The DOI matches its Crossref record; 31 of the 31 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Animal Model of Depression: I. Review of Evidence: Implications for Research
Abstract
THIS PAPER has three major purposes: (1) to present the need for an experimental animal model of "depression," ie, why the creation of such a model would be useful; (2) to review pertinent evidence from a variety of fields which points to the feasibility of such a model; and (3) to discuss possible research strategies which could be used to create an experimental animal model of depression. Depression in man is a poorly defined entity. As Lehmann1points out, the term may refer to a symptom, a syndrome, or a nosological entity. We are interested in the depressive syndrome which is often defined as consisting of both primary and secondary symptoms. The primary symptoms in man consist of a despairing emotional state and the depressive mood. The secondary symptoms vary and are less regularly found. They may include such things as social withdrawal, psychomotor retardation, an
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
THE CATECHOLAMINE HYPOTHESIS OF AFFECTIVE DISORDERS: A REVIEW OF SUPPORTING EVIDENCE
SCHILDKRAUT, J. J. (1965) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.122.5.509 · Cited by 3,492
Harlow, H. F. (1958) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/h0047884 · Cited by 2,022
Anaclitic Depression: An Inquiry into the Genesis of Psychiatric Conditions in Early Childhood, II.
Spitz, R. A., & Wolf, K. M. (1946) · The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child · doi:10.1080/00797308.1946.11823551 · Cited by 1,315
Norepinephrine in Depressive Reactions: A Review
BUNNEY, W. E. (1965) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1965.01730060001001 · Cited by 1,153
Harlow, H. F., & Zimmermann, R. R. (1959) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.130.3373.421 · Cited by 951
Schildkraut, J. J., & Kety, S. S. (1967) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.156.3771.21 · Cited by 875
Total social isolation in monkeys.
Harlow, H. F., Dodsworth, R. O., & Harlow, M. K. (1965) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.54.1.90 · Cited by 619
Harlow, H. F., & Harlow, M. K. (1965) · Behavior of Nonhuman Primates · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4832-2821-1.50008-2 · Cited by 559
Bowlby, J. (1961) · PubMed · Cited by 482
Horlick, L., & O'Neil, J. B. (1958) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(58)90064-3 · Cited by 420
Cited by
Cryan, J. F., Mombereau, C., & Vassout, A. (2005) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2005.03.009 · Cited by 1,674
Assessing antidepressant activity in rodents: recent developments and future needs
Cryan, J. F., Markou, A., & Lucki, I. (2002) · Trends in Pharmacological Sciences · doi:10.1016/s0165-6147(02)02017-5 · Cited by 1,551
The ascent of mouse: advances in modelling human depression and anxiety
Cryan, J. F., & Holmes, A. (2005) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/nrd1825 · Cited by 1,198
Chronic mild stress-induced anhedonia: A realistic animal model of depression
Willner, P., Muscat, R., & Papp, M. (1992) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0149-7634(05)80194-0 · Cited by 1,160
Cryan, J. F., Valentino, R. J., & Lucki, I. (2005) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2005.03.008 · Cited by 1,119
Metadata
- Authors
- McKinney, W. T.
- Venue
- Archives of General Psychiatry
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 1969-08-01
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 240
- ISSN
- 0003-990X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2056994786
- Cited by
- 706
- References
- 31
- FWCI
- 5.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Animal Model of Depression: I. Review of Evidence: Implications for Research. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1001/archpsyc.1969.01740200112015
- The paper
- McKinney, W. T. (1969). Animal Model of Depression: I. Review of Evidence: Implications for Research. Archives of General Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1969.01740200112015
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.