Cited by 396Prenatal Substance Exposure EffectsSmoking Behavior and CessationMaternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum

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Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy and Psychiatric Adjustment in Late Adolescence

Fergusson, David M., Woodward, Lianne J., Horwood, L. John·1998·Archives of General Psychiatry

DOI 10.1001/archpsyc.55.8.721

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: This study assessed the extent to which exposure to maternal smoking during pregnancy was associated with increased risks of psychiatric symptoms in late adolescence (adolescents aged 16-18 years) when due allowance was made for confounding or selection factors associated with maternal smoking during pregnancy. METHODS: Data were gathered during an 18-year longitudinal study of a birth cohort of 1265 children born in New Zealand. The measures collected included (1) maternal smoking during pregnancy; (2) assessments of psychiatric problems (conduct disorder, major depression, and anxiety and substance use disorders) at age 16 to 18 years; and (3) measures of potentially confounding social, family, and parental factors. RESULTS: Children exposed to maternal smoking during pregnancy had higher psychiatric symptom rates for conduct disorder, alcohol abuse, substance abuse, and depression. Those children whose mothers smoked at least 1 pack of cigarettes per day during their pregnancy had symptom rates that were between 1.4 and 2.5 (median, 2.0) times higher than the children of nonsmokers. Smoking during pregnancy was also associated with a series of adverse or disadvantageous factors that included (1) socioeconomic disadvantage, (2) impaired child-rearing behaviors, and (3) parental and family problems. After adjustment for these confounding and selection factors, smoking during pregnancy was significantly associated with an increased rate of conduct disorder symptoms in late adolescence (P<.001). This effect was more pronounced for male than female adolescents. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that maternal smoking during pregnancy may contribute to childrens' risk of later externalizing problems. There is a need to further explore the moderating effect of the sex of the child and to clarify the underlying pathophysiological features of this relationship.

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Authors: Fergusson, D. M., Woodward, L. J., & Horwood, L. J.
ORCID: Fergusson, David M.
Woodward, Lianne J.
Horwood, L. John
Venue: Archives of General Psychiatry
Publisher: American Medical Association (AMA)
Published: 1998-08-01
Volume: 55
Issue: 8
Pages: 721
ISSN: 0003-990X (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1001/archpsyc.55.8.721
OpenAlex: W1966730781
Cited by: 396
References: 26
Citations by year: 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 11
FWCI: 16.96
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Archives of General Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Prenatal Substance Exposure Effects
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
Keywords: smoking during pregnancy, conduct disorder, depression, anxiety, substance use disorders, alcohol abuse, externalizing problems, socioeconomic deprivation, child-rearing behavior, parental problems, sex differences, birth cohort
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Anxiety Disorders, Mental Disorders, Child, Child, Preschool, Depressive Disorder, Educational Status, Family Characteristics, Female, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Longitudinal Studies, Male, New Zealand, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Complications, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Risk Factors, Sex Factors, Smoking, Social Class, Comorbidity, Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic, Conduct Disorder, Substance-Related Disorders

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Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy and Psychiatric Adjustment in Late Adolescence

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