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Cited by 767Hormonal and reproductive studiesHypothalamic control of reproductive hormonesAdrenal Hormones and Disorders

Prevalence of hypogonadism in males aged at least 45 years: the HIM study

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MULLIGAN, T., FRICK, M. F., ZURAW, Q. C., STEMHAGEN, A., MCWHIRTER, C.·2008·International Journal of Clinical Practice
DOI 10.1111/j.1742-1241.2006.00992.xPMC PMC1569444
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Abstract

The Hypogonadism in Males study estimated the prevalence of hypogonadism [total testosterone (TT) < 300 ng/dl] in men aged > or = 45 years visiting primary care practices in the United States. A blood sample was obtained between 8 am and noon and assayed for TT, free testosterone (FT) and bioavailable testosterone (BAT). Common symptoms of hypogonadism, comorbid conditions, demographics and reason for visit were recorded. Of 2162 patients, 836 were hypogonadal, with 80 receiving testosterone. Crude prevalence rate of hypogonadism was 38.7%. Similar trends were observed for FT and BAT. Among men not receiving testosterone, 756 (36.3%) were hypogonadal; odds ratios for having hypogonadism were significantly higher in men with hypertension (1.84), hyperlipidaemia (1.47), diabetes (2.09), obesity (2.38), prostate disease (1.29) and asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (1.40) than in men without these conditions. The prevalence of hypogonadism was 38.7% in men aged > or = 45 years presenting to primary care offices.

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  • Testosterone deficiency is highly prevalent, with rates increasing with age from 4% in men aged 40-49 years to nearly 50% in men over 80 years, and some studies suggest a 17% increase per decade of life.

    “Testosterone deficiency is highly prevalent, with rates increasing with age from 4% in men aged 40–49 years to nearly 50% in men over 80 years of age, with some studies suggesting a 17% increase in testosterone deficiency for every decade of life (2-4).”

    From Non-testosterone management of male hypogonadism: an examination of the existing literature (2020) · cites this paper as [4]

    The Results (page not available in our copy) report a 38.7% prevalence of hypogonadism among men aged at least 45 and a 17% increase in risk for each 10-year increase in age. The paper does not report the claimed age-specific rates of 4% at ages 40–49 or nearly 50% over age 80. (LLM, conf=0.88)

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Authors
MULLIGAN, T., FRICK, M. F., ZURAW, Q. C., STEMHAGEN, A., & MCWHIRTER, C.
Affiliations
  • University of Florida (US)
  • Covance (United States) (US)
  • Solvay (United States) (US)
Corresponding author
MULLIGAN, T.
ORCID
MULLIGAN, T.
Venue
International Journal of Clinical Practice
Publisher
Hindawi Limited
Published
2008-10-09
Volume
60
Issue
7
Pages
762-769
ISSN
1368-5031 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1111/j.1742-1241.2006.00992.x
PMC
PMC1569444
OpenAlex
W1667402504
Cited by
767
References
24
Citations by year
2026: 14 · 2025: 37 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 42 · 2020: 44 · 2019: 38 · 2018: 34 · 2017: 54 · 2016: 60 · 2015: 40 · 2014: 58 · 2013: 60 · 2012: 42
FWCI
18.19
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1.1 (tdm, 2518 d)
Locations
  • International Journal of Clinical Practice (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Hormonal and reproductive studies
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
Keywords
hypogonadism, androgen deficiency, prevalence, primary care, free testosterone, bioavailable testosterone, comorbidities, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, obesity, prostate diseases, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, testosterone replacement therapy
MeSH terms
Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Humans, Hypogonadism, Male, Middle Aged, Testosterone, United States, Prevalence

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