Negative effects of internet interventions: a qualitative content analysis of patients' experiences with treatments delivered online
Open accessAbstract
Internet interventions are defined as the delivery of health care-related treatments via an online or a smartphone interface, and have been shown to be a viable alternative to face-to-face treatments. However, not all patients benefit from such treatments, and it is possible that some may experience negative effects. Investigations of face-to-face treatments indicate that deterioration occurs in 5-10% of all patients. The nature and scope of other negative effects of Internet interventions is, however, largely unknown. Hence, the current study explored patients' reported negative experiences while undergoing treatments delivered via the Internet. Data from four large clinical trials (total N = 558) revealed that 9.3% of patients reported some type of negative effects. Qualitative content analysis was used to explore the patients' responses to open-ended questions regarding their negative experiences. Results yielded two broad categories and four subcategories of negative effects: patient-related negative effects (insight and symptom) and treatment-related negative effects (implementation and format). Results emphasize the importance of always considering negative effects in Internet-based interventions, and point to several ways of preventing such experiences, including regular assessment of negative events, increasing the flexibility of treatment schedules and therapist contact, as well as prolonging the treatment duration.
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In Rozental et al. (2015), 9.3% of participants indicated a negative effect.
“Rozental et al. (2015) in a review from four clinical trials with a total sample of 558 participants identified that 9.3% of the participants indicated a negative effect.”
From A Self-Applied Multi-Component Psychological Online Intervention Based on UX, for the Prevention of Complicated Grief Disorder in the Mexican Population During the COVID-19 Outbreak: Protocol of a Randomized Clinical Trial (2021) · cites this paper as Rozental et al. (2015)
Internet-based interventions can have negative side effects such as time pressure.
“Besides positive effects (eg, decrease of symptom severity), IMIs can also have negative side effects (eg, time pressure).118”
ICBT has the same rates of deterioration as other treatments, normally 5-10% of patients.
“Rozental and colleagues shows that ICBT has the same rates of deterioration as other treatments, normally 5-10% of patients (Rozental et al., 2015)”
From Internet delivered cognitive behavior therapy for antenatal depression: A randomised controlled trial (2017) · cites this paper as Rozental et al., 2015
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Internet-Delivered Psychological Treatments
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“…of negative effects in online psychotherapy, some participants reported feeling pressured by their online therapist or the demands of the treatment schedule [51], but in this study, external motivation was measured at baseline and corresponded to the reasons why participants took part in the study.”
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Fernández-Álvarez, J., Rozental, A., Carlbring, P., Colombo, D., Riva, G., Anderson, P. L., Baños, R. M., Benbow, A. A., Bouchard, S., Bretón-López, J. M., et al. (2019) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2018.06.005 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
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Ebert, D. D., Harrer, M., Apolinário-Hagen, J., & Baumeister, H. (2019) · Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1007/978-981-32-9721-0_29 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Rozental, A., Andersson, G., & Carlbring, P. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00589 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Murray, G., Leitan, N., Berk, M., Thomas, N., Michalak, E. E., Berk, L., Johnson, S. L., Jones, S. H., Perich, T., Allen, N. B., et al. (2015) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.02.024 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Therapist behaviours in internet-based cognitive behaviour therapy (ICBT) for depressive symptoms
Holländare, F., Gustafsson, S. A., Berglind, M., Grape, F., Carlbring, P., Andersson, G., Hadjistavropoulos, H., & Tillfors, M. (2016) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2015.11.002 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
“Some of the therapists' spontaneous responses may be useful in therapy (Rozental et al., 2015), however, so not seeing the therapist can also at times be a disadvantage.”
BackgroundSelf-citationHolst, A., Nejati, S., Björkelund, C., Eriksson, M. C. M., Hange, D., Kivi, M., Wikberg, C., & Petersson, E. (2017) · Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care · doi:10.1080/02813432.2017.1288813 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“ARTICLE HISTORY Received 4 August 2015 Accepted 11 November 2016 KEYWORDS Depression; primary care; Internet based treatment; iCBT; qualitative research; focus groups; general practice; Sweden”
BackgroundLindegaard, T., Seaton, F., Halaj, A., Berg, M., Kashoush, F., Barchini, R., Ludvigsson, M., Sarkohi, A., & Andersson, G. (2021) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2020.1771414 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Self-citationFernández-Álvarez, J., Díaz-García, A., González-Robles, A., Baños, R., García-Palacios, A., & Botella, C. (2017) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2017.09.001 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“Nevertheless, little research has been carried out on the negative effects of Internet interventions (Rozental et al., 2015).”
BackgroundImpact of an acceptance facilitating intervention on psychotherapists' acceptance of blended therapy
Baumeister, H., Terhorst, Y., Grässle, C., Freudenstein, M., Nübling, R., & Ebert, D. D. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0236995 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“On the other hand, IMIs require more self-regulation, self-reflection and selfmanagement competencies, which might lead to time pressure or frustration [19] and might come along with communication problems given the lack of visual cues in the therapeutic process [20].”
BackgroundWeisel, K. K., Zarski, A.-C., Berger, T., Krieger, T., Schaub, M. P., Moser, C. T., Berking, M., Dey, M., Botella, C., Baños, R., et al. (2019) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2018.04.002 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Defining and Predicting Patterns of Early Response in a Web-Based Intervention for Depression
Lutz, W., Arndt, A., Rubel, J. A., Berger, T., Schröder, J., Späth, C., Meyer, B., Greiner, W., Gräfe, V., Hautzinger, M., et al. (2017) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.7367 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“This could increase adherence by addressing a possibly important concern of some participants who may otherwise feel like the intervention is not adequately targeting their problems [52].”
BackgroundTherapists' Experiences of Conducting Cognitive Behavioural Therapy Online vis-à-vis Face-to-Face
Bengtsson, J., Nordin, S., & Carlbring, P. (2015) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2015.1053408 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“Sucala et al. (2012) and Cook and Doyle (2002) found evidence that the more the modalities of communication used (for example, mail, chat or video chat), the stronger the working alliance being perceived by the client.”
BackgroundSelf-citationUrech, A., Krieger, T., Möseneder, L., Biaggi, A., Vincent, A., Poppe, C., Meyer, B., Riper, H., & Berger, T. (2019) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2018.1430910 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Long-Term Efficacy of Audiologist-Guided Internet-Based Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Tinnitus
Beukes, E. W., Allen, P. M., Baguley, D., Manchaiah, V. K. C., & Andersson, G. (2018) · American Journal of Audiology · doi:10.1044/2018_aja-imia3-18-0004 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Self-citationSander, L., Paganini, S., Lin, J., Schlicker, S., Ebert, D. D., Buntrock, C., & Baumeister, H. (2017) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-017-1193-6 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“For this reason, we followed the key recommendations of Rozental and colleagues [98].”
MethodWallin, E., Norlund, F., Olsson, E. M. G., Burell, G., Held, C., & Carlsson, T. (2018) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.9690 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“The observed low treatment activity and described negative experiences related to design and usability call attention to what has been described as a risk of distress and frustration when faced with technological difficulties [40].”
BackgroundSchaub, M. P., Blankers, M., Lehr, D., Boß, L., Riper, H. M., Dekker, J., Goudriaan, A. E., Maier, L. J., Haug, S., Amann, M., et al. (2016) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-011457 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Lindegaard, T., Kashoush, F., Holm, S., Halaj, A., Berg, M., & Andersson, G. (2021) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-021-03297-w · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“[37] related to implementation of tasks assigned during treatment where some patients reported feeling like failures after unsuccessful implementation attempts and questioned whether they would ever recover from their condition or benefit from the treatment.”
BackgroundSelf-citationBlended CBT versus face-to-face CBT: a randomised non-inferiority trial
Mathiasen, K., Andersen, T. E., Riper, H. M., Kleiboer, A. M., & Roessler, K. K. (2016) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-016-1140-y · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Kraepelien, M., Schibbye, R., Månsson, K., Sundström, C., Riggare, S., Andersson, G., Lindefors, N., Svenningsson, P., & Kaldo, V. (2020) · Journal of Parkinson's Disease · doi:10.3233/jpd-191894 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“However, feeling frustrated or stressed when trying to follow through with an ICBT program is common also in other patient groups [39].”
BackgroundSelf-citationRozental, A., Forsström, D., Tangen, J. A., & Carlbring, P. (2015) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2015.05.001 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationHadjistavropoulos, H. D., Faller, Y. N., Klatt, A., Nugent, M. N., Dear, B. F., & Titov, N. (2018) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-018-0286-0 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“There were also some suggestions for patients to be able to adjust their treatment timelines to meet their learning needs, which is in line with past research (Richards et al. 2016; Rozental et al. 2015).”
BackgroundResultKüchler, A.-M., Albus, P., Ebert, D., & Baumeister, H. (2019) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2019.100245 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
History and current status of ICBT
Andersson, G., Carlbring, P., & Lindefors, N. (2016) · Guided Internet-Based Treatments in Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-06083-5_1 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citationThew, G. R. (2020) · The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist · doi:10.1017/s1754470x20000033 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“…online programmes may have potential negative effects, such as distress due to realizing the extent of a problem or being unable to complete a therapy task, or an overall worsening of symptoms that should be carefully monitored and reported (Rozental et al ., 2014; Rozental et al ., 2015).”
Mathiasen, K., Andersen, T. E., Lichtenstein, M. B., Ehlers, L. H., Riper, H., Kleiboer, A., & Roessler, K. K. (2022) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/36577 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Jonsson, U., Johanson, J., Nilsson, E., & Lindblad, F. (2015) · Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1359104515614072 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Nilsson, A., Magnusson, K., Carlbring, P., Andersson, G., & Hellner, C. (2020) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.14900 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“One cited reason for deterioration in psychotherapy is that participants may be exposed to negative aspects of their lives, causing more negative emotions and thoughts which, in turn, could exacerbate their problems.[80] Involving CSOs in PG treatment could possibly intensify this process.”
Self-citationKladnitski, N., Smith, J., Allen, A., Andrews, G., & Newby, J. M. (2018) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2018.06.003 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“Further research is needed to understand whether online mindfulness-based interventions are associated with side-effects or adverse events (Rozental et al., 2015), or whether there are any contraindications for self-guided mindfulness practice over the internet (Dobkin et al.”
BackgroundBerg, M., Malmquist, A., Rozental, A., Topooco, N., & Andersson, G. (2020) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-020-02833-4 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citationAlyami, A., Alswat, M. M., Omer, I., Ahmed, M., Alshammari, S. H., Alsaggaf, K., Amoudi, J. H., & Aljafari, D. (2020) · Saudi Medical Journal · doi:10.15537/smj.2020.5.25061 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Dirkse, D., Hadjistavropoulos, H. D., Alberts, N. A., Karin, E., Schneider, L. H., Titov, N., & Dear, B. F. (2020) · Journal of Cancer Survivorship · doi:10.1007/s11764-019-00810-9 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Negative effects in internet-based interventions for depression: a qualitative content analysis
Fenski, F., Rozental, A., Heinrich, M., Knaevelsrud, C., Zagorscak, P., & Boettcher, J. (2021) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2021.100469 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationSimonsson, O., Engberg, H., Bjureberg, J., Ljótsson, B., Stensils, J., Sahlin, H., & Hellner, C. (2020) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/17910 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Furthermore, difficulties in fulfilling assignments and adhering to treatment [57] and feeling worse on occasions [38] have been stated as possible negative effects of online treatment before.”
Backgroundvan de Leur, J. C., Buhrman, M., Åhs, F., Rozental, A., & Jansen, G. B. (2020) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-020-02907-3 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“Despite a marked increase in research of psychological interventions during the past two decades, the adverse effects from these treatments have been widely neglected, and the need for more rigorous exploration is frequently advocated [39, 40].”
BackgroundSelf-citationDülsen, P., & Baumeister, H. (2024) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-024-02404-y · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“Lately these efforts of establishing common ways have also been put forward for IMIs [ 22 , 23].”
Schaub, M. P., Tiburcio, M., Martínez-Vélez, N., Ambekar, A., Bhad, R., Wenger, A., Baumgartner, C., Padruchny, D., Osipchik, S., Poznyak, V., et al. (2021) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/21686 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“At the 6-month follow-up, participants were asked to grade any negative effects they had experienced, as per the report by Rozental et al [19], and if they had received any external help.”
Contextualizing the negative effects of psychotherapy
Rosendahl, J., Klatte, R., Frenzl, D., Castonguay, L., Vybíral, Z., & Strauss, B. (2025) · Nature Reviews Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44159-025-00472-8 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“In addition to the findings on the negative effects of face-to-face psychotherapy, there is robust evidence of the negative effects of Internet-based psychotherapy stemming from individual patient data meta-analyses 116–118 and qualitative content analyses 119,120 .”
Schaub, M. P., Tiburcio, M., Martinez, N., Ambekar, A., Balhara, Y. P. S., Wenger, A., Monezi Andrade, A. L., Padruchny, D., Osipchik, S., Gehring, E., et al. (2018) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.14034 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Amanvermez, Y., Karyotaki, E., Cuijpers, P. J., Salemink, E., Spinhoven, P., Struijs, S. Y., & de Wit, L. M. (2021) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2021.100369 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“However, based on the findings of similar studies (Boettcher et al., 2014; Rozental et al., 2015), we anticipate minimal risk for the participants in this study.”
BackgroundGullickson, K. M., Hadjistavropoulos, H. D., Dear, B. F., & Titov, N. (2019) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2019.100278 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Baumgartner, C., Schaub, M. P., Wenger, A., Malischnig, D., Augsburger, M., Walter, M., Berger, T., Stark, L., Ebert, D. D., Keough, M. T., et al. (2021) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/27463 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“3 months follow-up Negative effects [44]”
MethodWeisel, K. K., Zarski, A., Berger, T., Krieger, T., Moser, C. T., Schaub, M. P., Görlich, D., Berking, M., & Ebert, D. D. (2020) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/16450 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“The negative effects were similar to what has been found in previous work, such as the occurrence of symptom deterioration or the emergence of novel symptoms [56].”
ResultZhou, C., Ai, Y., Wang, S., Yuan, Y., Zhang, A., Hu, H. Z., & Wang, Y. (2024) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-024-05645-3 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Staccini, P., Fernández-Luque, L., & Informatics, S. E. F. T. I. Y. S. O. C. H. (2016) · Yearbook of Medical Informatics · doi:10.15265/iy-2016-045 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Beahm, J. D., McCall, H. C., Carleton, R. N., Titov, N., Dear, B., & Hadjistavropoulos, H. D. (2021) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2021.100481 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“ICBT is convenient for users and shows treatment outcomes similar to face-to-face cognitive behavioural therapy, especially when combined with provider support (Andersson, 2016; Andersson et al., 2019; Karyotaki et al., 2021; Sijbrandij et al., 2016).”
BackgroundRozental, A., Kothari, R., Wade, T., Egan, S., Andersson, G., Carlbring, P., & Shafran, R. (2020) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465820000090 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“Rozental et al. (2015a), for instance, found that among clients undergoing ICBT for procrastination, it was not uncommon to express a desire for a face-to-face contact.”
BackgroundSelf-citationCounseling Psychological Understanding and Considerations of the Metaverse: A Theoretical Review
Lee, K. (2023) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare11182490 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Although the context of therapeutic interventions in the metaverse is different, in cyber-counseling over the Internet, 9.3% of the participants reported experiencing at least one adverse effect [64], especially because some of the symptoms worsened during treatment.”
BackgroundInfluentialSextl-Plötz, T., Steinhoff, M., Baumeister, H., Cuijpers, P. J., Ebert, D. D., & Zarski, A. (2024) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2024.100760 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“In particular, more research on predictors/moderators of symptom deterioration (Ebert et al., 2016; Kar-yotaki et al., 2018b) and other negative effects in IMIs (Rozental et al., 2015) is essential to provide precise intervention recommendations and enhance the safety of their application.”
Bodschwinna, D., Lorenz, I., Bauereiß, N., Gündel, H., Baumeister, H., & Hönig, K. (2022) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.5917 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“This follows the CONSORT‐Guidelines17 as well as recommendations from Rozental and Colleagues.18 The present study aims to explore the feasibility and acceptance of the newly developed online intervention PartnerCARE.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialApolinário-Hagen, J. (2018) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.30773/pi.2018.06.26 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Asplund, R. P., Jäderlind, A., Björk, I. H., Ljótsson, B., Carlbring, P., & Andersson, G. (2019) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2019.100282 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“However, participants have suggested more individualized interventions and express the importance of customizing both feedback and therapist support (Gerhards et al., 2011; Ly et al., 2015; O'Mahen et al., 2015; Rozental et al., 2015b; Svartvatten et al., 2015).”
BackgroundSelf-citationBlampied, M., Bell, C., Gilbert, C., & Rucklidge, J. J. (2020) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/14737175.2020.1740595 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Bőthe, B., Baumgartner, C., Schaub, M. P., Demetrovics, Z., & Orosz, G. (2020) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.2020.00037 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Schlicker, S., Weisel, K. K., Buntrock, C., Berking, M., Nobis, S., Lehr, D., Baumeister, H., Snoek, F. J., Riper, H. M., & Ebert, D. D. (2019) · Journal of Diabetes Research · doi:10.1155/2019/2634094 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Such negative effects might include negative changes in relationships with friends and family and negative changes in effect due to the IMI itself [54, 55].”
BackgroundDominguez-Rodriguez, A., Martínez-Luna, S. C., Hernández Jiménez, M. J., De La Rosa-Gómez, A., Arenas-Landgrave, P., Esquivel Santoveña, E. E., Arzola-Sánchez, C., Alvarez Silva, J., Solis Nicolas, A. M., Colmenero Guadián, A. M., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.644782 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Online ethics: where will the interface of mental health and the internet lead us?
Cosgrove, V. E., Gliddon, E., Berk, L., Grimm, D., Lauder, S., Dodd, S., Berk, M., & Suppes, T. M. (2017) · International Journal of Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1186/s40345-017-0095-3 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“3% of participants reported at least one potentially treatment-related adverse event (Rozental et al. 2015).”
BackgroundEkström, V., & Johansson, M. (2019) · Addiction Science & Clinical Practice · doi:10.1186/s13722-019-0173-1 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Negative effects of psychotherapies: A systematic review
Paveltchuk, F. D. O., Mourão, S. E. D. Q. C., Keffer, S., da Costa, R. T., Nardi, A. E., & de Carvalho, M. R. (2021) · Counselling and Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1002/capr.12423 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Women’s experiences of internet-delivered Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (iCBT) for Fear of Birth
Baylis, R., Ekdahl, J., Haines, H. M., & Rubertsson, C. (2019) · Women and Birth · doi:10.1016/j.wombi.2019.05.006 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Amann, M., Haug, S., Wenger, A., Baumgartner, C., Ebert, D. D., Berger, T., Stark, L., Walter, M., & Schaub, M. P. (2018) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/resprot.9484 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Furthermore, the occurrence of any negative effects will be identified, as in Rozental et al, at the 3-month follow-up assessment [45].”
BackgroundPromises and risks of web-based interventions in the treatment of depression
Hegerl, U., & Oehler, C. (2020) · Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.31887/dcns.2020.22.2/uhegerl · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Behr, S., Garcia, L. M., Lucas, J., Kohlhase, E., Puetz, M., Boettcher, J., Schaeuffele, C., & Knaevelsrud, C. (2025) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2025.100821 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“They also require appropriate handling of stress and frustration that may arise from a tight treatment schedule or technical difficulties (Fenski et al., 2021; Rozental et al., 2015).”
Self-citationAmarnath, A., Ozmen, S., Struijs, S. Y., de Wit, L. M., & Cuijpers, P. J. (2023) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2023.100612 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Dandachi‐FitzGerald, B., Houben, S. T. L., Broers, N. J., & Merckelbach, H. L. G. J. (2024) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.3014 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Högdahl, L., Levallius, J., Björck, C., Norring, C. E. A., & Birgegård, A. (2016) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2016.07.002 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Hayes, D., Fleming, I., & Wolpert, M. (2015) · Current Treatment Options in Pediatrics · doi:10.1007/s40746-015-0037-1 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Baumgartner, C., Bilevicius, E., Khazaal, Y., Achab, S., Schaaf, S., Wenger, A., Haug, S., Keough, M. T., Hodgins, D. C., & Schaub, M. P. (2019) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-032110 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Bielinski, L. L., & Berger, T. (2020) · Counseling Psychology and Psychotherapy · doi:10.17759/cpp.2020280305 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Küchler, A.-M., Schultchen, D., Pollatos, O., Moshagen, M., Ebert, D. D., & Baumeister, H. (2020) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-020-04868-0 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Watson, P., Leroux, E. J., Chowdhury, M., Mehra, K., Henderson, J. L., Szatmári, P., & Hawke, L. D. (2022) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-022-02431-w · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“These include worsening or lack of improvement of symptoms, development of new symptoms, social difficulties such as increased family distress, stigma, and dependency on the therapist (Berk & Parker, 2009; Linden, 2013; Rozental et al., 2015; Schermuly-Haupt et al., 2018).”
BackgroundInfluentialIs psychotherapy for functional somatic syndromes harmful? A mixed methods study on negative effects
Holsting, A. F., Pedersen, H. F., Rask, M. T., Frostholm, L., & Schröder, A. (2017) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2017.05.010 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
A Low‐Intensity, High‐Frequency Intervention to Reduce Procrastination
Wessel, J., Bradley, G., & Hood, M. (2020) · Applied Psychology · doi:10.1111/apps.12293 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“All rights reserved participant access, and time investment required of participants (Rozental et al., 2015; van Eerde & Klingsieck, 2018).”
BackgroundSayar, H., Vøllestad, J., & Nordgreen, T. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.990833 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Internet-based self-help intervention for procrastination: randomized control group trial protocol
Ying, Z., & Wang, J. (2023) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-023-07112-7 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Rozental A, Forsell E, Svensson A, Forsström D, Andersson G, Carlbring P. Differentiating procrastinators from each other: a cluster analysis.”
Influential
- Authors
- Rozental, A., Boettcher, J., Andersson, G., Schmidt, B., & Carlbring, P.
- Affiliations
- Stockholm University (SE)
- Freie Universität Berlin (DE)
- Linköping University (SE)
- Florida State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Rozental, Alexander
- Venue
- Cognitive Behaviour Therapy
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2015-02-23
- Volume
- 44
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 223-236
- ISSN
- 1650-6073 (ISSN-L)
- 1651-2316
- OpenAlex
- W2061701598
- Cited by
- 189
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 8
- FWCI
- 27.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- urn.kb.se
- Licence
- other-oa
- Locations
- Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DiVA (Stockholm University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Telemedicine and Telehealth Implementation
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health Literacy and Information Accessibility
- Keywords
- online intervention, online therapy, adverse outcomes, patient experience, treatment deterioration, treatment implementation, treatment format, therapist contact, treatment duration, treatment scheduling
- MeSH terms
- Mental Disorders, Clinical Trials as Topic, Humans, Therapy, Computer-Assisted, Patient Satisfaction, Internet, Qualitative Research
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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