Contemporary Views of Negative Effects in Psychotherapy: An Integrated Account
Abstract
As part of a larger investigation into negative effects in psychotherapy, we conducted a survey of researchers and practitioners in psychotherapy. We now present an integrated account of the consensus of these experts on the following issues: (1) Is there a problem of negative effects? (2) What constitutes a negative effect? (3) What factors are prominently associated with negative effects? There was an overwhelming affirmation of the reality of negative effects among the respondents. Furthermore, they urged that negative effects be subjected to systematic research scrutiny, a strategy made more feasible by the identifying criteria and possible causative factors cited by these experts. It is suggested that there is need for research into therapeutic actions and psychotherapy outcomes in general, with special reference to negative effects.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
A wide range of adverse and unwanted events, such as social stigma, dependency, and novel symptoms, might occur during psychotherapeutic treatments.
“A previous study stated that a wide range of adverse and unwanted events, such as social stigma, dependency, and novel symptoms, might occur during psychotherapeutic treatments (Hadley 1976).”
From Psychotherapeutic treatments for depression in older adults (2024) · cites this paper as Hadley 1976
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Development and validation of the working alliance inventory
Horvath, A. O., & Greenberg, L. S. (1989) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-0167.36.2.223 · Cited by 3,520 · see citing works
Consensus statement on defining and measuring negative effects of internet interventions
Rozental, A., Andersson, G., Boettcher, J., Ebert, D. D., Cuijpers, P., Knaevelsrud, C., Ljótsson, B., Kaldo, V., Titov, N., & Carlbring, P. (2014) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2014.02.001 · Cited by 371 · see citing works
Negative outcome in psychotherapy: A critical review.
Mohr, D. C. (1995) · Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2850.1995.tb00022.x · Cited by 330 · see citing works
Rozental, A., Kottorp, A., Boettcher, J., Andersson, G., & Carlbring, P. (2016) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0157503 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Targets and Outcomes of Psychotherapies for Mental Disorders: An Overview
Cuijpers, P. (2019) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20661 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Rozental, A., Boettcher, J., Andersson, G., Schmidt, B., & Carlbring, P. (2015) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2015.1008033 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Rozental, A., Castonguay, L., Dimidjian, S., Lambert, M., Shafran, R., Andersson, G., & Carlbring, P. (2018) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2018.42 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Negative effects of psychotherapies for adult depression: A meta-analysis of deterioration rates
Cuijpers, P., Reijnders, M., Karyotaki, E., de Wit, L., & Ebert, D. D. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.05.050 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Clinicians' Perspectives on Negative Effects of Psychological Treatments
Bystedt, S., Rozental, A., Andersson, G., Boettcher, J., & Carlbring, P. (2014) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2014.939593 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Does hypnosis pose special risks for negative effects? A master class commentary
Lynn, S. J., Martin, D. J., & Frauman, D. C. (1996) · International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis · doi:10.1080/00207149608416064 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Psychotherapeutic treatments for depression in older adults
Ang, L., Lee, M. S., Song, E., Lee, H. W., Cao, L., Zhang, J., Wang, Q., Jung, J., Jang, S., Gastaldon, C., et al. (2024) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd015976
- Authors
- Hadley, S. W.
- Corresponding author
- Hadley, Suzanne W.
- Venue
- Archives of General Psychiatry
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 1976-11-01
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1291
- ISSN
- 0003-990X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2114939937
- Cited by
- 126
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2025: 4 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 42 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 2.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Archives of General Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Keywords
- adverse effects, psychotherapy outcome, expert consensus, therapist perspectives
- MeSH terms
- Attitude of Health Personnel, Mental Disorders, Dependency, Psychological, Goals, Humans, Personality, Professional-Patient Relations, Psychoanalytic Therapy, Psychotherapy, Psychotherapy, Group, Psychotic Disorders, Suicide
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
