The DOI matches its Crossref record, with a small difference in title or year; 4 of the 4 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Changes in Physical Fitness and All-Cause Mortality: A Prospective Study of Healthy and Unhealthy Men
Abstract
Objective. —To evaluate the relationship between changes in physical fitness and risk of mortality in men. Design. —Prospective study, with two clinical examinations (mean interval between examinations, 4.9 years) to assess change or lack of change in physical fitness as associated with risk of mortality during follow-up after the subsequent examination (mean follow-up from subsequent examination, 5.1 years). Setting. —Preventive medicine clinic. Study Participants. —Participants were 9777 men given two preventive medical examinations, each of which included assessment of physical fitness by maximal exercise tests and evaluation of health status. Main Outcome Measures. —All-cause (n=223) and cardiovascular disease (n=87) mortality. Results. —The highest age-adjusted all-cause death rate was observed in men who were unfit at both examinations (122.0/10 000 man-years); the lowest death rate was in men who were physically fit at both examinations (39.6/10000 man-years). Men who improved from unfit to fit between the first and subsequent examinations had an age-adjusted death rate of 67.7/10 000 man-years. This is a reduction in mortality risk of 44% (95% confidence interval, 25% to 59%) relative to men who remained unfit at both examinations. Improvement in fitness was associated with lower death rates after adjusting for age, health status, and other risk factors of premature mortality. For each minute increase in maximal treadmill time between examinations, there was a corresponding 7.9% (P=.001) decrease in risk of mortality. Similar results were seen when the group was stratified by health status, and for cardiovascular disease mortality. Conclusions. —Men who maintained or improved adequate physical fitness were less likely to die from all causes and from cardiovascular disease during follow-up than persistently unfit men. Physicians should encourage unfit men to improve their fitness by starting a physical activity program. (JAMA. 1995;273:1093-1098)
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In the citing paper
“Increases in PA and physical fitness are also associated with reduced early mortality in both populations as well ( 19 , 42 , 153 , 163 , 164 , 186 , 272 ).”
From Exercise and Type 2 Diabetes (2010) · cites this paper as [19]
In the citing paper
“Higher levels of physical fitness and PA are associated with lower CV risk and mortality in both healthy and clinical populations ( 19 , 153 , 164 , 207 ).”
From Exercise and Type 2 Diabetes (2010) · cites this paper as [19]
In the citing paper
“Unfit-men who-became-fit between CRF assessments decreased their risk of death.”
From Lack of Exercise Is a Major Cause of Chronic Diseases (2012) · cites this paper as [44]
In the citing paper
“men who changed fitness status between the two CRF assessments had intermediate risk of death between the fit-that-stayed-fit group and unfit-who-stayed-unfit group.”
From Lack of Exercise Is a Major Cause of Chronic Diseases (2012) · cites this paper as [44]
In the citing paper
“Men who were unfit at both visits had the highest death risk while men who were fit at both visits had the lowest death risk.”
From Lack of Exercise Is a Major Cause of Chronic Diseases (2012) · cites this paper as [44]
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Citations
Cites
Paffenbarger, R. S., Hyde, R. T., Wing, A. L., Lee, I.-M., Jung, D. L., & Kampert, J. B. (1993) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199302253280804 · Cited by 1,972
Physical Fitness as a Predictor of Mortality among Healthy, Middle-Aged Norwegian Men
Sandvik, L., Erikssen, J., Thaulow, E., Erikssen, G., Mundal, R., & Rodahl, K. (1993) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199302253280803 · Cited by 788
Physical Fitness as a Predictor of Cardiovascular Mortality in Asymptomatic North American Men
Ekelund, L.-G., Haskell, W. L., Johnson, J. L., Whaley, F. S., Criqui, M. H., Sheps, D. S., & Study, T. L. R. C. M. F.-U. (1988) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198811243192104 · Cited by 682
A comparative analysis of four protocols for maximal treadmill stress testing
Pollock, M. L., Bohannon, R. L., Cooper, K. H., Ayres, J. J., Ward, A., White, S. R., & Linnerud, A. C. (1976) · American Heart Journal · doi:10.1016/s0002-8703(76)80401-2 · Cited by 536
Cited by
Garber, C. E., Blissmer, B., Deschenes, M. R., Franklin, B. A., Lamonte, M. J., Lee, I.-M., Nieman, D. C., & Swain, D. P. (2011) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e318213fefb · Cited by 9,319
Health benefits of physical activity: the evidence
Warburton, D. E. R. (2006) · Canadian Medical Association Journal · doi:10.1503/cmaj.051351 · Cited by 8,007
Exercise capacity and mortality among men referred for exercise testing
Myers, J., Prakash, M., Froelicher, V., Do, D., Partington, S., & Atwood, J. E. (2002) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa011858 · Cited by 4,114
Haslam, D. W., & James, W. P. T. (2005) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)67483-1 · Cited by 3,757
Exacting beauty: Theory, assessment, and treatment of body image disturbance.
Thompson, J. K., Heinberg, L. J., Altabe, M., & Tantleff-Dunn, S. (1999) · doi:10.1037/10312-000 · Cited by 3,100
Metadata
- Authors
- Blair, S. N.
- Corresponding author
- Blair, Steven N.
- ORCID
- Blair, Steven N.
- Venue
- JAMA
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 1995-04-12
- Volume
- 273
- Issue
- 14
- Pages
- 1093
- ISSN
- 0002-9955 (ISSN-L)
- 0098-7484
- OpenAlex
- W7214152892
- Cited by
- 3
- References
- 4
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 0.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- JAMA (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Effects of Exercise
- Keywords
- physical fitness, all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, treadmill exercise testing, fitness improvement, men, health status, physical activity, preventive medicine
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