The DOI matches its Crossref record; 13 of the 13 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Clinical Course of Children and Adolescents With Bipolar Spectrum Disorders
Open accessAbstract
CONTEXT: Despite the high morbidity associated with bipolar disorder (BP), few studies have prospectively studied the course of this illness in youth. OBJECTIVE: To assess the longitudinal course of BP spectrum disorders (BP-I, BP-II, and not otherwise specified [BP-NOS]) in children and adolescents. DESIGN: Subjects were interviewed, on average, every 9 months for an average of 2 years using the Longitudinal Interval Follow-up Evaluation. SETTING: Outpatient and inpatient units at 3 university centers. PARTICIPANTS: Two hundred sixty-three children and adolescents (mean age, 13 years) with BP-I (n = 152), BP-II (n = 19), and BP-NOS (n = 92). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Rates of recovery and recurrence, weeks with syndromal or subsyndromal mood symptoms, changes in symptoms and polarity, and predictors of outcome. RESULTS: Approximately 70% of subjects with BP recovered from their index episode, and 50% had at least 1 syndromal recurrence, particularly depressive episodes. Analyses of weekly mood symptoms showed that 60% of the follow-up time, subjects had syndromal or subsyndromal symptoms with numerous changes in symptoms and shifts of polarity, and 3% of the time, psychosis. Twenty percent of BP-II subjects converted to BP-I, and 25% of BP-NOS subjects converted to BP-I or BP-II. Early-onset BP, BP-NOS, long duration of mood symptoms, low socioeconomic status, and psychosis were associated with poorer outcomes and rapid mood changes. Secondary analyses comparing BP-I youths with BP-I adults showed that youths significantly more time symptomatic and had more mixed/cycling episodes, mood symptom changes, and polarity switches. CONCLUSIONS: Youths with BP spectrum disorders showed a continuum of BP symptom severity from subsyndromal to full syndromal with frequent mood fluctuations. Results of this study provide preliminary validation for BP-NOS.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Variations in the pattern of pubertal changes in boys
Marshall, W. A., & Tanner, J. M. (1970) · Archives of Disease in Childhood · doi:10.1136/adc.45.239.13 · Cited by 5,147
Anterior Cingulate Cortex, Error Detection, and the Online Monitoring of Performance
Carter, C. S., Braver, T. S., Barch, D. M., Botvinick, M. M., Noll, D., & Cohen, J. D. (1998) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.280.5364.747 · Cited by 3,273
A self‐report measure of pubertal status: Reliability, validity and initial norms
Petersen, A. C., Crockett, L., Richards, M., & Boxer, A. (1988) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/bf01537962 · Cited by 3,129
The Long-term Natural History of the Weekly Symptomatic Status of Bipolar I Disorder
Judd, L. L., Akiskal, H. S., Schettler, P. J., Endicott, J., Maser, J., Solomon, D. A., Leon, A. C., Rice, J. A., & Keller, M. B. (2002) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.59.6.530 · Cited by 2,106
Self-citationFrank, E. (1991) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1991.01810330075011 · Cited by 1,959
Judd, L. L., Akiskal, H. S., Schettler, P. J., Coryell, W., Endicott, J., Maser, J. D., Solomon, D. A., Leon, A. C., & Keller, M. B. (2003) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.60.3.261 · Cited by 1,243
Self-citationA cognitive model of persecutory delusions
Freeman, D., Garety, P. A., Kuipers, E., Fowler, D., & Bebbington, P. E. (2002) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1348/014466502760387461 · Cited by 888
Perlis, R. H., Miyahara, S., Marangell, L. B., Wisniewski, S. R., Ostacher, M., DelBello, M. P., Bowden, C. L., Sachs, G. S., & Nierenberg, A. A. (2004) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.01.022 · Cited by 852
Buchanan, R. W. (2005) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbi020 · Cited by 438
Neuroimaging studies of the hippocampus in schizophrenia
Heckers, S. (2001) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.1068 · Cited by 420
Cited by
Goodwin, G., Haddad, P., Ferrier, I., Aronson, J., Barnes, T., Cipriani, A., Coghill, D., Fazel, S., Geddes, Jr., Grunze, H., et al. (2016) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881116636545 · Cited by 1,309
Severe Mood Dysregulation, Irritability, and the Diagnostic Boundaries of Bipolar Disorder in Youths
Leibenluft, E. (2011) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.10050766 · Cited by 565
Birmaher, B., Axelson, D., Goldstein, B., Strober, M., Gill, Hunt, J., Houck, P., Ha, W., Iyengar, S., Kim, E., et al. (2009) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.08101569 · Cited by 524
Self-citationPhenomenology of Children and Adolescents With Bipolar Spectrum Disorders
Axelson, D., Birmaher, B., Strober, M., Gill, M. K., Valeri, S., Chiappetta, L., Ryan, N., Leonard, H., Hunt, J., Iyengar, S., et al. (2006) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.63.10.1139 · Cited by 522
Self-citationEarly-Onset Bipolar Disorder and Treatment Delay Are Risk Factors for Poor Outcome in Adulthood
Post, R. M., Leverich, G. S., Kupka, R. W., Keck, P. E., McElroy, S. L., Altshuler, L. L., Frye, M. A., Luckenbaugh, D. A., Rowe, M., Grunze, H., et al. (2010) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.08m04994yel · Cited by 360
Metadata
- Authors
- Birmaher, B., Axelson, D., Strober, M., Gill, M. K., Valeri, S., Chiappetta, L., Ryan, N., Leonard, H., Hunt, J., Iyengar, S., & Keller, M.
- Venue
- Archives of General Psychiatry
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2006-02-01
- Volume
- 63
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 175
- ISSN
- 0003-990X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2158521887
- Cited by
- 655
- References
- 13
- FWCI
- 33.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Clinical Course of Children and Adolescents With Bipolar Spectrum Disorders. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1001/archpsyc.63.2.175
- The paper
- Birmaher, B., Axelson, D., Strober, M., Gill, M. K., Valeri, S., Chiappetta, L., Ryan, N., Leonard, H., Hunt, J., Iyengar, S., & Keller, M. (2006). Clinical Course of Children and Adolescents With Bipolar Spectrum Disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.63.2.175
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
