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Cited by 84Coffee research and impactsBlood Pressure and Hypertension StudiesSodium Intake and Health

The association of caffeinated beverages with blood pressure in adolescents

Savoca, Margaret R., Evans, Conner D., Wilson, Martha E., Harshfield, Gregory A., Ludwig, David A.·2004·Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine
DOI 10.1001/archpedi.158.5.473
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Abstract

OBJECTIVE: To assess the association between the consumption of caffeinated beverages and blood pressure in African American and white adolescents. DESIGN: This study was part of ongoing research examining stress-induced hemodynamic responses in adolescents. African American and white adolescents (n = 159) selected foods and beverages for a 3-day sodium-controlled diet. Caffeine in these foods was used to stratify participants into 3 categories (0-50 mg/d, >50-100 mg/d, and >100 mg/d). Before menu selection, blood pressure readings were obtained. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: A general linear model (multiple regression with both categorical and continuous variables) was developed to assess the effects of race, category of caffeine intake, and interaction of race and caffeine intake on systolic and diastolic blood pressure controlling for sex and body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared). RESULTS: The association between systolic blood pressure and caffeine category varied by race (P =.001). African Americans consuming more than 100 mg/d of caffeine had higher systolic blood pressure readings than the groups consuming 0 to 50 mg/d (mean difference, 6.0 mm Hg; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.3 to 9.7) or more than 50 to 100 mg/d (mean difference, 7.1 mm Hg; 95% CI, 3.4 to 10.7). The effect on diastolic blood pressure was less pronounced (P =.08). The diastolic blood pressure of the group consuming more than 100 mg/d was 3.7 mm Hg (95% CI, 0.41 to 7.0) higher than the group consuming more than 50 to 100 mg/d and was not statistically different from the group consuming 0 to 50 mg/d (mean difference, 2.4 mm Hg; 95% CI, -0.9 to 5.8). There was no evidence that the association between diastolic blood pressure and caffeine intake varied by race (P =.80). CONCLUSIONS: For adolescents, especially African American adolescents, caffeine intake may increase blood pressure and thereby increase the risk of hypertension. Alternatively, caffeinated drink consumption may be a marker for dietary and lifestyle practices that together influence blood pressure. Additional research is needed owing to rising rates of adolescent hypertension and soft drink consumption.

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  • Caffeine's effects on blood pressure are more pronounced among African-American children than among Caucasian children, with a mean difference in blood pressure averaging 6.5 mm Hg.

    “caffeine’s effects on blood pressure are more pronounced among African-American children than among Caucasian children (mean difference in blood pressure averaging 6.5 mm Hg) (175, 194).”

    From The Safety of Ingested Caffeine: A Comprehensive Review (2017) · cites this paper as [175]

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Authors
Savoca, M. R., Evans, C. D., Wilson, M. E., Harshfield, G. A., & Ludwig, D. A.
Affiliations
Augusta University (US)
Venue
Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine
Publisher
American Medical Association (AMA)
Published
2004-05-01
Volume
158
Issue
5
Pages
473
ISSN
1072-4710 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1001/archpedi.158.5.473
OpenAlex
W2105723340
Cited by
84
References
20
Citations by year
2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 6 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 2
FWCI
5.03
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institutes of Health
  • National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL059954, HL-59954, R01HL064225, HL-64225)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Coffee research and impacts
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Blood Pressure and Hypertension Studies
  • Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Sodium Intake and Health
Keywords
caffeine consumption, blood pressure, adolescents, African American adolescents, racial differences, hypertension risk, soft drinks
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Black or African American, Blood Pressure, Caffeine, Carbonated Beverages, Diastole, Female, Humans, Life Style, Male, Systole

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