Near-Work Activity, Night-lights, and Myopia in the Singapore-China Study
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship among near-work activity, night-lights, and myopia in schoolchildren in Singapore and Xiamen, China. METHODS: The refractive error and ocular dimensions of 957 Chinese schoolchildren aged 7 to 9 years in Singapore and Xiamen, China, were determined using cycloplegic autorefraction and A-scan ultrasound biometry. Information on near-work activity (number of books read per week, reading in hours per day) and night-light use before age 2 years was obtained. RESULTS: The prevalence rate of myopia was 36.7% (95% confidence interval [CI], 33.0%-40.3%) in Singapore and 18.5% (95% CI, 14.0%-23.1%) in Xiamen, China. The crude odds ratio (OR) of higher myopia (at least -3.0 diopters) for children who read more than 2 books per week was 3.50 (95% CI, 2.15-5.70). In a multivariate logistic regression model, the OR of higher myopia for children who read more was 2.81 (95% CI, 1.69-4.69), adjusted for age, night-light use, parental myopia, and country, whereas there was no association between night-light use before age 2 years and higher myopia (OR, 1.54; 95% CI, 0.92-2.58), after controlling for age, books read per week, parental myopia, and country. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The ORs of higher myopia for children who read more and children who are exposed to night-lights before age 2 years. CONCLUSIONS: Reading (number of books per week) may be associated with higher myopia in Chinese schoolchildren. However, night-light use does not seem to be related to higher myopia.
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Children and adolescents are now spending substantially more time focusing on proximal tasks compared to that observed in studies conducted in the early and pre-smartphone era.
“Our findings indicate that children and adolescents are now spending substantially more time focusing on proximal tasks compared to that observed in studies conducted in the early and pre-smartphone era.11,31”
From Smartphone use as a possible risk factor for myopia (2021) · cites this paper as [11]
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- Authors
- Saw, S.-M.
- Affiliations
- National University of Singapore (SG)
- Corresponding author
- Saw, Seang-Mei
- ORCID
- Saw, Seang-Mei
- Venue
- Archives of Ophthalmology
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2002-05-01
- Volume
- 120
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 620
- ISSN
- 0003-9950 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2143330017
- Cited by
- 214
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 7.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Archives of Ophthalmology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- National University of Singapore (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Ophthalmology and Visual Impairment Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Ergonomics and Musculoskeletal Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Human Health and Disease
- Keywords
- myopia, reading, elementary school students, refractive error, parental myopia
- MeSH terms
- Child, China, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Human Activities, Lighting, Male, Myopia, Reading, Singapore, Work, Prevalence, Odds Ratio
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