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Cited by 326Prenatal Substance Exposure EffectsChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentSmoking Behavior and Cessation

Maternal smoking during pregnancy and the risk of conduct disorder in boys

Wakschlag, Lauren S.·1997·Archives of General Psychiatry
DOI 10.1001/archpsyc.1997.01830190098010
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Abstract

BACKGROUND: Previous animal and human studies have indicated that prenatal exposure to nicotine is associated with adverse reproductive outcomes, including altered neural structure and functioning, cognitive deficits, and behavior problems in the offspring. Our study extends previous research on humans by controlling a broad range of correlates of maternal smoking during pregnancy to determine if smoking is associated with behavior problems in the offspring severe enough to qualify for DSM-III-R diagnosis. METHODS: Subjects were 177 clinic-referred boys, ages 7 to 12 years at the time of the first assessment, who underwent longitudinal assessment for 6 years using annual structured diagnostic interviews. Correlates of maternal smoking during pregnancy and previously identified demographic, parental, perinatal, and family risk factors for the disruptive behavior disorders were controlled in logistic regression analyses. RESULTS: Mothers who smoked more than half a pack of cigarettes daily during pregnancy were significantly more likely to have a child with conduct disorder (odds ratio, 4.4; P = .001) than mothers who did not smoke during pregnancy. This association was statistically significant when controlling for socioeconomic status, maternal age, parental antisocial personality, substance abuse during pregnancy, and maladaptive parenting. CONCLUSIONS: Maternal smoking during pregnancy appears to be a robust independent risk factor for conduct disorder in male offspring. Maternal smoking during pregnancy may have direct adverse effects on the developing fetus or be a marker for a heretofore unmeasured characteristic of mothers that is of etiologic significance conduct disorder.

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  • Maternal smoking during pregnancy has been linked to long-term adverse neurobehavioral outcomes in offspring including attention deficits, hyperactivity, conduct disorder, and substance/nicotine use.

    “Maternal smoking during pregnancy has been linked to low birthweight, admission to neonatal intensive care units, increased risk for sudden infant death syndrome,2, 3, 6 and long-term adverse neurobehavioral outcomes in offspring including attention deficits, hyperactivity, conduct disorder, and substance/nicotine use.7–10.”

    From Maternal Smoking during Pregnancy and Newborn Neurobehavior: Effects at 10 to 27 Days (2009) · cites this paper as [10]

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Authors
Wakschlag, L. S.
Affiliations
University of Chicago (US)
Corresponding author
Wakschlag, Lauren S.
ORCID
Wakschlag, Lauren S.
Venue
Archives of General Psychiatry
Publisher
American Medical Association (AMA)
Published
1997-07-01
Volume
54
Issue
7
Pages
670
ISSN
0003-990X (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1001/archpsyc.1997.01830190098010
OpenAlex
W2013901167
Cited by
326
References
48
Citations by year
2025: 2 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 16
FWCI
17.63
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Archives of General Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
National Institute of Mental Health (MH 42529, R01MH042529)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Prenatal Substance Exposure Effects
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
Keywords
smoking during pregnancy, prenatal nicotine exposure, conduct disorder, disruptive behavior disorders, boys, risk factors, maladaptive parenting, socioeconomic status, child behavior problems
MeSH terms
Adult, Child, Child Behavior Disorders, Female, Humans, Male, Maternal Age, Nicotine, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Complications, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Risk Factors, Smoking, Social Class, Comorbidity, Logistic Models, Odds Ratio, Parenting, Substance-Related Disorders

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