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Cited by 243Hormonal and reproductive studiesMenopause: Health Impacts and TreatmentsStress Responses and Cortisol

Increased Incidence of Diagnosed Depressive Illness in HypogonadalOlder Men

Shores, Molly M., Sloan, Kevin L., Matsumoto, Alvin M., Moceri, Victoria M., Felker, Bradford, Kivlahan, Daniel R.·2004·Archives of General Psychiatry
DOI 10.1001/archpsyc.61.2.162
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Abstract

Context Age-associated hypogonadism (testosterone deficit) occurs in 30% of men after the age of 55; it is associated with decreased muscle mass, bone mineral density, and libido, and with anorexia, fatigue, and irritability. Although some of these symptoms overlap with those of depression, the association between the 2 disorders is unclear. Objective To determine if hypogonadal men have an increased incidence of depressive illness compared with eugonadal men. Design Historical cohort study using computerized medical records, followed by a manual medical record review. Setting Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System. Participants Two hundred seventy-eight men 45 years and older, without prior diagnosed depressive illness and with consistently normal or low testosterone levels (total testosterone level Main outcome measures Incidence of, and time to, a depression diagnosis. Results The 2-year incidence of diagnosed depressive illness was 21.7% in hypogonadal men vs 7.1% in others (chi2(1)=6.0, P=.01). A Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed a significant difference between hypogonadal and eugonadal men in time to diagnosed depression (log-rank test chi2(1)=6.9, P=.008). We used Cox proportional hazards regression models to examine the association of hypogonadism and time to depression diagnosis, adjusting for age, race, number of clinic visits, alcohol use disorders, prostate cancer, and overall medical comorbidity. The unadjusted hazard ratio for depression with hypog…

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  • Testosterone levels are linked to a variety of conditions and diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, type-2 diabetes, the metabolic syndrome, erectile dysfunction, depression, obesity, stroke and osteoporosis.

    “Several studies have previously reported that testosterone levels are linked to a variety of conditions and diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, type-2 diabetes, the metabolic syndrome, erectile dysfunction, depression, obesity, stroke and osteoporosis. 1-7”

    From Cigarette smoking has a positive and independent effect on testosterone levels (2013) · cites this paper as [3]

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Authors
Shores, M. M., Sloan, K. L., Matsumoto, A. M., Moceri, V. M., Felker, B., & Kivlahan, D. R.
Affiliations
VA Puget Sound Health Care System (US)
Corresponding author
Shores, Molly M.
ORCID
Venue
Archives of General Psychiatry
Publisher
American Medical Association (AMA)
Published
2004-02-01
Volume
61
Issue
2
Pages
162
ISSN
0003-990X (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1001/archpsyc.61.2.162
OpenAlex
W1977417329
Cited by
243
References
3
Citations by year
2026: 7 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 15
FWCI
8.35
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Archives of General Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Hormonal and reproductive studies
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Menopause: Health Impacts and Treatments
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
Keywords
androgen deficiency, depression, older men, veterans, comorbidity adjustment, alcoholism, prostate cancer, comorbidities
MeSH terms
Aged, Aging, Depressive Disorder, Humans, Hypogonadism, Male, Middle Aged, Retrospective Studies, Testosterone, Cohort Studies, Incidence

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