) · European Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2006.01493.x · Cited by 368 · see citing works
Jarius, S., Paul, F., Franciotta, D., Ruprecht, K., Ringelstein, M., Bergamaschi, R., Rommer, P., Kleiter, I., Stich, O., Reuss, R., et al. (2011) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2011.03.038 · Cited by 361 · see citing works
Self-citationThe contemporary spectrum of multiple sclerosis misdiagnosis
Solomon, A. J., Bourdette, D. N., Cross, A. H., Applebee, A., Skidd, P. M., Howard, D. B., Spain, R. I., Cameron, M. H., Kim, E., Mass, M. K., et al. (2016) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000003152 · Cited by 334 · see citing works
Misdiagnosis of multiple sclerosis
Solomon, A. J., Naismith, R. T., & Cross, A. H. (2018) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000006583 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
High‐dose intravenous methylprednisolone in the treatment of multiple sclerosis
Durelli, L., Cocito, D., Riccio, A., Barile, C., Bergamasco, B., Gf, B., Perla, F. M., Delsedime, M., Gusmaroli, G., & Bergamini, L. (1986) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.36.2.238 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Intrathecal IgM synthesis is a prognostic factor in multiple sclerosis
Villar, L. M., Masjuán, J., González‐Porqué, P., Plaza, J. M., Sádaba, M. C., Roldán, E., Bootello, A., & Alvarez-Cermeño, J. C. (2002) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.10441 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Reiber, H. (1995) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1093/clinchem/41.2.256 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Intrathecal oligoclonal IgG synthesis in multiple sclerosis
Petzold, A. (2013) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2013.06.014 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Elevated levels of kappa free light chains in CSF support the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis
Presslauer, S., Milosavljevic, D., Brücke, T., Bayer, P., & Hübl, W. (2008) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-008-0954-z · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Hegen, H., Walde, J. F., Berek, K., Arrambide, G., Gnanapavan, S., Kaplan, B., Khalil, M., Saadeh, R. S., Teunissen, C. E., Tumani, H., et al. (2022) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/13524585221134213 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Self-citationIntrathecal IgM synthesis predicts the onset of new relapses and a worse disease course in MS
Villar, L. M., Masjuán, J., González‐Porqué, P., Plaza, J. M., Sádaba, M. C., Quirós-Roldán, E., Bootello, A., & Alvarez‐Cermeño, J. C. (2002) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.59.4.555 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Oligoclonal Band Number as a Marker for Prognosis in Multiple Sclerosis
Avasarala, J., Cross, A. H., & Trotter, J. L. (2001) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.58.12.2044 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Masjuán, J., Alvarez-Cermeño, J. C., Barragán, N. G., Díaz-Sánchez, M., Espiño, M., Sádaba, M. C., González‐Porqué, P., Millán, J. M. S., & Villar, L. M. (2006) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000198253.35119.83 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Presslauer, S., Milosavljevic, D., Huebl, W., Aboulenein-Djamshidian, F., Krugluger, W., Deisenhammer, F., Şenel, M., Tumani, H., & Hegen, H. (2015) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/1352458515594044 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Self-citationDiagnostic biomarkers in tear fluid: from sampling to preanalytical processing
Bachhuber, F., Huss, A. M., Şenel, M., & Tumani, H. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-89514-8 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Self-citationKappa free light chains is a valid tool in the diagnostics of MS: A large multicenter study
Leurs, C. E., Twaalfhoven, H., Lissenberg-Witte, B. I., Pesch, V. V., Dujmović, I., Drulovic, J. S., Castellazzi, M., Bellini, T., Pugliatti, M., Kühle, J., et al. (2019) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/1352458519845844 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Self-citationImrell, K., Landtblom, A., Hillert, J. A., & Masterman, T. (2006) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000237343.93389.35 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Hegen, H., Arrambide, G., Gnanapavan, S., Kaplan, B., Khalil, M., Saadeh, R. S., Teunissen, C. E., Tumani, H., Villar, L. M., Willrich, M. A. V., et al. (2022) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/13524585221134217 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Self-citationHarrer, A., Tumani, H., Niendorf, S., Lauda, F., Geis, C., Weishaupt, A., Kleinschnitz, C., Rauer, S., Kühle, J., Stangel, M., et al. (2012) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/1352458512463483 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Self-citationImpact of the McDonald Criteria 2017 on Early Diagnosis of Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis
Schwenkenbecher, P., Wurster, U., Konen, F. F., Gingele, S., Sühs, K., Wattjes, M. P., Stangel, M., & Skripuletz, T. (2019) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2019.00188 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Self-citationKappa Free Light Chains: Diagnostic and Prognostic Relevance in MS and CIS
Presslauer, S., Milosavljevic, D., Huebl, W., Parigger, S., Schneider-Koch, G., & Bruecke, T. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0089945 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Tintore, M., Cobo-Calvo, A., Carbonell, P., Arrambide, G., Otero-Romero, S., Río, J., Tur, C., Comabella, M., Nos, C., Arévalo, M. J., et al. (2021) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000012726 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Filippi, M., Preziosa, P., Meani, A., Costa, G. D., Mesaroš, Š., Drulovic, J. S., Ivanović, J., Rovira, À., Tintoré, M., Montalbán, X., et al. (2021) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000013016 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Self-citationSignificance of Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibodies in CSF
Carta, S., Cobo‐Calvo, Á., Armangué, T., Saiz, A., Lechner, C., Rostasy, K. M., Breu, M., Baumann, M., Höftberger, R., Ayzenberg, I., et al. (2022) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000201662 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Reiber, H., Zeman, D., Kušnierová, P., Mundwiler, E., & Bernasconi, L. (2019) · Clinica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.cca.2019.07.027 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Bence-Jones Proteins and Light Chains of Immunoglobulins
Solomon, A. (1976) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm197601082940206 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Kappa Free Light Chain Biomarkers Are Efficient for the Diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis
Levraut, M., Laurent‐Chabalier, S., Ayrignac, X., Bigaut, K., Rival, M., Squalli, S., Zéphir, H., Alberto, T., Pekar, J. D., Ciron, J., et al. (2022) · Neurology Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1212/nxi.0000000000200049 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Trewin, B. P., Brilot, F., Reddel, S., Dale, R. C., & Ramanathan, S. (2024) · Autoimmunity Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2024.103693 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Ferraro, D., Bedin, R., Natali, P., Franciotta, D. M., Smolik, K., Santangelo, M., Immovilli, P., Camera, V., Vitetta, F., Gastaldi, M., et al. (2020) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics10100856 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Immunoglobulin Free Light Chain Dimers in Human Diseases
Kaplan, B., Livneh, A., & Sela, B. (2011) · The Scientific World JOURNAL · doi:10.1100/tsw.2011.65 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Rejdak, K., Stelmasiak, Z., & Grieb, P. (2018) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2018.10.006 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
The kappa free light chain index and oligoclonal bands have a similar role in the McDonald criteria
Arrambide, G., Espejo, C., Carbonell‐Mirabent, P., Dieli-Crimi, R., Rodríguez, M., Castillo, M., Auger, C., Cárdenas‐Robledo, S., Castilló, J., Cobo‐Calvo, Á., et al. (2022) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awac220 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Quantification of Immunoglobulin Free Light Chains in CerebroSpinal Fluid by Nephelometry
Desplat‐Jégo, S., Feuillet, L., Pelletier, J., Bernard, D., Cherif, A. A., & Boucraut, J. (2005) · Journal of Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1007/s10875-005-5371-9 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Classification of neurological diseases using multi-dimensional CSF analysis
Groß, C. C., Schulte‐Mecklenbeck, A., Madireddy, L., Pawlitzki, M., Strippel, C., Räuber, S. J., Krämer, J., Rolfes, L., Ruck, T., Beuker, C., et al. (2021) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awab147 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Self-citationŞenel, M., Mojib-Yezdani, F., Braisch, U., Bachhuber, F., Lewerenz, J., Ludolph, A. C., Otto, M., & Tumani, H. (2019) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2019.00641 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Self-citationRosenstein, I., Rasch, S., Axelsson, M., Novakova, L., Blennow, K., Zetterberg, H., & Lycke, J. (2021) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/jnc.15500 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
The effects of intrathecal rituximab on biomarkers in multiple sclerosis
Topping, J. H., Dobson, R., Lapin, S. V., Maslyanskiy, А. L., Kropshofer, H., Leppert, D., Giovannoni, G., & Evdoshenko, E. (2016) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2016.01.001 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Cerebrospinal fluid analysis and the determination of oligoclonal bands
Gastaldi, M., Zardini, E., Leante, R., Ruggieri, M., Costa, G., Cocco, E. E., Luca, G. D., Cataldo, I., Biagioli, T., Ballerini, C., et al. (2017) · Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10072-017-3034-2 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Intrathecal kappa free light chains as markers for multiple sclerosis
Vecchio, D., Bellomo, G., Serino, R., Virgilio, E., Lamonaca, M., Dianzani, U., Cantello, R. M., Comi, C., & Crespi, I. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-77029-7 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Crespi, I., Sulas, M. G., Mora, R., Naldi, P., Vecchio, D., Comi, C., Cantello, R. M., & Bellomo, G. (2017) · Clinical Laboratory · doi:10.7754/clin.lab.2016.160930 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Rosenstein, I., Axelsson, M., Novakova, L., Malmeström, C., Blennow, K., Zetterberg, H., & Lycke, J. (2023) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-023-11817-9 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Levraut, M., Gavoille, A., Landes-Château, C., Cohen, M., Bresch, S., Seitz‐Polski, B., Mondot, L., & Lebrun‐Frénay, C. (2023) · Neurology Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1212/nxi.0000000000200156 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
The increasing role of Kappa free light chains in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis
Konen, F. F., Schwenkenbecher, P., Jendretzky, K. F., Gingele, S., Sühs, K.-W., Tumani, H., Süße, M., & Skripuletz, T. (2021) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells10113056 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Self-citationSchwenkenbecher, P., Konen, F. F., Wurster, U., Jendretzky, K. F., Gingele, S., Sühs, K., Pul, R., Witte, T., Stangel, M., & Skripuletz, T. (2018) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms19123796 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Self-citationPrognostic value of free light chains lambda and kappa in early multiple sclerosis
Voortman, M. M., Stojaković, T., Pirpamer, L., Jehna, M., Langkammer, C., Scharnagl, H., Reindl, M., Ropele, S., Seifert‐Held, T., Archelos, J.-J., et al. (2016) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/1352458516681503 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Self-citationValencia-Vera, E., Martínez‐Escribano, A., Engüix, A., Ábalos‐García, C., & Segovia-Cuevas, M. J. (2017) · Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM) · doi:10.1515/cclm-2017-0285 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Cavalla, P., Caropreso, P., Limoncelli, S., Bosa, C., Pasanisi, M. B., Schillaci, V., Alteno, A., Costantini, G., Giordana, M. T., Mengozzi, G., et al. (2019) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2019.577122 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
The Influence of Blood Contamination on Cerebrospinal Fluid Diagnostics
Schwenkenbecher, P., Janssen, T., Wurster, U., Konen, F. F., Neyazi, A., Ahlbrecht, J., Puppe, W., Bönig, L., Sühs, K., Stangel, M., et al. (2019) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2019.00584 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Self-citationKappa free light chains in cerebrospinal fluid to identify patients with oligoclonal bands
Süße, M., Hannich, M. J., Petersmann, A., Zylla, S., Pietzner, M., Nauck, M. A., & Dressel, A. (2018) · European Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1111/ene.13667 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Self-citationKonen, F. F., Wurster, U., Witte, T., Jendretzky, K. F., Gingele, S., Tumani, H., Sühs, K., Stangel, M., Schwenkenbecher, P., & Skripuletz, T. (2020) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells9040842 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Self-citationFreedman, M. S., Thompson, E. J., Deisenhammer, F., Giovannoni, G., Grimsley, G., Keir, G., Öhman, S., Racke, M. K., Sharief, M., Sindic, C. J. M., et al. (2005) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.62.6.865 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Evidence of Oligoclonal Bands Does Not Exclude Non-Inflammatory Neurological Diseases
Pannewitz‐Makaj, K., Wurster, U., Jendretzky, K. F., Gingele, S., Sühs, K., Stangel, M., Skripuletz, T., & Schwenkenbecher, P. (2020) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics11010037 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citationHegen, H., Berek, K., & Deisenhammer, F. (2022) · Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift · doi:10.1007/s10354-022-00912-7 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Kappa free light chains could predict early disease course in multiple sclerosis
Vecchio, D., Crespi, I., Virgilio, E., Naldi, P., Campisi, M. P., Serino, R., Dianzani, U., Bellomo, G., Cantello, R. M., & Comi, C. (2019) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2019.02.001 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Reiber’s Diagram for Kappa Free Light Chains: The New Standard for Assessing Intrathecal Synthesis?
Schwenkenbecher, P., Konen, F. F., Wurster, U., Witte, T., Gingele, S., Sühs, K., Stangel, M., & Skripuletz, T. (2019) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics9040194 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citationZettl, U. K., Lehmitz, R., & Mix, E. (2005) · De Gruyter eBooks · doi:10.1515/9783110215120 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Axelsson, M., Mattsson, N., Malmeström, C., Zetterberg, H., & Lycke, J. (2013) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2013.09.003 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Cerebrospinal fluid free light chains as diagnostic biomarker in neuroborreliosis
Hegen, H., Milosavljevic, D., Schnabl, C., Manowiecka, A., Walde, J. F., Deisenhammer, F., & Presslauer, S. (2018) · Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM) · doi:10.1515/cclm-2018-0028 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Hegen, H., Berek, K., Bsteh, G., Auer, M., Altmann, P., Pauli, F. D., Grams, A. E., Milosavljevic, D., Ponleitner, M., Poskaite, P., et al. (2023) · EBioMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104573 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Larsson, D., Åkerfeldt, T., Carlson, K. E., & Burman, J. (2019) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/1352458519863983 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Diagnostic accuracy of intrathecal kappa free light chains compared with OCBs in MS
Duell, F., Evertsson, B., Nimer, F. A., Sandin, Å., Olsson, D., Olsson, T. P., Khademi, M., Hietala, M. A., Piehl, F., & Hansson, M. E. A. (2020) · Neurology Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1212/nxi.0000000000000775 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Zeman, D., Kušnierová, P., Švagera, Z., Všianský, F., Byrtusová, M., Hradílek, P., Kurková, B., Zapletalová, O., & Bartoš, V. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0166556 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Schwenkenbecher, P., Sarikidi, A., Bönig, L., Wurster, U., Bronzlik, P., Sühs, K., Pul, R., Stangel, M., & Skripuletz, T. (2017) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms18102061 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citationHannich, M. J., Dressel, A., Budde, K., Petersmann, A., Nauck, M. A., & Süße, M. (2021) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells10030616 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationInvestigation of Oligoclonal IgG Bands in Tear Fluid of Multiple Sclerosis Patients
Hümmert, M. W., Wurster, U., Bönig, L., Schwenkenbecher, P., Sühs, K., Alvermann, S., Gingele, S., Skripuletz, T., & Stangel, M. (2019) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2019.01110 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationGudowska-Sawczuk, M., Tarasiuk, J., Kułakowska, A., Kochanowicz, J., & Mroczko, B. (2020) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci10060324 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
A multicenter study on the diagnostic significance of a single cerebrospinal fluid IgG band
On behalf of the RIREMS group (Rising Italian Researchers in Multiple Sclerosis), Ferraro, D., Franciotta, D. M., Bedin, R., Solaro, C. M., Cocco, E. E., Santangelo, M., Immovilli, P., Gajofatto, A., Calabrese, M., et al. (2017) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-017-8480-5 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Clinical Use of κ Free Light Chains Index as a Screening Test for Multiple Sclerosis
Agnello, L., Sasso, B. L., Salemi, G., Altavilla, P., Pappalardo, E. M., Caldarella, R., Meli, F., Scazzone, C., Bivona, G., & Ciaccio, M. (2019) · Laboratory Medicine · doi:10.1093/labmed/lmz073 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Deschamps, R., Shor, N., Papeix, C., de la Motte, M. B., Bensa, C., Marignier, R., Lecler, A., Vignal‐Clermont, C., Ghillani‐Dalbin, P., Gazzano, M., et al. (2023) · European Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1111/ene.15897 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Confavreux, C., Chapuis‐Cellier, C., Arnaud, P., Robert, O., Aimard, G., & Devic, M. (1986) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.49.11.1308 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Süße, M., Reiber, H., Grothe, M., Petersmann, A., Nauck, M. A., Dressel, A., & Hannich, M. J. (2020) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2020.577287 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationFree light chains kappa can differentiate between myelitis and noninflammatory myelopathy
Süße, M., Feistner, F., Grothe, M., Nauck, M. A., Dressel, A., & Hannich, M. J. (2020) · Neurology Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1212/nxi.0000000000000892 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Influence of Renal Function Impairment on Kappa Free Light Chains in Cerebrospinal Fluid
Konen, F. F., Schwenkenbecher, P., Wurster, U., Jendretzky, K. F., Möhn, N., Gingele, S., Sühs, K., Hannich, M. J., Grothe, M., Witte, T., et al. (2021) · Journal of Central Nervous System Disease · doi:10.1177/11795735211042166 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationKonen, F. F., Schwenkenbecher, P., Jendretzky, K. F., Gingele, S., Witte, T., Sühs, K., Grothe, M., Hannich, M. J., Süße, M., & Skripuletz, T. (2022) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci12040475 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citationBernardi, G., Biagioli, T., Malpassi, P., Michele, T. D., Vecchio, D., Repice, A. M., Lugaresi, A., Massimiliano Mirabella, A., Clerici, V. T., & Crespi, I. (2021) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/13524585211064121 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Costa, G. D., Passerini, G., Messina, M., Moiola, L., Rodegher, M., Colombo, B., Locatelli, M., Comı, G., Furlan, R., & Martinelli, V. (2015) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2015.10.009 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Tjernberg, I., Johansson, M., & Henningsson, A. J. (2019) · Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM) · doi:10.1515/cclm-2019-0315 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Dekeyser, C., Kesel, P. M. M. D., Cambron, M., Vanopdenbosch, L. J., Hijfte, L. V., Vercammen, M. J., & Laureys, G. (2024) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2024.1385231 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Süße, M., Konen, F. F., Schwenkenbecher, P., Budde, K., Nauck, M. A., Grothe, M., Hannich, M. J., & Skripuletz, T. (2022) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics12030720 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citationRosenstein, I., Axelsson, M., Novakova, L., Rasch, S., Blennow, K., Zetterberg, H., & Lycke, J. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1106028 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Vasilj, M., Kes, V. B., Vrkić, N., & Vukasović, I. (2018) · Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery · doi:10.1016/j.clineuro.2018.09.031 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Kappa-index: Real-life evaluation of a new tool for multiple sclerosis diagnosis
Marlas, M., Bost, C., Dorcet, G., Delourme, A., Biotti, D., Ciron, J., Renaudineau, Y., & Puissant‐Lubrano, B. (2022) · Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.clim.2022.109066 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Schlüter, M., Oswald, E., Winklmeier, S., Meinl, I., Havla, J. B., Eichhorn, P., Meinl, E., & Kümpfel, T. (2021) · Neurology Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1212/nxi.0000000000001030 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationHalbgebauer, S., Haußmann, U., Klafki, H., Tumani, H., Wiltfang, J., & Otto, M. (2014) · Electrophoresis · doi:10.1002/elps.201400339 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationDiagnostic Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarker in Early and Late Onset Multiple Sclerosis
Konen, F. F., Hannich, M. J., Schwenkenbecher, P., Grothe, M., Gag, K., Jendretzky, K. F., Gingele, S., Sühs, K., Witte, T., Skripuletz, T., et al. (2022) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines10071629 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationGudowska-Sawczuk, M., Czupryna, P., Moniuszko-Malinowska, A. M., Pancewicz, S. A., & Mroczko, B. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm10132922 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Halbgebauer, S., Huss, A. M., Buttmann, M., Steinacker, P., Oeckl, P., Brecht, I., Weishaupt, A., Tumani, H., & Otto, M. (2016) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-016-8094-3 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationInter-Laboratory Concordance of Cerebrospinal Fluid and Serum Kappa Free Light Chain Measurements
Natali, P., Bedin, R., Bernardi, G., Corsini, E., Cocco, E. E., Schirru, L., Crespi, I., Lamonaca, M., Sala, A., Nicolò, C., et al. (2022) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom12050677 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Süße, M., Feistner, F., Holbe, C., Grothe, M., Nauck, M. A., Dressel, A., & Hannich, M. J. (2020) · Clinica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.cca.2020.04.029 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationKappa index for multiple sclerosis diagnosis: an accurate biomarker of intrathecal synthesis
Vecchio, D., Puricelli, C., Virgilio, E., Passarelli, F., Guida, S., Naldi, P., Crespi, I., Dianzani, U., & Comi, C. (2024) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-024-12826-y · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Altinier, S., Puthenparampil, M., Zaninotto, M., Toffanin, E., Ruggero, S., Gallo, P., & Plebani, M. (2019) · Clinica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.cca.2019.06.016 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Kappa free light chains index in multiple sclerosis very long-term prognosis
Arroyo-Pereiro, P., García-Serrano, L., Morandeira, F., Urban, B., Mas, V., Framil, M., León, I., Muñoz‐Vendrell, A., Matas, E., Romero-Pinel, L., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1223514 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Inter-center agreement in the interpretation of oligoclonal bands
Mariotto, S., Ferraro, D., Soldani, F., Alberti, D., Bedin, R., Sola, P., Gastaldi, M., Franciotta, D. M., & Ferrari, S. (2020) · Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM) · doi:10.1515/cclm-2020-1037 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Bertram, D., Tsaktanis, T., Berthele, A., & Korn, T. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-44427-6 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Michetti, L., Maffina, F., Ravasio, R., Barcella, V., Radaelli, M., Chiudinelli, L., Sessa, M., & Alessio, M. G. (2023) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2023.578091 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Detection of oligoclonal IgA in cerebrospinal fluid samples by an isoelectric focusing procedure
Withold, W., Wick, M., Fateh-Moghadam, A., & Einh�upl, K. M. (1994) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/bf00868439 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationRevendová, K. Ž., Svub, K. D., Bunganic, R., Pelíšek, O., Volný, O., Ganesh, A., Bar, M., Zeman, D., & Kušnierová, P. (2023) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2023.105125 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Tortosa-Carreres, J., Cubas-Núñez, L., Quiroga‐Varela, A., Castillo-Villalba, J., Ramió‐Torrentà, L., Piqueras, M., Gasqué-Rubio, R., Quintanilla‐Bordás, C., Sanz, M. T., Lucas, C., et al. (2024) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2024.105734 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Cutellé, C., Balducci, C., Cereda, D., Fusco, M. L., Iacobucci, D., Perugini, J., Pirro, F., Brivio, R., Bernasconi, D. P., Ferrarese, C., et al. (2022) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2022.577992 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Toscano, S., Chisari, C. G., Fermo, S. L., Gulino, G., Zappia, M., & Patti, F. (2023) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-023-11952-3 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
A New Laboratory Workflow Integrating the Free Light Chains Kappa Quotient into Routine CSF Analysis
Hannich, M. J., Abdullah, M. R., Budde, K., Petersmann, A., Nauck, M. A., Dressel, A., & Süße, M. (2022) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom12111690 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationMiklusova, M., Fürst, T., Zimek, D., & Mareš, J. (2023) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2023.105402 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Hannich, M. J., Konen, F. F., Gag, K., Alkhayer, A., Türker, S. N., Budde, K., Nauck, M., Wurster, U., Dressel, A., Skripuletz, T., et al. (2025) · Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM) · doi:10.1515/cclm-2023-1468 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationBiomarkers of Intrathecal Synthesis May Be Associated with Cognitive Impairment at MS Diagnosis
Virgilio, E., Ciampana, V., Puricelli, C., Naldi, P., Bianchi, A., Dianzani, U., Vecchio, D., & Comi, C. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26020826 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Weiss, B., Pichler, A., Damulina, A., Buchmann, A., Hochmeister, S., Seifert‐Held, T., Enzinger, C., Archelos, J.-J., & Khalil, M. (2022) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines10092202 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationDomingues, R. B., dos Santos, M. V., Salomão, D. D. F., & Senne, C. (2024) · Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria · doi:10.1055/s-0044-1779690 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Saliva Free Light Chains in Patients with Neuro-Sjögren
Konen, F. F., Seeliger, T., Schwenkenbecher, P., Gingele, S., Jendretzky, K. F., Sühs, K., Ernst, D., Witte, T., & Skripuletz, T. (2022) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines10102470 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationHeim, X., Hubert, A.-M., Raouak, I., Nzepa, A. C., Mège, J., Delmont, É., Attarian, S., Koric, L., Pelletier, J., Brodovitch, A., et al. (2023) · Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM) · doi:10.1515/cclm-2022-0602 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Barbero (2014) · doi:10.1016/j · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- [13][13] [Wurster U. Demonstration of Oligoclonal IgG in the unconcentrated CSF by silver stain. In: Stathakos D, editor. Electrophoresis 082. De Gruyter; 1983. p. 250 -9.](http://refhub.elsevier.com/S1568-9972(25)00025-4/rf0065) -
- [17][17] [Wurster U. Nachweis oligoklonaler Banden: Grundlage der Liquoranalytik. In: Regeniter A, editor. Praktische Liquordiagnostik. UNI-MED Verlag; 2021. p. 132 -55.](http://refhub.elsevier.com/S1568-9972(25)00025-4/rf0085) -
- [109][109] Petzold A. Intrathecal oligoclonal IgG synthesis in multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2013;262(1 -2):1 -10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jneuroim.2013.06.014. - · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Levraut, M., Landes-Château, C., Mondot, L., Cohen, M., & Lebrun‐Frénay, C. (2025) · Neurology and Therapy · doi:10.1007/s40120-025-00737-7 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Duell, F., Högelin, K. A., Vlad, B., Neidhart, S., Khademi, M., Jelčić, I., Hansson, M. E. A., & Nimer, F. A. (2025) · European Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1111/ene.70291 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Hegen, H., Schmidauer, M., Auer, M., Pauli, F. D., Berek, K., Walde, J., & Deisenhammer, F. (2025) · European Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1111/ene.70355 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Long-term impact of oral cladribine on humoral immunity in multiple sclerosis
Messner, M., Unterhofer, M., Strauss, J., Mink, S., Cadamuro, J., Oberkofler, H., Hitzl, W., Wipfler, P., Trinka, E., & Moser, T. (2025) · Therapeutic Advances in Neurological Disorders · doi:10.1177/17562864251357275 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Kappa free light chain concentration in serum is reduced after CD20-depletion with ocrelizumab
Konen, F. F., Körner, G., Hümmert, M. W., Gehring, P. S., Schwenkenbecher, P., Jendretzky, K. F., Nay, S., Möhn, N., Grote-Levi, L. M., Sühs, K., et al. (2025) · Neurological Research and Practice · doi:10.1186/s42466-025-00419-7 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationGroeger, L. M., Brinke, K. A. D., Simou, A., Luedecke, D., Maier, H. B., Neyazi, A., Gallinat, J., Bleich, S., Skripuletz, T., Konen, F. F., et al. (2025) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2025.115858 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationFluid Biomarkers in Demyelinating Spectrum Disorders: Past, Present, and Prospects
Florea, A.-M., Neațu, M., Luca, D.-G., Davidescu, E. I., & Popescu, B. O. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26094455 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Schmidauer, M., Berek, K., Auer, M., Bsteh, G., Cavalla, P., Pauli, F. D., Filippo, M. D., Deisenhammer, F., Emeršič, A., Föttinger, F., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1658182 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Konitsioti, A., Schweitzer, F., Johannis, W., Steffen, F., Bittner, S., Fink, G. R., Schroeter, M., & Warnke, C. (2025) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-025-13573-4 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Impact of renal function impairment on kappa free light chain index
Schmidauer, M., Föttinger, F., Berek, K., Auer, M., Barket, R., Pauli, F. D., Krajnc, N., Ponleitner, M., Zinganell, A., Zrzavy, T., et al. (2025) · Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM) · doi:10.1515/cclm-2025-0007 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Süße, M., Hannich, M. J., Lottermoser, F., Groß, S., Budde, K., Crnkovic-Mertens, I., Thiaucourt, M., Roser, M., Konen, F. F., Skripuletz, T., et al. (2026) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2026.1806398 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationRenaudineau, Y., & Puissant‐Lubrano, B. (2026) · Journal of Translational Autoimmunity · doi:10.1016/j.jtauto.2026.100363 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Konen, F. F., Bucak, E., Bachhuber, F., Dargvainiene, J., Guasp, M., Brenner, J., Streichert, A. L., Hudasch, D., Albers, L. M., Räuber, S. J., et al. (2026) · Neurology Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1212/nxi.0000000000200630 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationEarly stage seronegative autoimmune psychosis
Amanzada, I., Bouter, C., Fitzner, D., Brinke, K. A. D., Malchow, B., Wiltfang, J., & Hansen, N. (2025) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2025.115739 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationKonen, F. F., Mahmoudi, N., Albers, L. M., Arrambide, G., Streichert, A. L., Haar, M., Soldatov, A., Bucak, E., Jendretzky, K. F., Nay, S., et al. (2026) · eClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2026.104098
“12,36,37 Interestingly, optic nerve involvement could have been demonstrated in 116/201 (58”
Self-citation(2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-3-437-21344-1.00033-6
Zanetti, L., Vogrinc, Ž., Sremec, J., Tešija, K., Sredanović, M., Vogrinc, D., Zaninović, L., Turčić, A., Skorić, M. K., & Habek, M. (2026) · Acta Neurologica Belgica · doi:10.1007/s13760-026-02988-z
Li, R., Yang, L., Yang, J., Ouyang, M., & Jin, K. (2026) · Neurological Research · doi:10.1080/01616412.2025.2606230
Zwiernik, B. (2026) · Aktualności Neurologiczne · doi:10.15557/an.2025.0024
Generative AI for CSF multi-omics: Learning strategies for small-cohort classification
Wuyart, A., & Millot, J. (2026) · Neuroscience Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.neuri.2026.100278
Manín, A., Ingénito, F. B., Cores, E. V., Guerreo, D. A., Ramos, S. G., & Villa, A. M. (2026) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2026.1803446
External validation of KFLC index threshold for multiple sclerosis diagnosis in a French cohort
Aguesse, C., Micoud, E., Vukusic, S., Venet, F., Pescarmona, R., Monneret, G., Marignier, R., & Nicolas, P. (2026) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-026-14001-x
Kaada, S. H., Lillemoen, P. K. S., Haugsøen, J. B., & Vedeler, C. A. (2026) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2026.107447
Wattjes, M. P., Bayas, A., Bittner, S., Elias-Hamp, B., Linker, R. A., Rau, D., Skripuletz, T., & Gold, R. (2026) · Therapeutic Advances in Neurological Disorders · doi:10.1177/17562864261481602
Self-citationVeiga-González, J. L., Monreal, E., Espiño, M., Chico‐García, J. L., Fernández-Velasco, J. I., Rodríguez‐Jorge, F., Villarrubia, N., Rodero-Romero, A., de la Maza, S. S., Masjuán, J., et al. (2026) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2026.1771566
Modern diagnosis and treatment of multiple sclerosis: advances, challenges, and future directions
Siriratnam, P., Datta, M., Buzzard, K. A., Wesselingh, R., Yeh, W., Seery, N., Zhong, M., He, A. H., Jokubaitis, V., Wijeratne, T., et al. (2026) · Autoimmunity Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2026.104169
Endres, D., von Zedtwitz, K., van Elst, L. T., Domschke, K., Weiser, J., Gaebler, A. J., Frodl, T., Wagner, E. M., Jaeger, I., Hasan, A., et al. (2026) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-026-03871-2
Self-citationBilgili, S., Kılıç, A. K., & Madenci, Ö. Ç. (2026) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2026.107956
Emekli, A. S., Dilsiz, E., Sancar, N., Tezel, M., Karpuzoğlu, F. H., Aydın, A. F., Ulusoy, C. A., Küçükali, C. İ., Türkoğlu, R., Yılmaz, V., et al. (2026) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2026.107955
Intrathecal humoral response and blood–CSF barrier integrity in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Martinelli, I., Maccione, G., Zucchi, E., Gianferrari, G., Ghezzi, A., Bedin, R., Fasano, T., Debbia, D., Napodano, C., Banchelli, F., et al. (2026) · Therapeutic Advances in Neurological Disorders · doi:10.1177/17562864261497035
A predictive model for optimizing kappa free light chain dilution in cerebrospinal fluid samples
Turčić, A., Zaninović, L., Čeme, M., & Vogrinc, Ž. (2026) · Clinica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.cca.2026.122910
- Authors
- Konen, F. F., Wurster, U., Schwenkenbecher, P., Gerritzen, A., Groß, C. C., Eichhorn, P., Harrer, A., Isenmann, S., Lewczuk, P., Lewerenz, J., Leypoldt, F., Otto, M., Regeniter, A., Roskos, M., Ruprecht, K., Spreer, A., Strik, H., Uhr, M., Wick, M., Wildemann, B., Wiltfang, J., Zimmermann, T., Hannich, M., Khalil, M., Tumani, H., Süße, M., & Skripuletz, T.
- Affiliations
- Medizinische Hochschule Hannover (DE)
- University of Münster (DE)
- LMU Klinikum (DE)
- Paracelsus Medical University (AT)
- Medical University of Białystok (PL)
- Universität Ulm (DE)
- Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel (DE)
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg (DE)
- Synlab (Germany) (DE)
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin (DE)
- Klinikum Braunschweig (DE)
- Sozialstiftung Bamberg (DE)
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry (DE)
- Heidelberg University (DE)
- Universitätsmedizin Göttingen (DE)
- Universitätsmedizin Greifswald (DE)
- Medical University of Graz (AT)
- Corresponding author
- Skripuletz, Thomas
- ORCID
- Konen, Franz F.
- Schwenkenbecher, Philipp
- Groß, Catharina C.
- Harrer, Andrea
- Isenmann, Stefan
- Lewczuk, Piotr
- Lewerenz, Jan
- Leypoldt, Frank
- Otto, Markus
- Regeniter, Axel
- Ruprecht, Klemens
- Strik, Herwig
- Wildemann, Brigitte
- Wiltfang, Jens
- Zimmermann, Thomas
- Hannich, Malte
- Khalil, Michael
- Tumani, Hayrettin
- Süße, Marie
- Skripuletz, Thomas
- Venue
- Autoimmunity Reviews
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2025-04
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 103765
- ISSN
- 1568-9972 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4407357873
- Cited by
- 31
- References
- 111
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 12
- FWCI
- 5.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Autoimmunity Reviews (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- GoeScholar The Publication Server of the Georg-August-Universität Göttingen (Georg-August-Universität Göttingen) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Digitalen Hochschulbibliothek Sachsen-Anhalt (Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Sachsen-Anhalt) (cc-by)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Multiple Sclerosis Research Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Peripheral Neuropathies and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Clinical Laboratory Practices and Quality Control
- Keywords
- multiple sclerosis, oligoclonal bands, kappa free light chains, cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers, intrathecal IgG synthesis, McDonald criteria, MS diagnosis, serum biomarkers, sensitivity and specificity
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Immunoglobulin kappa-Chains, Multiple Sclerosis, Biomarkers, Oligoclonal Bands
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
