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Cited by 2,575Physical Activity and HealthCardiovascular and exercise physiologyExercise and Physiological Responses

Lack of Exercise Is a Major Cause of Chronic Diseases

Open access
Booth, Frank W., Roberts, Christian K., Laye, Matthew J.·2012·Comprehensive Physiology
DOI 10.1002/cphy.c110025PMC PMC4241367
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Abstract

Chronic diseases are major killers in the modern era. Physical inactivity is a primary cause of most chronic diseases. The initial third of the article considers: activity and prevention definitions; historical evidence showing physical inactivity is detrimental to health and normal organ functional capacities; cause versus treatment; physical activity and inactivity mechanisms differ; gene‐environment interaction (including aerobic training adaptations, personalized medicine, and co‐twin physical activity); and specificity of adaptations to type of training. Next, physical activity/exercise is examined as primary prevention against 35 chronic conditions [accelerated biological aging/premature death, low cardiorespiratory fitness (V o 2 max), sarcopenia, metabolic syndrome, obesity, insulin resistance, prediabetes, type 2 diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, coronary heart disease, peripheral artery disease, hypertension, stroke, congestive heart failure, endothelial dysfunction, arterial dyslipidemia, hemostasis, deep vein thrombosis, cognitive dysfunction, depression and anxiety, osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, balance, bone fracture/falls, rheumatoid arthritis, colon cancer, breast cancer, endometrial cancer, gestational diabetes, pre‐eclampsia, polycystic ovary syndrome, erectile dysfunction, pain, diverticulitis, constipation, and gallbladder diseases]. The article ends with consideration of deterioration of risk factors in longer‐term sedentary groups; clinical consequences of inactive childhood/adolescence; and public policy. In summary, the body rapidly maladapts to insufficient physical activity, and if continued, results in substantial decreases in both total and quality years of life. Taken together, conclusive evidence exists that physical inactivity is one important cause of most chronic diseases. In addition, physical activity primarily prevents, or delays, chronic diseases, implying that chronic disease need not be an inevitable outcome during life. © 2012 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 2:1143‐1211, 2012.

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Registry

Crossref · 10.1002/cphy.c110025

Cites

588 of 588 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 559 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingcitation

    DLW estimates of energy expenditure determined between 1988 and 2006 did not significantly differ.

    “Indeed, DLW estimates of energy expenditure determined between 1988 (555) and 2006 (554) did not significantly differ.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [555] Westerterp KR Speakman JR Physical activity energy expenditure has not declined since the 1980s and matches energy expenditures of wild mammals Int J Obes (Lond) 2008 32 1256 1263 18504442 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [554] Westerterp KR Physical activity, food intake, and body weight regulation: insights from doubly labeled water studies Nutr Rev 2010 68 148 154 20384845 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Findingown data

    Following Levine's model, an annualized loss of 64,349 calories, equivalent to 18.4 pounds of fat in one year, would not be expended when walking/standing is selected out of lifestyle in the hypothetical model.

    “We followed Levine's model and calculated an annualized loss of 64,349 calories (caloric equivalent of 18.4 pounds of fat in one year) would not be expended when walking/standing is selected out of lifestyle in our hypothetical model (Table 9).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Caloric expenditure estimates from domestic mechanization and walking/standing can be annualized to fat gain.
  • Findingcitation

    The lowest activity group has about 40% increased prevalence of colon cancer compared to the highest activity group.

    “The lowest activity group has ~40% increased prevalence of colon cancer compared to the highest activity group.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingcitation

    Combining pre- and postmenopausal breast cancer resulted in a 15-20% decreased risk by physical activity.

    “Combining pre- and postmenopausal breast cancer resulted in a 15–20% decreased risk by physical activity.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [347] Monninkhof EM Elias SG Vlems FA van der Tweel I Schuit AJ Voskuil DW van Leeuwen FE Physical activity and breast cancer: a systematic review Epidemiology 2007 18 137 157 17130685 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Findingcitation

    A review of 23 case-control and 17 cohort studies found that the most physically active people had about 40-50% lower colon cancer risk than the least active.

    “A literature review through March 1997 found 23 case-control (cross-sectional) studies and 17 cohort (longitudinal) studies. In both types of studies, those in the highest physical activity category had ~40%–50% reduction in risk of colon cancer compared with the least active category (111).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [111] Colditz GA Cannuscio CC Frazier AL Physical activity and reduced risk of colon cancer: implications for prevention Cancer Causes Control 1997 8 649 667 9242482 source

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  • May combine two claims. 169
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 50
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 1

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    From about 1980 to 1988, the prevalence of obesity was already increasing and the slope of the increase remained unchanged through 2006.

    “However, from ~1980 to 1988 the increased prevalence of obesity was already occurring and the slope of the increase remained unchanged through 2006 (Fig. 9).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Evidence for physical activity reducing premenopausal breast cancer risk is much weaker, with no effect found.

    “However, much weaker evidence is available for physical activities reduction on risk of premenopausal breast cancer, so no effect existed.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [347] Monninkhof EM Elias SG Vlems FA van der Tweel I Schuit AJ Voskuil DW van Leeuwen FE Physical activity and breast cancer: a systematic review Epidemiology 2007 18 137 157 17130685 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Treadmill exercise reduced polyp number and size in male but not female ApcMin/+ mice, while voluntary wheel running did not change polyp number or size.

    “Carson and co-authors observed that treadmill exercise reduced polyp number and size in male, but not female ApcMin/+ mice, while voluntary wheel running did not elicit a change in polyp number or size (337).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [337] Mehl KA Davis JM Clements JM Berger FG Pena MM Carson JA Decreased intestinal polyp multiplicity is related to exercise mode and gender in ApcMin/+ mice J Appl Physiol 2005 98 2219 2225 15894538

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    In male ApcMin/+ mice, 10 weeks of voluntary running decreased polyp number and increased serum IGF-I, with IGF-I not related to polyp number.

    “In their second study of ApcMin/+ mice, 10 weeks of voluntary running decreased polyp number and increased serum IGF-I in male ApcMin/+, with IGF-I not being related to polyp number (107).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [107] Colbert LH Mai V Tooze JA Perkins SN Berrigan D Hursting SD Negative energy balance induced by voluntary wheel running inhibits polyp development in APCMin mice Carcinogenesis 2006 27 2103 2107 16699175 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    No deleterious effects of exercise on preeclampsia were found, but Gavard and Artal caution that the cited investigations may not have been designed to report deleterious effects.

    “No deleterious effects of exercise on preeclampsia were found, but Gavard and Artal caution that purposes of the investigations cited by them may not have been to report deleterious effects (196).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [196] Gavard JA Artal R Effect of exercise on pregnancy outcome Clin Obstet Gynecol 2008 51 467 480 18463475 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    The balance of evidence supports that exercise is the primary prevention against preeclampsia, with effects particularly strong for vigorous or intense exercise.

    “Gavard and Artal (196) concluded that the balance of evidence still supports that exercise is the primary prevention against preeclampsia, with the effects being particularly strong for vigorous or intense exercise.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [196] Gavard JA Artal R Effect of exercise on pregnancy outcome Clin Obstet Gynecol 2008 51 467 480 18463475 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    In a randomized single-blind trial of 110 obese men with ED, a lifestyle intervention increased physical activity and significantly improved IIEF scores from 13.9 to 17, with no change in controls.

    “Utilizing a randomized-single bind design 110 obese men with ED, as defined by a International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) less than 21, were either placed into an intervention group with the goal of 10% weight loss by walking 4 hours a week and reducing caloric intake or a control group. After 2 years, using an intent-to-treat analysis, the intervention group spent 195 min/wk doing physical”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [170] Esposito K Giugliano F Di Palo C Giugliano G Marfella R D'Andrea F D'Armiento M Giugliano D Effect of lifestyle changes on erectile dysfunction in obese men: a randomized controlled trial JAMA 2004 291 2978 2984 15213209 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    In the BACH Survey of 2031 males aged 30-79, lifestyle contributed to 12.2% of clinically validated ED, but when all covariates were considered, lifestyle alone explained only 0.9%.

    “For instance in the Boston Area Community Health (BACH) Survey of 2031 males aged 30–79 lifestyle contributed to 12.2% of the total subject with clinically validated ED (295). However, when all covariates were considered, lifestyle alone could only explain 0.9% of the ED.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [295] Kupelian V Araujo AB Chiu GR Rosen RC McKinlay JB Relative contributions of modifiable risk factors to erectile dysfunction: results from the Boston Area Community Health (BACH) Survey Prev Med 2010 50 19 25 19944117 PMC2813912 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Findingnone given

    There are no studies to our knowledge showing that physical inactivity is associated with an increase in most chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases.

    “There are no studies to our knowledge showing that physical inactivity is associated with an increase in most chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Moderate-intensity aerobic exercise reduced cutaneous and deep tissue hyperalgesia induced by acidic saline and stimulated neurotrophic factor-3 synthesis in gastrocnemius but not soleus muscle.

    “Moderate-intensity aerobic exercise reduced cutaneous and deep tissue hyperalgesia induced by acidic saline and stimulated neurotrophic factor-3 synthesis in gastrocnemius but not the soleus muscle (469).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [469] Sharma NK Ryals JM Gajewski BJ Wright DE Aerobic exercise alters analgesia and neurotrophin-3 synthesis in an animal model of chronic widespread pain Phys Ther 2010 90 714 725 20338916 PMC3171655 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    An older study of Finnish athletes who died between 1936 and 1985 showed they were no more likely to have asthma and about 50% less likely to die of any pulmonary disease than non-athletes.

    “However, in contrast, an older study of Finnish athletes that died between 1936 and 1985 showed that they were no more likely to have asthma and about 50% less likely to die of any pulmonary disease than non-athletes (291).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [291] Kujala UM Sarna S Kaprio J Koskenvuo M Asthma and other pulmonary diseases in former elite athletes Thorax 1996 51 288 292 8779133 PMC1090641 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingcitation

    NPAGCR concluded no association exists between physical activity and prostate cancer.

    “The NPAGCR concluded no association exists between physical activity and prostate cancer (412).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [412] Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Report, 2008 2008 http://wwwhealthgov/paguidelines/Report/pdf/CommitteeReportpdf

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Exercise training has been suggested to reduce pain but not cure the source of pain, and sufficient publications to verify the claim do not exist.

    “Exercise training has been long suggested to reduce pain, but not to be a cure to the source of the pain [see (469) for refs.], but sufficient publications to verify the claim do not exist.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [469] Sharma NK Ryals JM Gajewski BJ Wright DE Aerobic exercise alters analgesia and neurotrophin-3 synthesis in an animal model of chronic widespread pain Phys Ther 2010 90 714 725 20338916 PMC3171655 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingcitation

    NPAGCR states a statistically significant trend toward decreasing prostate cancer risk with increasing physical activity in several studies.

    “On the other hand, the NPAGCR states a statistically significant trend towards decreasing prostate cancer risk was observed with increasing physical activity in several studies.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [412] Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Report, 2008 2008 http://wwwhealthgov/paguidelines/Report/pdf/CommitteeReportpdf

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Regular moderate exercise reduces susceptibility to infection compared to sedentary, while prolonged bouts of strenuous exercise cause temporary depression of immune function for about 3-24 hours.

    “While regular moderate exercise reduces susceptibility to infection compared to sedentary, prolonged bouts of strenuous exercise cause a temporary depression of various aspects of immune function (e.g., neutrophil respiratory burst, lymphocyte proliferation, monocyte antigen presentation) for ~3–24 hr, e.g., after prolonged (>1.5 h), of moderate to high intensity (55–75% maximum O2 uptake) without”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [199] Gleeson M Immune function in sport and exercise J Appl Physiol 2007 103 693 699 17303714 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [200] Gleeson M Nieman DC Pedersen BK Exercise, nutrition and immune function J Sports Sci 2004 22 115 125 14971437 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Twelve markers that increase risk of chronic diseases became worse in the 6-month inactive control group, including increases in body weight, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, VAT, total abdominal fat, fasting insulin, LDL particle number, small dense LDL, and LDL-cholesterol, and decreases in insulin sensitivity and fitness.

    “Twelve markers that increase the risk of chronic diseases became worse in the 6-month inactive “control group”, including increases in body weight, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, VAT, total abdominal fat, fasting insulin, LDL particle number, small dense LDL and LDL-cholesterol; and decreases in insulin sensitivity, and fitness (35, 153, 246, 257, 284, 481).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [35] Berggren JR Hulver MW Dohm GL Houmard JA Weight loss and exercise: implications for muscle lipid metabolism and insulin action Med Sci Sports Exerc 2004 36 1191 1195 15235324 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [153] Duscha BD Slentz CA Johnson JL Houmard JA Bensimhon DR Knetzger KJ Kraus WE Effects of exercise training amount and intensity on peak oxygen consumption in middle-age men and women at risk for cardiovascular disease Chest 2005 128 2788 2793 16236956 source

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    • cites [246] Houmard JA Tanner CJ Slentz CA Duscha BD McCartney JS Kraus WE Effect of the volume and intensity of exercise training on insulin sensitivity J Appl Physiol 2004 96 101 106 12972442 source

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  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Changes in immune function following high levels of physical activity include low lymphocyte levels and function, impaired phagocytosis, impaired neutrophilic function, neutrophil degranulation, reduced monocyte function, reduced oxidative burst activity, and potentially lower mucosal immunoglobulin levels.

    “The changes in immune function include low levels of lymphocytes and lymphocyte function (301), impaired phagocytosis, impaired neutrophilic function with prolonged exercise (401), neutrophil degranulation (400), reduced monocyte function (302), reduced oxidative burst activity, and potentially lower mucosal immunoglobulin levels (201).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [301] Lancaster GI Halson SL Khan Q Drysdale P Wallace F Jeukendrup AE Drayson MT Gleeson M Effects of acute exhaustive exercise and chronic exercise training on type 1 and type 2 T lymphocytes Exerc Immunol Rev 2004 10 91 106 15633589 source

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    • cites [401] Peake JM Exercise-induced alterations in neutrophil degranulation and respiratory burst activity: possible mechanisms of action Exerc Immunol Rev 2002 8 49 100 12690938

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [400] Peake J Wilson G Hordern M Suzuki K Yamaya K Nosaka K Mackinnon L Coombes JS Changes in neutrophil surface receptor expression, degranulation, and respiratory burst activity after moderate- and high-intensity exercise J Appl Physiol 2004 97 612 618 15075305 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    58% of American children aged 6-11 and 92% aged 12-19 do not meet the recommended 60 minutes of daily physical activity.

    “58% and 92% of American children aged 6–11 and 12–19 yrs-old, respectively, do not meet the recommended 60 min of daily physical activity (527).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [527] Troiano RP Berrigan D Dodd KW Masse LC Tilert T McDowell M Physical activity in the United States measured by accelerometer Med Sci Sports Exerc 2008 40 181 188 18091006 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The paper estimates U.S. health care costs of inactivity at $2.2-3.8 trillion for the first decade of the 21st century, or $700 per resident yearly, and $7000 for the next decade.

    “Our estimations are that U.S. health care costs of inactivity will range from $2.2–3.8 trillion in the first decade of the 21st century, or $700 yearly ($7000 for the next decade) from each U.S. resident”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Active bus conductors who developed coronary heart disease had less severe disease and lower death rates than inactive drivers.

    “Furthermore, even the physically active conductors who did develop CHD with age were better off, presenting with less severe disease and lower fatality rates than the inactive bus drivers (353).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [353] Morris JN Heady JA Raffle PA Roberts CG Parks JW Coronary heart-disease and physical activity of work Lancet 1953 265 1053 1057 13110049

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Physical activity mainly prevents or delays chronic diseases, so chronic disease is not necessarily inevitable.

    “In addition, physical activity primarily prevents, or delays, chronic diseases, implying that chronic disease need not be an inevitable outcome during life.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    Historical evidence indicates that inactivity harms health by lowering functional capacity across most organ systems in humans, mammals, and rodents.

    “Three millennia of evidence exist to indicate historical recognition that physical inactivity is detrimental to health by reducing the functional capacity of most organ systems in humans, mammals, and rodents.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Two weeks of reduced stepping increased visceral fat by 7%, decreased total fat-free mass by 1.2 kg, and left total-body fat mass and BMI unchanged.

    “Body composition was also significantly altered by 2 weeks of reduced stepping with visceral adipose tissue mass increased 7%, total fat-free mass decreased by 1.2 kg, 0.5 kg of it in the legs, while total-body fat mass and BMI were unchanged (286, 389).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [286] Krogh-Madsen R Thyfault JP Broholm C Mortensen OH Olsen RH Mounier R Plomgaard P van Hall G Booth FW Pedersen BK A 2-wk reduction of ambulatory activity attenuates peripheral insulin sensitivity J Appl Physiol 2010 108 1034 1040 20044474 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [389] Olsen RH Krogh-Madsen R Thomsen C Booth FW Pedersen BK Metabolic responses to reduced daily steps in healthy nonexercising men JAMA 2008 299 1261 1263 18349087 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Functional capacity is changeable, falling quickly with extreme inactivity or more slowly with age, and can rise when inactivity is prevented.

    “Functional capacity is pliable; declining rapidly with extreme physical inactivity or more slowly with aging, while preventing inactivity can increase functional capacity (considered in specific detail in the aging section).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Historical evidence indicates that inactivity reduces functional system capacities and leads to earlier health deterioration in humans.

    “Taken together, the historical work provides overwhelming evidence that physical inactivity cause decreases in capacities of functional systems, leading to premature deterioration of health in humans.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: A direct link between functional capacity and survival is a cornerstone of general medicine theory.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    After two weeks of reduced daily steps from 10,501 to 1,344, peripheral insulin sensitivity fell by 17%, with lower insulin-stimulated pAkt-Thr308/total Akt in skeletal muscle.

    “After 2 weeks, VO2max decreased 7%, peripheral insulin sensitivity decreased by 17% with concurrent decreases in insulin-stimulated ratio of pAkt-Thr308/total Akt in skeletal muscle.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [286] Krogh-Madsen R Thyfault JP Broholm C Mortensen OH Olsen RH Mounier R Plomgaard P van Hall G Booth FW Pedersen BK A 2-wk reduction of ambulatory activity attenuates peripheral insulin sensitivity J Appl Physiol 2010 108 1034 1040 20044474 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [389] Olsen RH Krogh-Madsen R Thomsen C Booth FW Pedersen BK Metabolic responses to reduced daily steps in healthy nonexercising men JAMA 2008 299 1261 1263 18349087 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Physical activity itself seldom causes chronic conditions, though some sports can raise osteoarthritis risk in particular groups.

    “Physical activity, itself, rarely causes chronic conditions, e.g., participation in specific sports improves general health, but can increase the risk of osteoarthritis in specific populations (71); discussed later in section “Osteoarthritis”.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [71] Buckwalter JA Martin JA Sports and osteoarthritis Curr Opin Rheumatol 2004 16 634 639 15314507 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Inactivity causes immediate negative vessel remodeling, whereas activity needs 4-6 weeks for positive remodeling.

    “For instance inactivity results in immediate negative remodeling of the vessel, while activity requires 4–6 weeks to positively remodel the vessel.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Short-term reductions in daily steps cause lower cardiorespiratory fitness, reduced insulin sensitivity, less lean mass, and more visceral fat.

    “Short-term reductions in daily step number (producing less daily physical activity) cause decreased CRF, loss of insulin sensitivity, reduced lean mass and increased visceral adipose tissue.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Human and rat models of reduced daily steps both increased visceral fat and reduced lean mass without increased calorie intake.

    “Thus, both human and rat models of reduced daily steps increased visceral adipose tissue while diminishing lean mass, independent of caloric increases.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Strong evidence shows active people have better health-related fitness and lower risk of many disabling conditions than inactive people.

    “There is strong evidence that physically active people have better health-related physical fitness and are at lower risk of developing many disabling medical conditions than inactive people (532).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [532] U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans 2011 http://wwwhealthgov/paguidelines/guidelines/introaspx

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In rats, 53 hours of wheel lock reduced submaximal insulin sensitivity and increased triglyceride storage in visceral fat.

    “Within 53 hrs two major changes in functional capacities were observed, decreased submaximal insulin sensitivity and enhanced storage of TG in visceral adipose tissue.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [293] Kump DS Booth FW Alterations in insulin receptor signalling in the rat epitrochlearis muscle upon cessation of voluntary exercise J Physiol 2005 562 829 838 15550465 PMC1665545 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    A 2010 review of 43 papers found limited evidence for a positive link between occupational sitting and health risks.

    “A 2010 review co-authored from multiple research sites concluded from an examination of 43 papers, “Limited evidence was found to support a positive relationship between occupational sitting and health risks. The heterogeneity of study designs, measures, and findings makes it difficult to draw definitive conclusions at this time” (537).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [537] van Uffelen JG Wong J Chau JY van der Ploeg HP Riphagen I Gilson ND Burton NW Healy GN Thorp AA Clark BK Gardiner PA Dunstan DW Bauman A Owen N Brown WJ Occupational sitting and health risks: a systematic review Am J Prev Med 2010 39 379 388 20837291 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Strength depends heavily on skeletal muscle mass, which has a major genetic component, and is sensitive to reduced mechanical loading that causes atrophy.

    “Strength is highly dependent upon skeletal muscle mass, which contains a major genetic component (Discussed later in Twin studies-Modulation of twin health by physical activity), and is sensitive to decreased mechanical loading resulting in skeletal muscle atrophy regardless of endowed muscle mass (49, 508).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [49] Booth FW Effect of limb immobilization on skeletal muscle J Appl Physiol 1982 52 1113 1118 7047468 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [508] Thomason DB Booth FW Atrophy of the soleus muscle by hindlimb unweighting J Appl Physiol 1990 68 1 12 2179205 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • Rests on an assumption: Inherited genes and their interaction with activity levels determine physical fitness.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Balance and flexibility fitness have genetic components and can be trained.

    “Both have components of genetic inheritability and are also trainable (Discussed later in Twin studies-Modulation of twin health by physical activity).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Inherited genes and their interaction with activity levels determine physical fitness.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Better VO2max tracks with favorable health status, while poorer VO2max tracks with unfavorable health status.

    “High VO2max is associated with “positive health”; low VO2max is associated with “negative health.””
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Genes interact with physical fitness and with activity or inactivity levels.

    “Physical fitness and physical activity/inactivity interact with genes.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The body rapidly maladapts to insufficient activity, and continued inactivity substantially reduces both total and quality years of life.

    “In summary, the body rapidly maladapts to insufficient physical activity, and if continued, results in substantial decreases in both total and quality years of life.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: A direct link between functional capacity and survival is a cornerstone of general medicine theory.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The CDC defines physical inactivity as an actual cause of chronic conditions.

    “The CDC defines physical inactivity as an actual cause of chronic conditions (213, 345).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [213] Hahn RA Teutsch SM Rothenberg RB Marks JS Excess deaths from nine chronic diseases in the United States, 1986 JAMA 1990 264 2654 2659 2232042 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [345] Mokdad AH Marks JS Stroup DF Gerberding JL Actual causes of death in the United States, 2000 JAMA 2004 291 1238 1245 15010446 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    It cannot be established systematically whether poor response in one trait co-occurs with poor response in another.

    “No systematic analysis allows us to be certain that a `nonresponder' for one trait does not cluster with a poor response for another” (516).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [516] Timmons JA Commentary on viewpoint: Perspective on the future use of genomics in exercise prescription J Appl Physiol 2008 104 1250 18385305 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The rat findings suggest that genetic differences contribute to VO2max variation, which in turn tracks with health outcomes.

    “These data provides evidence of a genetic role in inter-animal variation in VO2max that is correlated with better health outcomes.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Bouchard and co-investigators reported maximal heritability estimates of at least 50%, inflated by nongenetic shared factors.

    “Maximal heritability estimates were at least 50%, a value inflated to an undetermined degree by inclusion of nongenetic shared factors” (56).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [56] Bouchard C Daw EW Rice T Perusse L Gagnon J Province MA Leon AS Rao DC Skinner JS Wilmore JH Familial resemblance for VO2max in the sedentary state: the HERITAGE family study Med Sci Sports Exerc 1998 30 252 258 9502354 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationcitation

    Evolution likely favored certain genes that enabled high activity levels and the capacity to adapt to activity.

    “The quotation hints that some genes were selected during evolution to support high levels of physical activity and the ability to adapt to physical activity.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Bennett and Ruben proposed that physical activity drove natural selection of genes that maximize inherited VO2max potential.

    “Bennett and Ruben elegantly described a basis for natural selection of genes by physical activity to maximize inherited potential VO2max”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [34] Bennett AF Ruben JA Endothermy and activity in vertebrates Science 1979 206 649 654 493968 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    High-VO2max rats showed better cardiovascular and metabolic profiles: lower 24-hour blood pressure, improved acetylcholine-induced vasorelaxation, lower fasting glucose, less visceral fat, lower triglycerides, and more mitochondrial protein.

    “Rats with high VO2max had healthier cardiovascular systems (12% lower mean 24-hr blood pressures and 48% better acetylcholine-induced vasorelaxation), and healthier metabolic risk factors (16% less fasting plasma glucose, 39% less visceral adipose tissue, 63% lower plasma triglyceride levels, and greater mitochondrial protein concentrations).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [569] Wisloff U Najjar SM Ellingsen O Haram PM Swoap S Al-Share Q Fernstrom M Rezaei K Lee SJ Koch LG Britton SL Cardiovascular risk factors emerge after artificial selection for low aerobic capacity Science 2005 307 418 420 15662013 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Differences in muscle mass response may stem partly from genetic variation, differences in intramuscular mTORC1 activation, and/or differing miRNA responses to resistance training.

    “The variability in muscle mass may, in part, be related (but not limited) to inter-individual differences in genome code (as with IGF2 in the aforementioned porcine model) (377), the individual's ability to activate intramuscular mTORC1 signaling within skeletal muscle in response to exercise (333), and/or different responses of microRNA (miRNA) to RT(120).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [377] Nezer C Collette C Moreau L Brouwers B Kim JJ Giuffra E Buys N Andersson L Georges M Haplotype sharing refines the location of an imprinted quantitative trait locus with major effect on muscle mass to a 250-kb chromosome segment containing the porcine IGF2 gene Genetics 2003 165 277 285 14504235 PMC1462731 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [333] Mayhew DLKJ Kosek D Petrella Cross J Bamman M The PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway is up-regulated during skeletal muscle hypertrophy in humans FASEB J 2007 21 895

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [120] Davidsen PK Gallagher IJ Hartman JW Tarnopolsky MA Dela F Helge JW Timmons JA Phillips SM High responders to resistance exercise training demonstrate differential regulation of skeletal muscle microRNA expression J Appl Physiol 2011 110 309 317 21030674 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Among 585 people after 12 weeks of resistance training, cross-sectional area changed by 2% to +59%, one-repetition maximum by 0% to +250%, and maximal isometric contraction by −32% to +149%.

    “In 585 subjects undergoing 12 weeks of RT, changes from 2 to +59%, 0 to +250%, and −32 to +149% occurred in cross sectional area, one repetition max, and maximal isometric contraction, respectively (250).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [250] Hubal MJ Gordish-Dressman H Thompson PD Price TB Hoffman EP Angelopoulos TJ Gordon PM Moyna NM Pescatello LS Visich PS Zoeller RF Seip RL Clarkson PM Variability in muscle size and strength gain after unilateral resistance training Med Sci Sports Exerc 2005 37 964 972 15947721

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    Many twin-activity studies are limited by broad variation in activity levels and by outcomes that are not standard exercise physiology measures.

    “many of these studies have methodological limitations including a wide range of physical activity levels and outcomes that differ from classical exercise physiology adaptations.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In human muscle hypertrophy, the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway is activated and linked to satellite cell proliferation or differentiation.

    “One possible pathway is the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, which is up-regulated during skeletal muscle hypertrophy in humans, and related to the ability for satellite cells to proliferate and/or differentiate (411).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [411] Petrella JK Kim JS Mayhew DL Cross JM Bamman MM Potent myofiber hypertrophy during resistance training in humans is associated with satellite cell-mediated myonuclear addition: a cluster analysis J Appl Physiol 2008 104 1736 1742 18436694

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    These conflicting bone findings might reflect missing measures in active limbs or differing load-bearing activities and bone health among active twins.

    “These contradictory results may simply be due to the lack of specific measures of bone mass in the active limbs, or to the variation in types of load-bearing physical activity, and thus bone health, in the physically active group.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    It is accepted doctrine that training adaptations depend on the exercise class, aerobic versus resistance.

    “Specificity of training (i.e., adaptation to training is specific to the class of exercise (aerobic vs. resistance) is dogma.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Activity had only a small effect on overall well-being, unlike cross-sectional findings that link activity strongly to less depression and anxiety.

    “More surprisingly is the minor effect of physical activity on overall “well-being”, which is in contrast to a number of cross-sectional studies suggesting that physical activity is strongly negatively correlated with depression and anxiety.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Strength and endurance fitness, plus exercise responses like lactate and blood pressure, show a strong genetic component.

    “a major genetic component is found for both measures of strength fitness (muscle strength and power) and in endurance fitness as well as responses (lactate levels, blood pressure) to exercise.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In older adults, interval walking improved VO2peak, thigh strength, and systolic blood pressure more than moderate continuous walking.

    “HIT-walking resulted in greater increases in VO2peak and thigh muscle strength and a greater reduction in SBP than moderate-intensity continuous walking in older men and women (375).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [375] Nemoto K Gen-no H Masuki S Okazaki K Nose H Effects of high-intensity interval walking training on physical fitness and blood pressure in middle-aged and older people Mayo Clin Proc 2007 82 803 811 17605959 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Weight-lifter muscle hypertrophy lacked the mitochondrial increase seen with aerobic training, while daily running raised mitochondria without enlarging muscles.

    “hypertrophied muscles of weight lifters did not have the increased mitochondria of aerobic training and that prolonged daily run training increases mitochondria, but does not hypertrophy the muscles.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Activity levels have a substantial genetic contribution, though this varies widely across countries and cultures.

    “while physical activity levels themselves exhibit a large genetic component; it varies tremendously between countries and cultures.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    HIT has been claimed to outperform conventional continuous exercise on several metabolic, muscular, and cardiovascular measures.

    “has been said to “prove more benefit than traditional continuous exercise programs in several metabolic, muscular, and cardiovascular parameters” (278).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [278] Kokkinos P Myers J Exercise and physical activity: clinical outcomes and applications Circulation 2010 122 1637 1648 20956238 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    For untrained men, HIT improved VO2max more and oral glucose tolerance equally, but improved resting bradycardia, body fat percentage, and total/HDL cholesterol ratio less than continuous training.

    “one HIT report indicates that HIT by untrained men produced greater (VO2max), the same (improvements in oral glucose tolerance), and less (resting bradycardia, total-body fat percentage, and reducing ratio between total and HDL plasma cholesterol.) adaptations than in a second group performing continuous training (384).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [384] Nybo L Sundstrup E Jakobsen MD Mohr M Hornstrup T Simonsen L Bulow J Randers MB Nielsen JJ Aagaard P Krustrup P High-intensity training versus traditional exercise interventions for promoting health Med Sci Sports Exerc 2010 42 1951 1958 20195181 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Physical inactivity appears to contribute substantially to both Alzheimer's disease and dementia.

    “Alzheimer's and dementia both have a large physical inactivity component.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In 17,000 Canadians, sitting time showed a dose-response link to all-cause and CVD death-but not cancer-independent of leisure activity, with a hazard ratio of 1.54 at the highest sitting level.

    “Katzmarzyk et al. (268) reported a dose-response association existed between sitting time and mortality from all causes and CVD, but not for cancer, independent of leisure time physical activity in 17,000 Canadians, such that hazard ratio was 1.54 for the greatest sitting time.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [268] Katzmarzyk PT Church TS Craig CL Bouchard C Sitting time and mortality from all causes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer Med Sci Sports Exerc 2009 41 998 1005 19346988 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    At a given age at death, highly active men had fewer disabled years than men overall, whereas low-active men had more disabled years than all men.

    “At the same age for death, the high physical activity group spent less time disabled than the overall population of men (2.5 vs. 3.0 years), while the low physical activity group actually spends more time disabled than all men (2.6 vs. 1.4 years)(181).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [181] Ferrucci L Izmirlian G Leveille S Phillips CL Corti MC Brock DB Guralnik JM Smoking, physical activity, and active life expectancy Am J Epidemiol 1999 149 645 653 10192312 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    This activity-mortality link appears in US and international samples, in older adults, and across racial and ethnic groups.

    “This inverse association has been observed among persons residing in the United States, as well as in other countries, older persons (aged 65 years and older), and persons of different race/ethnic groups.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [412] Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Report, 2008 2008 http://wwwhealthgov/paguidelines/Report/pdf/CommitteeReportpdf

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Joyner and Pedersen argue that many common diseases arise from regulatory failure across multiple levels.

    “Joyner and Pedersen (260) contend that it is a failure of regulation at multiple levels that causes many common diseases.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [260] Joyner M Pedersen BK Ten Questions About Systems Biology J Physiol 2011 PMC3060582 21224238 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    They also argue that poor command of core physiological concepts hinders understanding of exercise adaptation and inactivity maladaptation.

    “They further argue that a lack of fluency to use key physiological concepts (like homeostasis, regulated systems and redundancy) as major intellectual tools to understand at multiple levels how whole animals adapt to exercise and maladapt to physical inactivity.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [260] Joyner M Pedersen BK Ten Questions About Systems Biology J Physiol 2011 PMC3060582 21224238 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In 20,000 Australians, every additional hour of TV viewing raised all-cause death risk by 11% and CVD death risk by 18%.

    “Dunstan et al. (151) found that each 1-hour increase in TV viewing time was associated with 11% and 18% increased risks of all-cause and CVD mortality, respectively, in 20,000 Australian men and women.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [151] Dunstan DW Barr EL Healy GN Salmon J Shaw JE Balkau B Magliano DJ Cameron AJ Zimmet PZ Owen N Television viewing time and mortality: the Australian Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle Study (AusDiab) Circulation 2010 121 384 391 20065160 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    A type 2 diabetes diagnosis at age 20 corresponds to 17.2 years of life lost in men and 17.9 in women.

    “Diagnosis of type 2 diabetes at the age of 20 yrs is associated with 17.2 and 17.9 yrs of life lost in males and females, respectively (366).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [366] Narayan KM Boyle JP Thompson TJ Sorensen SW Williamson DF Lifetime risk for diabetes mellitus in the United States JAMA 2003 290 1884 1890 14532317

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Poor VO2max and poor muscle mass or strength each mark elevated death risk, since both track with shorter life expectancy.

    “Low values of functional capacities for maximal aerobic capacity (VO2max) and for maximal skeletal muscle mass/strength, each alone, are biomarkers for death as they are associated with shorter life expectancies.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Because reduced stepping for two weeks and five days of bed rest did not raise inflammatory markers, CRP is probably not the initial trigger.

    “However, two weeks of reduced daily stepping (286) and 5 days of bed rest (216) do not increase inflammatory markers so CRP is unlikely to be the first initiating mechanism.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [286] Krogh-Madsen R Thyfault JP Broholm C Mortensen OH Olsen RH Mounier R Plomgaard P van Hall G Booth FW Pedersen BK A 2-wk reduction of ambulatory activity attenuates peripheral insulin sensitivity J Appl Physiol 2010 108 1034 1040 20044474 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [216] Hamburg NM McMackin CJ Huang AL Shenouda SM Widlansky ME Schulz E Gokce N Ruderman NB Keaney JF Jr Vita JA Physical inactivity rapidly induces insulin resistance and microvascular dysfunction in healthy volunteers Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2007 27 2650 2656 17932315 PMC2596308 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    One hypothesis is that too much sitting reduces muscle blood flow, endothelial shear stress, and endothelial NOS expression.

    “The detrimental effects of sitting have been hypothesized by Stamatakis et al. (489) to occur in the following sequence of events: excessive sitting lowers skeletal muscle blood flow, lowering shear stress on vascular endothelial cells,,and decreasing endothelial nitric oxide synthase (NOS) expression.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [489] Stamatakis E Hamer M Dunstan DW Screen-based entertainment time, all-cause mortality, and cardiovascular events population-based study with ongoing mortality and hospital events follow-up J Am Coll Cardiol 2011 57 292 299 21232666 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Primary aging reduces VO2max at similar rates in active and inactive people, but inactivity shifts the age-VO2max relationship leftward.

    “While physically active and inactive individuals lose a VO2max at a similar rate (slope of the curve) due to primary aging, the inactive individuals have a leftward shift of the curve.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [503] Tanaka H Seals DR Invited Review: Dynamic exercise performance in Masters athletes: insight into the effects of primary human aging on physiological functional capacity J Appl Physiol 2003 95 2152 2162 14555676 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Even light activity, though it uses low-intensity contractions, improves glucose tolerance test results and is distinct from sitting without muscle activity.

    “While light physical activity is associated with rather low-intensity muscle contractions, it still has favorable improvements on plasma glucose in glucose tolerance tests (228), and differs substantially from the absence of muscle activity while sitting”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [228] Healy GN Dunstan DW Salmon J Cerin E Shaw JE Zimmet PZ Owen N Objectively measured light-intensity physical activity is independently associated with 2-h plasma glucose Diabetes Care 2007 30 1384 1389 17473059 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In rodent hindlimb unloading, rat muscle protein synthesis falls within 6 hours, and mouse soleus loses insulin-stimulated glucose uptake after one day.

    “Rapid biochemical changes in a rodent models of sitting, hindlimb unloading, have demonstrated decreases in rat skeletal muscle protein synthesis rates within the first 6 hrs (54, 357, 507, 529, 550) and loss of insulin-stimulated glucose uptake into the mouse soleus muscle after 1 day (466).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 6 sources checked
    • cites [54] Booth FW Seider MJ Early change in skeletal muscle protein synthesis after limb immobilization of rats J Appl Physiol 1979 47 974 977 511723 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [357] Morrison PR Montgomery JA Wong TS Booth FW Cytochrome c proteinsynthesis rates and mRNA contents during atrophy and recovery in skeletal muscle Biochem J 1987 241 257 263 3032156 PMC1147550 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [507] Thomason DB Biggs RB Booth FW Protein metabolism and beta-myosin heavy-chain mRNA in unweighted soleus muscle Am J Physiol 1989 257 R300 305 2764153 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [529] Tucker KR Seider MJ Booth FW Protein synthesis rates in atrophied gastrocnemius muscles after limb immobilization J Appl Physiol 1981 51 73 77 7263427 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [550] Watson PA Stein JP Booth FW Changes in actin synthesis and alpha-actin-mRNA content in rat muscle during immobilization Am J Physiol 1984 247 C39 44 6742182 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [466] Seider MJ Nicholson WF Booth FW Insulin resistance for glucose metabolism in disused soleus muscle of mice Am J Physiol 1982 242 E12 18 7058883 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Men unfit at both assessments had the greatest death risk; those fit at both had the least.

    “Men who were unfit at both visits had the highest death risk while men who were fit at both visits had the lowest death risk.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [44] Blair SN Kohl HW 3rd Barlow CE Paffenbarger RS Jr. Gibbons LW Macera CA Changes in physical fitness and all-cause mortality. A prospective study of healthy and unhealthy men JAMA 1995 273 1093 1098 7707596 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [312] Lee DC Artero EG Sui X Blair SN Mortality trends in the general population: the importance of cardiorespiratory fitness J Psychopharmacol 2010 24 27 35 20923918 PMC2951585 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Men in the lowest CRF quintile had 75% higher all-cause death risk than the top quintile; women had 113% higher risk.

    “Thus, comparing the top quintile to the lowest quintile increased all-cause death risk by 75% and 113% in men and women, respectively.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [312] Lee DC Artero EG Sui X Blair SN Mortality trends in the general population: the importance of cardiorespiratory fitness J Psychopharmacol 2010 24 27 35 20923918 PMC2951585 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Erikssen et al. reported a similar pattern and concluded that even modest fitness gains significantly reduce death risk.

    “Erikssen et al. (165) found similar trend and concluded that even small improvements in physical fitness are associated with a significantly lowered risk of death.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [165] Erikssen G Liestol K Bjornholt J Thaulow E Sandvik L Erikssen J Changes in physical fitness and changes in mortality Lancet 1998 352 759 762 9737279 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Better CRF tracks with more favorable insulin sensitivity, lipid and lipoprotein profiles, body composition, inflammation, blood pressure, and autonomic function.

    “Higher CRF is associated healthier values for risk factors including insulin sensitivity, blood lipid and lipoprotein profile, body composition, systemic inflammation, blood pressure and the autonomic nervous system functioning.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [313] Lee DC Sui X Church TS Lee IM Blair SN Associations of cardiorespiratory fitness and obesity with risks of impaired fasting glucose and type 2 diabetes in men Diabetes Care 2009 32 257 262 18984778 PMC2628690 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Hayflick and others propose that higher functional capacity in vital organs aids survival and reproduction, so natural selection favors it.

    “Hayflick (226) and others argue that greater functional capacity in vital organs ensures survival, reproductive success, and thus is favored by natural selection.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Physical activity levels may have been altered downward prior to 1988 and maintained at low levels from 1988 to 2006, which could explain the inconsistency between DLW results and lack of change in physical activity levels.

    “Thus, physical activity levels may have been altered downward prior to 1988 and maintained from 1988–2006 at their low levels, which could be one possible explanation for the inconsistency between the DLW results and lack of change in physical activity levels”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    The magnitude of the energetic impact of the mechanized tasks studied is sufficiently great to contribute to positive energy balance associated with weight gain.

    “Levine and co-authors concluded, “the magnitude of the energetic impact of the mechanized tasks we studied was sufficiently great to contribute to the positive energy balance associated with weight gain” (304).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [304] Lanningham-Foster L Nysse LJ Levine JA Labor saved, calories lost: the energetic impact of domestic labor-saving devices Obes Res 2003 11 1178 1181 14569042 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    U.S. work-related, transportation, and home-related physical activity have declined, and sedentary activity has increased.

    “However, declines occurred in work-related activity, transportation activity, and home-related activity as well as an increase in sedentary activity.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [67] Brownson RC Boehmer TK Luke DA Declining rates of physical activity in the United States: what are the contributors Annu Rev Public Health 2005 26 421 443 15760296 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Caloric intake in the general population has dropped between 0 and 600 kcal/day, and the lack of 600 kcal/day of physical activity has led to the large discrepancy in obesity rates between the modern general population and Amish societies.

    “Thus, while caloric intake has dropped between 0 and 600 kcal/day in the general population it is the lack of 600 kcal/day of physical activity has led to a large discrepancy in the obesity rates between the modern general population and Amish societies.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The Amish and general population differ primarily in physical activity rather than other lifestyle or dietary factors.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Only 25% of agrarian Amish men and 27% of agrarian Amish women are overweight, and 0% of men and 9% of women are obese.

    “Nonetheless, only 25% and 27% of these Amish men and women, respectively, are overweight; and 0% and 9%, respectively, are obese (439).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [439] Roberts WC The Amish, body weight, and exercise Am J Cardiol 2004 94 1221 15518631 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Physical training of type 2 diabetes patients produced a greater loss in visceral adipose tissue (48%) than subcutaneous adipose tissue (18%) and did not significantly affect body weight.

    “Physical training of T2D patients produced a greater loss in VAT (48%) than subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) (18%), did not significantly affect body weight (360).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [360] Mourier A Gautier JF De Kerviler E Bigard AX Villette JM Garnier JP Duvallet A Guezennec CY Cathelineau G Mobilization of visceral adipose tissue related to the improvement in insulin sensitivity in response to physical training in NIDDM. Effects of branchedchain amino acid supplements Diabetes Care 1997 20 385 391 9051392 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Collapse of the Soviet empire at the end of the 1980s led to decreased food availability, increased physical activity, and about a 50% decrease in adult obesity prevalence in Cuba.

    “Collapse of the Soviet empire in at the end of the 1980s led to decreased food availability, increased physical activity and ~50% decrease in adult obesity prevalence in Cuba (441).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [441] Rodriguez-Ojea A Jimenez S Berdasco A Esquivel M The nutrition transition in Cuba in the nineties: an overview Public Health Nutr 2002 5 129 133 12027275 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Primary prevention of further weight gain in already overweight to obese individuals was accomplished with 8 months of low-volume moderate-intensity activity, while high-volume activity decreased total fat mass by 4.8 kg.

    “Primary prevention of further weight gain in already overweight to obese individuals was accomplished with 8 months of low volume-moderate intensity activity (caloric equivalent of walking 12 miles/wk at 40–55% of VO2max), while high-volume (caloric equivalent of jogging 20 miles/wk at 65–80% of VO2max) decreased total fat mass by 4.8 kg (480)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [480] Slentz CA Duscha BD Johnson JL Ketchum K Aiken LB Samsa GP Houmard JA Bales CW Kraus WE Effects of the amount of exercise on body weight, body composition, and measures of central obesity: STRRIDE--a randomized controlled study Arch Intern Med 2004 164 31 39 14718319 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In a 6-month study of men and women with BMI 25-35, low-volume moderate-intensity activity was sufficient to prevent further gains in visceral adipose tissue mass, while high-volume high-intensity activity decreased visceral adipose tissue by 6.9%.

    “Low volume-moderate intensity (caloric equivalent of walking 12 miles/wk at 40–55% of VO2max) was sufficient to prevent any further gains in VAT mass, while high-volume, high-intensity activity decreased VAT by 6.9% (Fig. 11).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [479] Slentz CA Aiken LB Houmard JA Bales CW Johnson JL Tanner CJ Duscha BD Kraus WE Inactivity, exercise, and visceral fat. STRRIDE: a randomized, controlled study of exercise intensity and amount J Appl Physiol 2005 99 1613 1618 16002776 source

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  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In sedentary, overweight, postmenopausal women, a 12-month moderate-intensity exercise intervention produced a greater percentage loss in visceral adipose tissue than in body weight, and visceral adipose tissue loss was exercise dose-dependent.

    “Likewise, a greater percentage loss in VAT percentage than in body weight occurred after 12 months in a moderate-intensity exercise intervention study of sedentary, overweight, postmenopausal women. VAT loss was exercise dose-dependent (253).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [253] Irwin ML Yasui Y Ulrich CM Bowen D Rudolph RE Schwartz RS Yukawa M Aiello E Potter JD McTiernan A Effect of exercise on total and intra-abdominal body fat in postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial JAMA 2003 289 323 330 12525233 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The 16% of sedentary adults homozygous for the risk allele AA in rs9939609 in the FTO gene weighed about 3 kg more and had 1.67-fold increased odds of obesity compared with those not inheriting a risk allele.

    “The 16% of sedentary adults who are homozygous for the risk allele of AA in rs9939609 in the fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) gene weighed ~3 kg more and had 1.67-fold increased odds of obesity when compared with those not inheriting a risk allele (191).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [191] Frayling TM Timpson NJ Weedon MN Zeggini E Freathy RM Lindgren CM Perry JR Elliott KS Lango H Rayner NW Shields B Harries LW Barrett JC Ellard S Groves CJ Knight B Patch AM Ness AR Ebrahim S Lawlor DA Ring SM Ben-Shlomo Y Jarvelin MR Sovio U Bennett AJ Melzer D Ferrucci L Loos RJ Barroso I Wareham NJ Karpe F Owen KR Cardon LR Walker M Hitman GA Palmer CN Doney AS Morris AD Smith GD Hattersley AT McCarthy MI A common variant in the FTO gene is associated with body mass index and predisposes to childhood and adult obesity Science 2007 316 889 894 17434869 PMC2646098 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The study provides evidence that a primary cause of visceral adipose tissue obesity is lack of exercise and that primary prevention for expansion of visceral adipose tissue is physical activity.

    “The study provides the evidence that a primary cause of VAT obesity is lack of exercise and that primary prevention for the expansion of VAT is physical activity (Fig. 1).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Type 2 diabetes is brought on by environmental and behavioral factors such as a sedentary lifestyle, overly rich nutrition, and obesity, in conjunction with genetic susceptibility.

    “Zimmet commented, “In conjunction with genetic susceptibility, particularly in certain ethnic groups, type 2 diabetes is brought on by environmental and behavioral factors such as a sedentary lifestyle, overly rich nutrition and obesity” (579).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [579] Zimmet P Alberti KG Shaw J Global and societal implications of the diabetes epidemic Nature 2001 414 782 787 11742409

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The prevalence of impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance in the U.S. was 26% and 17%, respectively.

    “A summary of the medical literature describing U.S. population-based data on the incidence of 54 endocrine and metabolic disorders in the United States found that the prevalence of impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance was 26% and 17%, respectively (202).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [202] Golden SH Robinson KA Saldanha I Anton B Ladenson PW Clinical review: Prevalence and incidence of endocrine and metabolic disorders in the United States: a comprehensive review J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009 94 1853 1878 19494161 PMC5393375 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    After adjusting for age and sex, increased risk of cardiovascular disease mortality was observed in those with postchallenge hyperglycemia and fasting glucose at least 7.0 mmol/l, with 2-hour glucose at least 7.8 and below 11.1 mmol/l and fasting glucose below 7.0 mmol/l, or with postchallenge hyperglycemia and fasting glucose below 7.0 mmol/l.

    “After adjusting for age and sex, an increased risk of CVD mortality was observed in those with postchallenge hyperglycemia (PCH) and fasting glucose ≥7.0 mmol/l, with 2-h glucose ≥7.8 and <11.1 mmol/l and fasting glucose <7.0 mmol/l, or with PCH and fasting glucose <7.0 mmol/l (459).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [459] Saydah SH Miret M Sung J Varas C Gause D Brancati FL Postchallenge hyperglycemia and mortality in a national sample of U.S. adults Diabetes Care 2001 24 1397 1402 11473076 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Risks for coronary heart disease, type 2 diabetes, cancers (endometrial, breast, colon), hypertension, dyslipidemia, stroke, liver and gallbladder disease, sleep apnea and respiratory problems, osteoarthritis, and gynecological problems increase with physical inactivity.

    “Risks for the following conditions increase with physical inactivity: Coronary heart disease, T2D, cancers (endometrial, breast, and colon), hypertension, dyslipidemia (for example, high total cholesterol or high levels of triglycerides), stroke, liver and gallbladder disease, sleep apnea and respiratory problems, osteoarthritis, and gynecological problems (abnormal menses, infertility).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    A large proportion of cases of type 2 diabetes is preventable.

    “As Zimmet astutely and succinctly wrote, “A large proportion of cases of type 2 diabetes is preventable” (579).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [579] Zimmet P Alberti KG Shaw J Global and societal implications of the diabetes epidemic Nature 2001 414 782 787 11742409

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Both impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance increase risk for development of type 2 diabetes.

    “Both of these conditions increase risk for the development of type 2 diabetes.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Daily physical activity prevents progression to Point B, making it impossible to continue from Point B to Point C and Point D, overt diabetes.

    “Thus, daily physical activity prevents the progression to Point B, making it impossible to continue from Point B, to Point C and Point D, overt diabetes.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Diabetes prevalence rose from 1.4% in 1950 to 7.8% in the U.S. and from 1% in 1975 to 9.7% in 2007-2008 in China.

    “Diabetes prevalence has risen from 1.4% in 1950 to 7.8% in the U.S. (367) and from 1% in 1975 to 9.7% in 2007–2008 in China (576).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [367] National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse National diabetes statistics, 2007 2007 http://diabetesniddknihgov/dm/pubs/statistics/indexhtm

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [576] Yang W Lu J Weng J Jia W Ji L Xiao J Shan Z Liu J Tian H Ji Q Zhu D Ge J Lin L Chen L Guo X Zhao Z Li Q Zhou Z Shan G He J Prevalence of diabetes among men and women in China N Engl J Med 2010 362 1090 1101 20335585 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    A single bout of muscle contraction increases insulin sensitivity in perfused hindquarters of healthy animals and in the whole body of healthy humans.

    “A single bout of muscle contraction increases insulin sensitivity in perfused hindquarters of healthy animals (242, 255, 434) and in the whole body of healthy humans (230, 343).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 5 sources checked
    • cites [242] Holloszy JO Exercise-induced increase in muscle insulin sensitivity J Appl Physiol 2005 99 338 343 16036907 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [255] Ivy JL Holloszy JO Persistent increase in glucose uptake by rat skeletal muscle following exercise Am J Physiol 1981 241 C200 203 7030083 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [434] Richter EA Garetto LP Goodman MN Ruderman NB Muscle glucose metabolism following exercise in the rat: increased sensitivity to insulin J Clin Invest 1982 69 785 793 6804492 PMC370132 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [230] Heath GW Gavin JR 3rd Hinderliter JM Hagberg JM Bloomfield SA Holloszy JO Effects of exercise and lack of exercise on glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity J Appl Physiol 1983 55 512 517 6352578 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [343] Mikines KJ Sonne B Farrell PA Tronier B Galbo H Effect of physical exercise on sensitivity and responsiveness to insulin in humans Am J Physiol 1988 254 E248 259 3126668 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    Prediabetics have an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes and its associated comorbidities of heart disease and stroke.

    “Prediabetics have an increased risk of developing T2D, and T2D's-associated comorbidities of heart disease, and stroke.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Daily physical activity can reverse insulin resistance in healthy individuals and in people with prediabetes.

    “daily physical can reverse insulin resistance in healthy individuals (points B to A in the modified Bergman Fig. 12), and prediabetes (to point A).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Type 2 diabetes progresses through a continuum from early prediabetes to late prediabetes to diabetes.
    • Rests on an assumption: The modified Bergman figure's points A, B, and C represent stages of insulin resistance, prediabetes, and type 2 diabetes progression.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The risk of chronic complications that cannot be reversed by daily physical activity increases with the duration of hyperglycemia, and many such complications may already be present when type 2 diabetes is diagnosed.

    “Thus, the risk of chronic complications that are unable to be reversed by daily physical activity increases as a function of the duration of hyperglycemia, many of which maybe present in individuals when finally diagnosed with T2D (418).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [418] Powers A Fauci AS KD Braunwald E Hauser SL Longo DL Losalzo J Diabetes Mellitus Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 2008 2281 McGraw-Hill New York

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Resistance training enhances insulin sensitivity and improves glucose tolerance in a wide range of human subjects.

    “Resistance training also enhances insulin sensitivity and improves glucose tolerance in a wide range of human subjects (526).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [526] Tresierras MA Balady GJ Resistance training in the treatment of diabetes and obesity: mechanisms and outcomes J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev 2009 29 67 75 19305230 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Exercise primarily lowers hyperglycemia by improving glucose sensitivity and by mechanisms that interfere directly with endothelial metabolism.

    “exercise primarily acts to lower hyperglycemia by improving glucose sensitivity and mechanisms that interfere directly with endothelial metabolism (4).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [4] Agosti V Graziano S Artiaco L Sorrentino G Biological mechanisms of stroke prevention by physical activity in type 2 diabetes Acta Neurol Scand 2009 119 213 223 18700881 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Intent-to-treat values in the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study and the U.S. Diabetes Prevention Program combine behavioral and biological mechanisms for all subjects and provide effectiveness data for physicians.

    “Intent-to-treat values in both studies are the sum of behavioral and biological mechanisms for 100% of the subjects, providing data for physicians on effectiveness of prescription.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Intent-to-treat values represent the sum of behavioral and biological mechanisms for all subjects.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In the U.S. Diabetes Prevention Program, compared with placebo, type 2 diabetes incidence was reduced by 31% with metformin and by 58% with diet-exercise.

    “with reductions, compared to placebo, of 31% and 58% in metformin, and diet-exercise groups, respectively (276).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [276] Knowler WC Barrett-Connor E Fowler SE Hamman RF Lachin JM Walker EA Nathan DM Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin N Engl J Med 2002 346 393 403 11832527 PMC1370926 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    NAFLD is recognized as the leading cause of chronic liver disease in adults and children.

    “NAFLD is recognized as the leading cause of chronic liver disease in adults and children (518).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [518] Tiniakos DG Vos MB Brunt EM Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: pathology and pathogenesis Annu Rev Pathol 2010 5 145 171 20078219 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Type 2 diabetes is primarily prevented by primary prevention of insulin resistance and of decreased beta-cell insulin secretion and prediabetes.

    “T2D is primarily prevented by primary prevention of insulin resistance (prevents movement from point A to B in the modified Bergman figure (Fig. 12), and of decreased beta-cell insulin secretion and of prediabetes (prevents movement from point B to C in Bergman's Fig. 12).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The modified Bergman figure's points A, B, and C represent stages of insulin resistance, prediabetes, and type 2 diabetes progression.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Increased physical conditioning appears closely linked to improved hepatic metabolism independent of changes in body weight.

    “Caldwell and Lazo (74) contend that increased physical conditioning appears to be closely linked to improved hepatic metabolism independent of changes in body weight.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [74] Caldwell S Lazo M Is exercise an effective treatment for NASH? Knowns and unknowns Ann Hepatol 2009 8 Suppl 1 S60 66 19381126 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In OLETF rats, absence of the satiety signal leads to hyperphagia, concurrent obesity and NAFLD between ages 5 and 8 weeks, which progress to type 2 diabetes.

    “Without the satiety signal, hyperphagia leads to concurrent obesity and NAFLD between the ages of 5 and 8 wks old, which progress to T2D (429).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [429] Rector RS Thyfault JP Morris RT Laye MJ Borengasser SJ Booth FW Ibdah JA Daily exercise increases hepatic fatty acid oxidation and prevents steatosis in Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty rats Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2008 294 G619 626 18174272 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Physical inactivity is an actual cause of insulin resistance and prediabetes, and therefore of type 2 diabetes itself.

    “Physical inactivity is an actual cause of insulin resistance and of prediabetes, and therefore, according to disease progression of T2D, itself.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Type 2 diabetes progresses through a continuum from early prediabetes to late prediabetes to diabetes.
    • Rests on an assumption: The modified Bergman figure's points A, B, and C represent stages of insulin resistance, prediabetes, and type 2 diabetes progression.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    After stopping running in OLETF rats, fatty acid synthase increased and cytochrome oxidase activity and fatty acid oxidation decreased by 7 days.

    “7 days (fatty acid synthase increased and cytochrome oxidase activity and fatty acid oxidation decreased).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [428] Rector RS Thyfault JP Laye MJ Morris RT Borengasser SJ Uptergrove GM Chakravarthy MV Booth FW Ibdah JA Cessation of daily exercise dramatically alters precursors of hepatic steatosis in Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats J Physiol 2008 586 4241 4249 18617560 PMC2652173 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Lower VO2peak is associated with increasing NAFLD activity and with disease severity by NASH diagnosis.

    “Lower VO2peak was associated with increasing NAFLD activity and with disease severity by NASH diagnosis (283).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [283] Krasnoff JB Painter PL Wallace JP Bass NM Merriman RB Health-related fitness and physical activity in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease Hepatology 2008 47 1158 1166 18266250 PMC3096839 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    After stopping 16 weeks of daily voluntary running in OLETF rats, malonyl-CoA protein increased and phospho-ACC decreased by 2 days.

    “2 days (malonyl-CoA protein increased while phospho-acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) decreased)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [428] Rector RS Thyfault JP Laye MJ Morris RT Borengasser SJ Uptergrove GM Chakravarthy MV Booth FW Ibdah JA Cessation of daily exercise dramatically alters precursors of hepatic steatosis in Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats J Physiol 2008 586 4241 4249 18617560 PMC2652173 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    OLETF rats that underwent 16 weeks of voluntary running had 3-fold higher rates of hepatic fatty acid oxidation, lower triglyceride synthesis, and higher oxidative capacity than sedentary OLETF rats.

    “OLETF rats that underwent the voluntary running had 3-fold higher rates of hepatic fatty acid oxidation (complete palmitate oxidization to CO2); lower TG synthesis [70% and 35% lower protein concentrations of fatty acid synthase and acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (ACC), respectively], and higher oxidative capacity (35% and 30% higher ACC phosphorylation and cytochrome c concentrations, respectively”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [429] Rector RS Thyfault JP Morris RT Laye MJ Borengasser SJ Booth FW Ibdah JA Daily exercise increases hepatic fatty acid oxidation and prevents steatosis in Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty rats Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2008 294 G619 626 18174272 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    An intensive lifestyle intervention program can produce a 7%-10% weight reduction and significant improvements in liver chemistry and histological activity in patients with NASH.

    “An intensive lifestyle intervention program can successfully produce a 7%–10% weight reduction and significant improvements in liver chemistry and histological activity in patients with NASH (420).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [420] Promrat K Kleiner DE Niemeier HM Jackvony E Kearns M Wands JR Fava JL Wing RR Randomized controlled trial testing the effects of weight loss on nonalcoholic steatohepatitis Hepatology 2010 51 121 129 19827166 PMC2799538 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    In 2007, 41% of mechanisms by which physical activity primarily prevents cardiovascular disease and 64% for coronary heart disease remained to be identified.

    “The deduction then is 41% and 64% of mechanisms by which physical activity primary prevents CVD and CHD, respectively remained to be identified in 2007.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Changes in individual cardiovascular disease risk factors with physical activity are on the order of 5% for blood lipids, 3 to 5 mm Hg for blood pressure, and 1% for hemoglobin A1c, in contrast to 30% to 50% reductions in cardiovascular disease risk with physical activity.

    “changes in individual risk factors with physical activity are on the order of 5% for blood lipids, 3 to 5 mm Hg for blood pressure, and 1% for hemoglobin A1c, in contrast to the large (30% to 50%) reductions seen in CVD risk with physical activity.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [349] Mora S Cook N Buring JE Ridker PM Lee IM Physical activity and reduced risk of cardiovascular events: potential mediating mechanisms Circulation 2007 116 2110 2118 17967770 PMC2117381

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    BMI greater than 25 contributed only 10% and 7% of physical activity's protection from cardiovascular disease and coronary heart disease, respectively.

    “BMI's >25 contributed only 10% and 7% of physical activity's protection from CVD and CHD, respectively (349).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [349] Mora S Cook N Buring JE Ridker PM Lee IM Physical activity and reduced risk of cardiovascular events: potential mediating mechanisms Circulation 2007 116 2110 2118 17967770 PMC2117381

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The American Heart Association recognized physical inactivity as a risk factor for coronary heart disease and cardiovascular disease in 1992.

    “The American Heart Association recognized physical inactivity as a risk factor for CHD and CVD in 1992 (183)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [183] Fletcher GF Blair SN Blumenthal J Caspersen C Chaitman B Epstein S Falls H Froelicher ES Froelicher VF Pina IL Statement on exercise. Benefits and recommendations for physical activity programs for all Americans. A statement for health professionals by the Committee on Exercise and Cardiac Rehabilitation of the Council on Clinical Cardiology, American Heart association Circulation 1992 86 340 344 1617788 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Contributions of known risk factors for cardiovascular disease and coronary heart disease were inflammatory/hemostatic 33% and 21%, blood pressure/hypertension 27% and 15%, traditional lipids 19% and 13%, BMI 10% and 7%, HbA1c/diabetes 9% and 5%, and homocysteine 0.7% and 0.3%.

    “Respective contributions of “known” risk factors for CVD and CHD were inflammatory/hemostatic (33% and 21%), blood pressure/hypertension (27% and 15%), traditional lipids (19% and 13%), BMI (10% and 7%), HbA1c/diabetes (9% and 5%), and homocysteine (0.7% and 0.3%) (349).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [349] Mora S Cook N Buring JE Ridker PM Lee IM Physical activity and reduced risk of cardiovascular events: potential mediating mechanisms Circulation 2007 116 2110 2118 17967770 PMC2117381

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    For each 10% increase in relative VO2peak, systolic blood pressure decreased 1.5 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure 0.6 mmHg post exercise, showing a dose-response relationship.

    “for each 10% increase in relative VO2peak, SBP decreased 1.5 mmHg and DBP 0.6 mmHg, thus showing a dose-response relationship for physical activity intensity and lowering of blood pressure post exercise (post-exercise hypotension) (156).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [156] Eicher JD Maresh CM Tsongalis GJ Thompson PD Pescatello LS The additive blood pressure lowering effects of exercise intensity on post-exercise hypotension Am Heart J 160 513 520 20826261 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    A lack of randomized controlled trial exercise studies exists to evaluate the effect of exercise training on preventing peripheral arterial disease.

    “The NPAGCR concludes that a lack of RCT exercise studies exists to evaluate the effect of exercise training on preventing PAD (412).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [412] Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Report, 2008 2008 http://wwwhealthgov/paguidelines/Report/pdf/CommitteeReportpdf

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Both aerobic and progressive resistance exercise cause reduced systolic and diastolic blood pressure in adult humans, although aerobic exercise evidence is stronger.

    “The NPAGCR concluded that both aerobic and progressive resistance exercise cause reduced SBP and DBP in adult humans, although aerobic exercise evidence is stronger (412).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [412] Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Report, 2008 2008 http://wwwhealthgov/paguidelines/Report/pdf/CommitteeReportpdf

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationnone given

    These mechanisms do not totally explain the primary prevention of coronary heart disease.

    “However, these mechanisms do not totally explain the primary prevention of CHD.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Sedentary behavior is a major independent risk factor for coronary heart disease; middle-aged or older individuals of both genders with moderate or higher physical activity lower their coronary heart disease risk by 20% and 30%, respectively, compared with sedentary individuals.

    “Sedentary behavior is a major independent risk factor for CHD as middle aged or older individuals of both genders who have moderate or higher amounts of physical activity lower their CHD risk 20% and 30%, respectively, compared to sedentary (412).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [412] Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Report, 2008 2008 http://wwwhealthgov/paguidelines/Report/pdf/CommitteeReportpdf

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Physical activity can primarily prevent some congestive heart failure.

    “Physical activity can primarily prevent some CHF.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Sedentary men aged 50-76 have impaired endothelium-dependent dilation in response to acetylcholine and increased shear stress.

    “Sedentary men at ages of 50–76 years of age have impaired endothelium-dependent dilation in response to both acetylcholine and increased shear stress in humans (465).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [465] Seals DR Walker AE Pierce GL Lesniewski LA Habitual exercise and vascular ageing J Physiol 2009 587 5541 5549 19723776 PMC2805366 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Preservation of ventricular compliance with endurance training probably includes preservation of viscoelastic myocardial properties and eccentric ventricular hypertrophy.

    “Preservation of ventricular compliance with endurance training probably includes preservation of viscoelastic myocardial properties (absence of increased ventricular stiffening) and eccentric ventricular hypertrophy (a balanced enlargement of ventricular mass and dimensions) (16).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [16] Arbab-Zadeh A Dijk E Prasad A Fu Q Torres P Zhang R Thomas JD Palmer D Levine BD Effect of aging and physical activity on left ventricular compliance Circulation 2004 110 1799 1805 15364801 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Compared with low physical activity, moderate physical activity caused an 11% reduction in risk of stroke outcome and high physical activity a 19% reduction.

    “Compared with low physical activity, moderate physical activity caused an 11% reduction in risk of stroke outcome and high physical activity a 19% reduction.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [137] Diep L Kwagyan J Kurantsin-Mills J Weir R Jayam-Trouth A Association of physical activity level and stroke outcomes in men and women: a meta-analysis J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2010 19 1815 1822 20929415 PMC2956381 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Prolonged, sustained endurance training preserves ventricular compliance with aging and may reduce the probability of heart failure with aging.

    “Levine and co-authors (16) have concluded that prolonged, sustained endurance training preserves ventricular compliance with aging and may be an important approach to reduce the probability of heart failure with aging.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [16] Arbab-Zadeh A Dijk E Prasad A Fu Q Torres P Zhang R Thomas JD Palmer D Levine BD Effect of aging and physical activity on left ventricular compliance Circulation 2004 110 1799 1805 15364801 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Endurance training prevention of arterial stiffening with aging preserves ventricular-vascular coupling of compliance and lowers afterload on the left ventricle.

    “Together these are coupled with endurance training prevention of arterial stiffening with aging result in preserving ventricular-vascular coupling of compliance, lowering afterload on the left ventricle (16).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [16] Arbab-Zadeh A Dijk E Prasad A Fu Q Torres P Zhang R Thomas JD Palmer D Levine BD Effect of aging and physical activity on left ventricular compliance Circulation 2004 110 1799 1805 15364801 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    The list of conditions associated with endothelial dysfunction would now have to include physical inactivity.

    “The list of associations would now have to include physical inactivity since the 2005 list is out-of-date.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Physical activity reduces the relative risk of fatal or non-fatal cerebral infarction to 0.75, cerebral hemorrhage to 0.67, and stroke of unspecified type to 0.71.

    “physical activity reduces the relative risk of 0.75 for fatal or non-fatal cerebral infarction, while the corresponding relative risks for cerebral hemorrhage and stroke of unspecified type are 0.67 and 0.71, respectively.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [432] Reimers CD Knapp G Reimers AK Exercise as stroke prophylaxis Dtsch Arztebl Int 2009 106 715 721 19997550 PMC2788906 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    With decreased daily physical activity, increases in systolic and diastolic blood pressure were 2.4 and 1.6 mmHg in normotensive, 3.1 and 1.7 mmHg in prehypertensive, and 6.9 and 4.9 mmHg in hypertensive subjects.

    “With decreased daily physical activity, increases in SBP and DBP were 2.4 mmHg and 1.6 mmHg, respectively, in normotensive; 3.1 mmHg and 1.7 mmHg in prehypertensive; and 6.9 mmHg and 4.9 mmHg in hypertensive subjects, respectively (412).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [412] Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Report, 2008 2008 http://wwwhealthgov/paguidelines/Report/pdf/CommitteeReportpdf

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Endothelial dysfunction is an early marker for atherosclerosis and can be detected before structural changes to the vessel wall are evident.

    “Davigon and Ganz (121) contend that endothelial dysfunction is an early marker for atherosclerosis and can be detected before structural changes to the vessel wall are evident.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [121] Davignon J Ganz P Role of endothelial dysfunction in atherosclerosis Circulation 2004 109 III27 32 15198963 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Mice in cages without wheels for voluntary running had 148% higher vascular lipid peroxidation, 176-188% higher superoxide release, 154% greater NADPH oxidase, and 161% higher rac1 protein than mice voluntarily running in wheels for 6 weeks.

    “mice in cages without wheels for voluntary running had 148% higher vascular lipid peroxidation, 176–188% higher superoxide release, 154% greater NADPH oxidase, and 161% higher rac1 protein than mice voluntarily running in wheels for 6 weeks (307).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [307] Laufs U Wassmann S Czech T Munzel T Eisenhauer M Bohm M Nickenig G Physical inactivity increases oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, and atherosclerosis Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2005 25 809 814 15692095 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Regular aerobic exercise can restore loss of endothelium-dependent vasodilation in previously sedentary 50-76-year-old men, implying physical inactivity is responsible for nearly 100% of endothelial dysfunction in this group.

    “Regular aerobic exercise can restore the loss of endothelium-dependent vasodilation in previously sedentary 50–76 yr-old men, implying that physical inactivity is responsible for nearly 100% of endothelial dysfunction in this group of men (132)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [132] DeSouza CA Shapiro LF Clevenger CM Dinenno FA Monahan KD Tanaka H Seals DR Regular aerobic exercise prevents and restores age-related declines in endothelium-dependent vasodilation in healthy men Circulation 2000 102 1351 1357 10993851 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Singularly caged healthy young male mice had about 30% less endothelium-dependent vasodilation to acetylcholine and about 50% less eNOS protein than five mice in large cages.

    “Singularly caged, healthy, young male mice had ~30% less endothelium-dependent vasodilation to acetylcholine and ~50% less eNOS protein than did five mice in large cages”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [501] Suvorava T Lauer N Kojda G Physical inactivity causes endothelial dysfunction in healthy young mice J Am Coll Cardiol 2004 44 1320 1327 15364339 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    If endothelial dysfunction is an early marker for atherosclerosis, prevention of endothelial dysfunction by a lifetime of physical activity would prevent most atherosclerosis reaching a clinical level at age 50-76 in men or even initiation of aerobic physical activity within lifestyle.

    “then a prevention of endothelial dysfunction by a lifetime of physical activity would therefore also prevent most of atherosclerosis reaching a clinical level at the age of 50–76 yrs in men (132, 167) or even initiation of aerobic physical activity within lifestyle (132).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [132] DeSouza CA Shapiro LF Clevenger CM Dinenno FA Monahan KD Tanaka H Seals DR Regular aerobic exercise prevents and restores age-related declines in endothelium-dependent vasodilation in healthy men Circulation 2000 102 1351 1357 10993851 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [167] Eskurza I Monahan KD Robinson JA Seals DR Effect of acute and chronic ascorbic acid on flow-mediated dilatation with sedentary and physically active human ageing J Physiol 2004 556 315 324 14754992 PMC1664895 source

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  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Threshold volumes for these lipid effects are 7 to 15 miles per week of regular aerobic exercise, approximately 600 to 800 MET-minutes, with no sex differences.

    “Threshold volumes are from 7 to 15 miles per week of regular aerobic exercise (equating to an approximate 600 to 800 MET-minutes), with no sex differences (412).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [412] Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Report, 2008 2008 http://wwwhealthgov/paguidelines/Report/pdf/CommitteeReportpdf

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    A meta-analysis of 29 randomized controlled trials of progressive resistance training found statistically significant improvements of −2.7% for total cholesterol, −11.6% for total cholesterol/HDL-C ratio, −5.6% for non-HDL-C, −4.6% for LDL-C, and −6.4% for triglycerides.

    “A meta-analysis of 29 RCTs of progressive resistance training found statistically significant improvements of −2.7% for total cholesterol, −11.6% for ratio of total cholesterol /HDL-C, −5.6% for non-HDL-C, −4.6% for LDL-C, and −6.4% for TG (−8.1 mg/dl, −14.5 to −1.8) (270).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [270] Kelley GA Kelley KS Impact of progressive resistance training on lipids and lipoproteins in adults: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials Prev Med 2009 48 9 19 19013187 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Habitual physical activity increases serum HDL-C and decreases serum triglycerides.

    “The NPAGCR concludes that habitual physical activity increases serum HDL-C and decreases serum TG.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [412] Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Report, 2008 2008 http://wwwhealthgov/paguidelines/Report/pdf/CommitteeReportpdf

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    A 2003 meta-analysis in children aged 4-18 found a significant positive relationship between physical activity levels and perceptual skills, IQ, achievement, verbal tests, math tests, and developmental level/academic readiness, but not memory.

    “A 2003 meta-analysis in children (aged 4–18 yrs) demonstrated a significant positive relationship between physical activity levels and perceptual skills, intelligence quotient, achievement, verbal tests, mathematic tests, developmental level/academic readiness, with only an effect on memory not found (172).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [172] Etnier JL Nowell PM Landers DM Sibley BA A meta-regression to examine the relationship between aerobic fitness and cognitive performance Brain Res Rev 2006 52 119 130 16490256 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Among four ages examined, teenage physical activity was most strongly related to better cognitive function and lower prevalence of cognitive impairment in old age.

    “Of the four ages examined, teenage physical activity appeared to be most strongly related to better cognitive function and lower prevalence of cognitive impairment in old age (341).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [341] Middleton LE Barnes DE Lui LY Yaffe K Physical activity over the life course and its association with cognitive performance and impairment in old age J Am Geriatr Soc 2010 58 1322 1326 20609030 PMC3662219 source

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  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In 18 RCTs of aerobic physical activity interventions in older adults published before 2001, aerobic exercise had an overall effect size of 0.48, with the largest effect on executive functioning, followed by attention, visuospatial, and speed-dependent processes.

    “18 RCTs (published prior to 2001) focused on aerobic physical activity interventions in older adults. Aerobic exercise had an overall effect size of 0.48 was found with the largest effect on executive functioning, followed by attention, visuospatial, and speed dependent processes (108).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [108] Colcombe S Kramer AF Fitness effects on the cognitive function of older adults: a meta-analytic study Psychol Sci 2003 14 125 130 12661673 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Chaddock et al. found improvements in relational but not item memory in children.

    “Chaddock et al. (91) found improvements in relational, but not item memory in children.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [91] Chaddock L Erickson KI Prakash RS Kim JS Voss MW Vanpatter M Pontifex MB Raine LB Konkel A Hillman CH Cohen NJ Kramer AF A neuroimaging investigation of the association between aerobic fitness, hippocampal volume, and memory performance in preadolescent children Brain Res 2010 1358 172 183 20735996 PMC3953557 source

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  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In the longitudinal Swedish study, between ages 15 and 18, those with top 10% improvement in cardiovascular fitness had the highest enhancement of global intelligence, logical, verbal, visuospatial, and technical scores, while those with declines had less than mean intelligence scores.

    “The longitudinal arm of the Swedish study showed that between the ages of 15 and 18 yrs of age those with the top 10% of improvement in cardiovascular fitness scores had highest enhancement of global intelligence, logical, verbal, visuospatial, and technical scores while those subjects with declines in cardiovascular fitness had less than mean intelligence scores.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [1] Aberg MA Pedersen NL Toren K Svartengren M Backstrand B Johnsson T Cooper-Kuhn CM Aberg ND Nilsson M Kuhn HG Cardiovascular fitness is associated with cognition in young adulthood Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009 106 20906 20911 19948959 PMC2785721 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In a Swedish cohort of men born 1950-1976 enlisted at age 18, cardiovascular fitness measured by ergometer cycling was positively associated with global intelligence scores, with aerobic capacity most strongly associated with logic and verbal intelligence.

    “A cohort study of Swedish men born in 1950 through 1976 who were enlisted for military service at age 18 (N = 1,221,727) (1) reported that cardiovascular fitness, as measured by ergometer cycling, was positively associated with global intelligence scores with aerobic capacity most strongly associated with logic and verbal intelligence.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [1] Aberg MA Pedersen NL Toren K Svartengren M Backstrand B Johnsson T Cooper-Kuhn CM Aberg ND Nilsson M Kuhn HG Cardiovascular fitness is associated with cognition in young adulthood Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009 106 20906 20911 19948959 PMC2785721 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In a prospective study of 18,000 women aged 71-80, higher long-term regular physical activity was strongly associated with higher cognitive function and a 20% lower risk of cognitive impairment.

    “In a prospective study of 18,000 women aged 71–80 yrs old, higher levels of long-term regular physical activity were strongly associated with higher levels of cognitive function and a 20% lower risk of cognitive impairment (556).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [556] Weuve J Kang JH Manson JE Breteler MM Ware JH Grodstein F Physical activity, including walking, and cognitive function in older women JAMA 2004 292 1454 1461 15383516 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Moderate and high levels of physical activity were associated with significantly lower risks for Alzheimer disease and dementia of any type.

    “Moderate and high levels of physical activity were associated with significantly lower risks for Alzheimer disease and for dementia of any type (309).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [309] Laurin D Verreault R Lindsay J MacPherson K Rockwood K Physical activity and risk of cognitive impairment and dementia in elderly persons Arch Neurol 2001 58 498 504 11255456 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Hippocampal volume is positively correlated with physical fitness in adults and in 10-year-old children.

    “hippocampal volume is positively correlated with physical fitness in adults (163) and children 10-yr olds (91)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [163] Erickson KI Prakash RS Voss MW Chaddock L Hu L Morris KS White SM Wojcicki TR McAuley E Kramer AF Aerobic fitness is associated with hippocampal volume in elderly humans Hippocampus 2009 19 1030 1039 19123237 PMC3072565 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [91] Chaddock L Erickson KI Prakash RS Kim JS Voss MW Vanpatter M Pontifex MB Raine LB Konkel A Hillman CH Cohen NJ Kramer AF A neuroimaging investigation of the association between aerobic fitness, hippocampal volume, and memory performance in preadolescent children Brain Res 2010 1358 172 183 20735996 PMC3953557 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The NPAGCR found that physical activity delayed the onset of cognitive decline or dementia in most studies with sample sizes over 1,000, but findings were inconsistent for underpowered studies with low subject numbers.

    “The NPAGCR (see (412) for refs)] found that physical activity delayed the onset of cognitive decline or dementia in most studies with sample sizes >1,000 individuals, but with inconsistent findings for underpowered studies containing low subject numbers.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [412] Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Report, 2008 2008 http://wwwhealthgov/paguidelines/Report/pdf/CommitteeReportpdf

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Increased aerobic fitness can be neuroprotective and can enhance cognitive function.

    “Increased aerobic fitness can be neuroprotective and can enhance cognitive function (108, 110, 282).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [108] Colcombe S Kramer AF Fitness effects on the cognitive function of older adults: a meta-analytic study Psychol Sci 2003 14 125 130 12661673 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [110] Colcombe SJ Kramer AF Erickson KI Scalf P McAuley E Cohen NJ Webb A Jerome GJ Marquez DX Elavsky S Cardiovascular fitness, cortical plasticity, and aging Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004 101 3316 3321 14978288 PMC373255 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [282] Kramer AF Hahn S Cohen NJ Banich MT McAuley E Harrison CR Chason J Vakil E Bardell L Boileau RA Colcombe A Ageing, fitness and neurocognitive function Nature 1999 400 418 419 10440369 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    BDNF mRNA and protein expression increased in human skeletal muscle after exercise, but muscle-derived BDNF appeared not to be released into the circulation.

    “BDNF mRNA and protein expression were increased in human skeletal muscle after exercise, but muscle-derived BDNF appeared not to be released into the circulation (332).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [332] Matthews VB Astrom MB Chan MH Bruce CR Krabbe KS Prelovsek O Akerstrom T Yfanti C Broholm C Mortensen OH Penkowa M Hojman P Zankari A Watt MJ Bruunsgaard H Pedersen BK Febbraio MA Brain-derived neurotrophic factor is produced by skeletal muscle cells in response to contraction and enhances fat oxidation via activation of AMP-activated protein kinase Diabetologia 2009 52 1409 1418 19387610 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Electrical function is increased in high-fit older adults aged 50-62, potentially due to increased synaptic plasticity and long-term potentiation.

    “Electrical function is increased in “high” hit older (50–62 year old) adults (154) in potentially due to increased synaptic plasticity and long-term-potentiation (544).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [154] Dustman RE Emmerson RY Ruhling RO Shearer DE Steinhaus LA Johnson SC Bonekat HW Shigeoka JW Age and fitness effects on EEG, ERPs, visual sensitivity, and cognition Neurobiol Aging 1990 11 193 200 2362652 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [544] Voss MW Prakash RS Erickson KI Basak C Chaddock L Kim JS Alves H Heo S Szabo AN White SM Wojcicki TR Mailey EL Gothe N Olson EA McAuley E Kramer AF Plasticity of brain networks in a randomized intervention trial of exercise training in older adults Front Aging Neurosci 2010 2 PMC2947936 20890449 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Angiogenesis in the brain is associated with enhanced improvement in a functional outcome like water maze time, but not with the ability to activate motor limbs.

    “Angiogenesis in the brain is associated with enhanced improvement in a functional outcome like water maze time (536), but not the ability to activate the motor limbs (275).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [536] van Praag H Lucero MJ Yeo GW Stecker K Heivand N Zhao C Yip E Afanador M Schroeter H Hammerstone J Gage FH Plant-derived flavanol (−)epicatechin enhances angiogenesis and retention of spatial memory in mice J Neurosci 2007 27 5869 5878 17537957 PMC6672256 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [275] Kleim JA Cooper NR VandenBerg PM Exercise induces angiogenesis but does not alter movement representations within rat motor cortex Brain Res 2002 934 1 6 11937064 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Potential mechanisms for increased brain blood flow include increased density of microvessels, angiopoietin 1, VEGF protein, or endothelial proliferation.

    “Potential mechanisms include the increased density of microvessels (141), angiopoietin 1 (141), VEGF protein (141), or endothelial proliferation (141, 160).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [141] Ding YH Li J Zhou Y Rafols JA Clark JC Ding Y Cerebral angiogenesis and expression of angiogenic factors in aging rats after exercise Curr Neurovasc Res 2006 3 15 23 16472122 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [160] Ekstrand J Hellsten J Tingstrom A Environmental enrichment, exercise and corticosterone affect endothelial cell proliferation in adult rat hippocampus and prefrontal cortex Neurosci Lett 2008 442 203 207 18625288 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Infusion of IGF-1 mimicked the effects of exercise, while infusion of an anti-IGF-1 antibody blocked the effects.

    “Infusion of IGF-1 mimicked the effects of exercise. while infusion of an anti-IGF-1 antibody blocked the effects (80).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [80] Carro E Nunez A Busiguina S Torres-Aleman I Circulating insulin-like growth factor I mediates effects of exercise on the brain J Neurosci 2000 20 2926 2933 10751445 PMC6772191 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Both exercise and systemic infusion of IGF-1 increase new and survivability of BrdU+ cells in the hippocampus, likely signaling through IGF receptors on the luminal side of the brain.

    “and both exercise and systemic infusion of IGF-1 increases new and survivability of BrdU+ cells in the hippocampus (323, 521), likely signaling through IGF-receptors located on the luminal side of the brain (323).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [323] Lopez-Lopez C LeRoith D Torres-Aleman I Insulin-like growth factor I is required for vessel remodeling in the adult brain Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004 101 9833 9838 15210967 PMC470760 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [521] Trejo JL Carro E Torres-Aleman I Circulating insulin-like growth factor I mediates exercise-induced increases in the number of new neurons in the adult hippocampus J Neurosci 2001 21 1628 1634 11222653 PMC6762955 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Higher aerobic fitness levels in older women with the APOE4 genotype were associated with better cognitive function, suggesting that physical activity levels capable of increasing aerobic fitness are needed to improve cognitive function in those with APOE4 genotypes.

    “However, higher aerobic fitness levels in older women having the APOE4 genotype had better cognitive function in another cross-sectional study (171), suggesting that physical activity levels that are capable of increasing aerobic fitness are needed to improve cognitive function in those with APOE4 genotypes.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [171] Etnier JL Caselli RJ Reiman EM Alexander GE Sibley BA Tessier D McLemore EC Cognitive performance in older women relative to ApoE-epsilon4 genotype and aerobic fitness Med Sci Sports Exerc 2007 39 199 207 17218903 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Genetic, biological, chemical, hormonal, environmental, psychological, and social factors likely intersect to contribute to depression in women.

    “Genetic, biological, chemical, hormonal, environmental, psychological, and social factors all likely intersect to contribute to depression in women (see (369) or details).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [369] National Institute of Mental Health What causes depression in women? 2011 http://wwwnimhnihgov/health/publications/women-and-depression-discovering-hope/whatcauses- depression-in-womenshtml

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In cross-sectional questionnaire studies, two studies suggest APOE4 carriers benefit from physical activity, while one does not.

    “For instance in cross-sectional studies examining physical activity by questionnaire, two studies suggest that carriers of APOE4 benefit from physical activity (127, 462), while one does not (413).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [127] Deeny SP Poeppel D Zimmerman JB Roth SM Brandauer J Witkowski S Hearn JW Ludlow AT Contreras-Vidal JL Brandt J Hatfield BD Exercise, APOE, and working memory: MEG and behavioral evidence for benefit of exercise in epsilon4 carriers Biol Psychol 2008 78 179 187 18395955 PMC2739983 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [462] Schuit AJ Feskens EJ Launer LJ Kromhout D Physical activity and cognitive decline, the role of the apolipoprotein e4 allele Med Sci Sports Exerc 2001 33 772 777 11323547 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [413] Podewils LJ Guallar E Kuller LH Fried LP Lopez OL Carlson M Lyketsos CG Physical activity, APOE genotype, and dementia risk: findings from the Cardiovascular Health Cognition Study Am J Epidemiol 2005 161 639 651 15781953 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Morgan et al. noted that grip strength was inversely related to hospital length of stay and lower in depressed patients.

    “Morgan et al, who noted that both grip strength inversely related to hospital length stay and lower in depressed patients (351).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [351] Morgan WP Selected physiological and psychomotor correlates of depression in psychiatric patients Res Q 1968 39 1037 1043 4387891 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Epidemiological, intervention, and mechanistic insights from human and rodent studies suggest that physical inactivity can accelerate declines in cognitive function, and that this decline can be attenuated or potentially reversed by physical activity.

    “Epidemiological, interventions, and mechanistic insights from human and rodent studies all suggest that physical inactivity can accelerate declines in cognitive function; a decline that be attenuated or potentially reversed by physical activity.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Findings from animal models and mechanistic studies can be generalized to humans.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    An exercise dose consistent with public health recommendations in 1998-2001, about 12 miles per week of walking for 12 weeks, reduced depressive symptoms by 47% from baseline, while a lower dose of 5 miles per week did not respond better than the exercise placebo control group.

    “An exercise dose consistent with public health recommendations in 1998–2001 (about 12 miles/week of walking for 12 weeks) reduced depressive symptoms 47% from baseline while a lower dose exercise (5 miles/week) group did not respond any better than the exercise placebo control group (150).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [150] Dunn AL Trivedi MH Kampert JB Clark CG Chambliss HO Exercise treatment for depression: efficacy and dose response Am J Prev Med 2005 28 1 8 15626549 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Depressed patients adhere to exercise at 66%, greater than medication adherence at 40%.

    “and adhere to exercise (66%) greater than medication (40%).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [18] Babyak M Blumenthal JA Herman S Khatri P Doraiswamy M Moore K Craighead WE Baldewicz TT Krishnan KR Exercise treatment for major depression: maintenance of therapeutic benefit at 10 months Psychosom Med 2000 62 633 638 11020092 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Depressed patients who participated in exercise had less need for medication and less relapse.

    “Depressed patients that participated in exercise had less of a need for medication and less relapse (18)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [18] Babyak M Blumenthal JA Herman S Khatri P Doraiswamy M Moore K Craighead WE Baldewicz TT Krishnan KR Exercise treatment for major depression: maintenance of therapeutic benefit at 10 months Psychosom Med 2000 62 633 638 11020092 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Reduced brain tissue or blood flow is found in both depression and cognitive impairment, suggesting a similar cause if not similar mechanism.

    “While it is unknown whether the mechanisms of increased depression and decreased cognitive function are similar in different populations (for example young vs. old), reduced brain tissue, blood flow, or otherwise are found in both suggesting a similar cause if not similar mechanism.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    A decrease in NE levels in response to repeated stress is prevented by chronic voluntary wheel running in rats, with a threshold of as little as 30 minutes per day.

    “A decrease in NE levels in response to repeated stress is prevented by chronic VWR in rats (142), with a threshold of as little as 30 min/day of VWR (149).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [142] Dishman RK Brain monoamines, exercise, and behavioral stress: animal models Med Sci Sports Exerc 1997 29 63 74 9000157 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [149] Dunn AL Reigle TG Youngstedt SD Armstrong RB Dishman RK Brain norepinephrine and metabolites after treadmill training and wheel running in rats Med Sci Sports Exerc 1996 28 204 209 8775155 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In rats selected for high endurance or low endurance, high-endurance rats had more anxiety-like behavior on a maze test and higher cortisol in response to a restraint test, counter to the hypothesis.

    “Counter to the hypothesis, the HCR had more anxiety-like behavior on a maze test and higher levels of cortisol in response to a restraint test (547).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [547] Walters WR Renner KJ Summers CH Watt ML Forster GL Koch LG Britton SL Swallow JG Selection for intrinsic endurance modifies endocrine stress responsiveness Brain Res 2010 1357 53 61 20682296 PMC2953393 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Some studies suggest intense physical activity can have a detrimental effect on HPA adaptations.

    “However, questions remain about the level of physical activity necessary for beneficial HPA adaptations with some studies suggesting intense physical activity can have a detrimental effect (97).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [97] Chennaoui M Gomez Merino D Lesage J Drogou C Guezennec CY Effects of moderate and intensive training on the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis in rats Acta Physiol Scand 2002 175 113 121 12028131 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Adolescent girls with an allele for high BDNF received no protective effects against depression and anxiety symptoms by avoiding physical inactivity, while those with the allele causing lower BDNF level were protected.

    “Lastly, adolescent girls with an allele for high BDNF received no protective effects against depression and anxiety symptoms by avoiding physical inactivity, while those with the allele causing lower BDNF level were protected (330).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [330] Mata J Thompson RJ Gotlib IH BDNF genotype moderates the relation between physical activity and depressive symptoms Health Psychol 2010 29 130 133 20230085 PMC2847262 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Avoiding inactivity in the early post-menopausal period is clinically important, and lack of impact on critical bones with high fracture rates in later life is specific.

    “These findings emphasize the clinical importance of avoiding inactivity in the early post-menopausal period and the specificity of the lack of impact on critical bones with high fracture rates in later life (162).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [162] Engelke K Kemmler W Lauber D Beeskow C Pintag R Kalender WA Exercise maintains bone density at spine and hip EFOPS: a 3-year longitudinal study in early postmenopausal women Osteoporos Int 2006 17 133 142 16096715 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    A 3-year program of combined low-volume, high-resistance strength training and high-impact aerobics maintained bone mineral density at the spine, hip, and calcaneus, but not at the forearm, which lost 3%, in early post-menopausal women.

    “In a first study, a 3-yr program of combined low-volume, high-resistance strength training, and high-impact aerobics maintained bone mineral density at the spine, hip, and calcaneus, but not at the forearm (which lost 3%), in early post-menopausal women (162).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [162] Engelke K Kemmler W Lauber D Beeskow C Pintag R Kalender WA Exercise maintains bone density at spine and hip EFOPS: a 3-year longitudinal study in early postmenopausal women Osteoporos Int 2006 17 133 142 16096715 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Only bones subject to loading become stronger, as adaptations are site-specific.

    “Only bones subject to loading will become stronger as adaptations are site-specific.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Ozcivici et al. conclude that mechanical targeting of the bone marrow stem-cell pool might represent a novel, drug-free means of slowing age-related decline of the musculoskeletal system.

    “Ozcivici et al. (394) conclude that mechanical targeting of the bone marrow stem-cell pool might, therefore, represent a novel, drug-free means of slowing the age-related decline of the musculoskeletal system.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [394] Ozcivici E Luu YK Adler B Qin YX Rubin J Judex S Rubin CT Mechanical signals as anabolic agents in bone Nat Rev Rheumatol 2010 6 50 59 20046206 PMC3743048 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

    Premisecitation

    In a longitudinal study of 45 long-distance runners and 53 controls from age 58 in 1984 to 2002, 20% of runners and 32% of controls had prevalent OA in 2002, with 2.2% and 9.4% severe.

    “In 2002 20% of runners and 32% of controls had prevalent OA, with 2.2% and 9.4% being severe.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [93] Chakravarty EF Hubert HB Lingala VB Zatarain E Fries JF Long distance running and knee osteoarthritis. A prospective study Am J Prev Med 2008 35 133 138 18550323 PMC2556152 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Deformation of skeletal tissues induces pressurization of interstitial fluid, producing a positive pressure gradient from the matrix to the haversian canals, allowing bone cells to perceive changes in their mechanical environment.

    “Deformation of skeletal tissues induces pressurization of interstitial fluid, producing a positive pressure gradient from the matrix to the haversian cannels, allowing bone cells perceive changes in their mechanical environment (an amplification mechanism) (437).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [437] Riddle RC Donahue HJ From streaming-potentials to shear stress: 25 years of bone cell mechanotransduction J Orthop Res 2009 27 143 149 18683882 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Participation in sports with minimal joint impact and torsional loading by people with normal joints and neuromuscular function may cause osteophyte formation but has minimal effect on risk of osteoarthritis; participation in sports with high impact and torsional loading increases risk of injury-induced joint degeneration.

    “Participation in sports that cause minimal joint impact and torsional loading by people with normal joints and neuromuscular function may cause osteophyte (bony projections that form along joints) formation, but it has minimal, if any, effect on the risk of osteoarthritis. In contrast, participation in sports that subject joints to high levels of impact and torsional loading increases the risk of”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [71] Buckwalter JA Martin JA Sports and osteoarthritis Curr Opin Rheumatol 2004 16 634 639 15314507 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Current thought for how a bone strain of about 0.1% can be amplified to 1-10% is based on 25 years of publications by Riddle and Donahue.

    “Current thought for how a bone strain of ~0.1% can be amplified to a 1–10% has been suggested based upon 25 years of publications by Riddle and Donahue (437).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [437] Riddle RC Donahue HJ From streaming-potentials to shear stress: 25 years of bone cell mechanotransduction J Orthop Res 2009 27 143 149 18683882 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisenone given

    It is not completely settled whether conversion of the physical force of fluid flow to a biochemical signal is by integrin/cytoskeletal transduction, chemotransport ion channels, or both.

    “It is not completely settled whether the conversion of the physical force of fluid flow to a biochemical signal is by means of integrin/cytoskeletal transduction of forces or chemotransport ion channels, or both.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Physical activity results in both gravitational and muscle-contraction loading of the skeleton and therefore is primary prevention of osteoporosis.

    “Physical activity results in both gravitational and muscle-contraction loading of the skeleton and, therefore, is primary prevention of osteoporosis.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning

    The mechanism by which physical activity has a beneficial effect on rheumatoid arthritis might be its countering the global increase in inflammation that normally occurs during rheumatoid arthritis progression.

    “The mechanism by which physical activity has a beneficial effect on RA might be its countering the global increase in inflammation that normally occurs during the progression of RA.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The MET levels translate to more than 4 hours per week of walking, which mechanically loads the proximal femur, as opposed to cycling or other activities that do not load the femur.

    “The METs translate to >4 hours per week of walking (types of exercise that mechanically load the proximal femur as opposed to cycling (426) or other activities that do not load the femur).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [426] Rector RS Rogers R Ruebel M Hinton PS Participation in road cycling vs running is associated with lower bone mineral density in men Metabolism 2008 57 226 232 18191053 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Inherited genetic factors contribute little to susceptibility for most neoplasms, so environmental factors play the main role in sporadic cancer.

    “Inherited genetic factors make a minor contribution to susceptibility to most types of neoplasms, implying that the environment has the principal role in causing sporadic cancer (319).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [319] Lichtenstein P Holm NV Verkasalo PK Iliadou A Kaprio J Koskenvuo M Pukkala E Skytthe A Hemminki K Environmental and heritable factors in the causation of cancer--analyses of cohorts of twins from Sweden, Denmark, and Finland N Engl J Med 2000 343 78 85 10891514 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Studies show no harmful effects of physical activity in rheumatoid arthritis, and some show a positive effect in reducing symptoms.

    “Studies show no harmful effects of physical activity, and some even show a positive effect in the reduction of symptoms (73).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [73] Cairns AP McVeigh JG A systematic review of the effects of dynamic exercise in rheumatoid arthritis Rheumatol Int 2009 30 147 158 19701638 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    The NPAGCR concluded that no evidence presently exists to indicate that regular moderate to vigorous physical activity of 30-60 minutes for general health benefits increases the risk of developing osteoarthritis in those without pre-existing major joint injury.

    “The NPAGCR(412) concluded that no evidence presently exists to indicate that regular moderate to vigorous physical activity of 30–60 minutes for general health benefits increases the risk of developing osteoarthritis in those without pre-existing major joint injury.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [412] Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Report, 2008 2008 http://wwwhealthgov/paguidelines/Report/pdf/CommitteeReportpdf

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationcitation

    Primary prevention requires exercises that retain normal balance to reduce falls in individuals at risk for falls.

    “The clinical significance for primary prevention requires exercises that retain normal balance to reduce falls in individuals at risk for falls (124).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [124] de Kam D Smulders E Weerdesteyn V Smits-Engelsman BC Exercise interventions to reduce fall-related fractures and their risk factors in individuals with low bone density: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials Osteoporos Int 2009 20 2111 2125 19421702 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Physical inactivity, specifically lack of loading bones against gravity, causes loss in bone density, which increases risk of bone fracture.

    “Physical inactivity, specifically lack of loading bones against gravity, will cause loss in bone density, which increases the risk of bone fracture.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Observational associations between physical inactivity and disease outcomes reflect a causal effect of inactivity rather than confounding or reverse causation.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    NPAGCR states that RCTs have demonstrated effects of physical activity interventions on cancer risk factors, supporting a role of physical activity in reducing cancer risk.

    “The NPAGCR (412) states that RCTs have demonstrated effects of physical activity interventions on cancer risk factors, which further support a role of physical activity in reducing risk for cancer.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [412] Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Report, 2008 2008 http://wwwhealthgov/paguidelines/Report/pdf/CommitteeReportpdf

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    ApcMin/+ mice carry a mutation predisposing them to intestinal adenomas and are used as a colon cancer model.

    “ApcMin/+ mice have a nonsense mutation at codon 850 in the Apc (Adenomatous polyposis coli) gene that predisposes them to both small and large intestinal adenomas, thus these mice have been used as a model of colon cancer (359).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [359] Moser AR Pitot HC Dove WF A dominant mutation that predisposes to multiple intestinal neoplasia in the mouse Science 1990 247 322 324 2296722 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Physical inactivity raises the prevalence of some site-specific cancers, including colon, breast, and endometrial cancers, but not all cancer types.

    “Physical inactivity increases the prevalence of some site-specific (colon, breast, and endometrial cancers), but, to date, not all cancer types.”
    • Also stated in: § 38.2 Comments on cancer types · plain
      “Stated in an opposite manner, some cancer types are not caused by physical inactivity.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Primary prevention of dysmenorrhea by physical activity may be plausible but is not sufficiently proven.

    “Primary prevention by physical activity may be plausible but is not sufficiently proven.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [66] Brown J Brown S Exercise for dysmenorrhoea Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010 2 CD004142 20166071

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Inactivity increases digestive system disorders.

    “Inactivity increases digestive system disorders.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Observational studies suggest that diverticulitis, constipation, and gallbladder disease can be caused by physical inactivity and primarily prevented by increased activity.

    “Observational studies suggest that diverticulitis, constipation, and gallbladder disease can be caused by physical inactivity and primarily prevented by increased activity.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    Many URTI studies contain methodological problems including failure to report bouts of physical activity, unverified URTI, higher medical awareness during high-intensity training, contact with other infections, stress, nutrition, supplements, and focus on exercise not physical inactivity.

    “However, many of these studies contain methodological problems including, failure to report bouts of physical activity, UTRI are only reported never verified by virus analysis, higher medical awareness during high intensity training, contact with other infections (large marathon), stress, nutrition, supplements, and all the studies are focused on exercise not physical inactivity.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Children with elevated fasting blood glucose had 3.4 times the likelihood of developing prediabetes and 2.1 times the likelihood of developing diabetes as adults.

    “children with elevated fasting blood glucose were 3.4 and 2.1 times more likely to develop prediabetes and diabetes, respectively, as adults”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [378] Nguyen QM Srinivasan SR Xu JH Chen W Berenson GS Fasting plasma glucose levels within the normoglycemic range in childhood as a predictor of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes in adulthood: the Bogalusa Heart Study Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2010 164 124 128 20124140 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In obese adolescents, metabolic syndrome prevalence varies by definition: 44.2% by Cook/Ford, 26.2% by adult criteria, 14.1% by Caprio, and 12.4% by Cruz.

    “In obese adolescents only, the prevalence rates were 44.2% using the definition of Cook/Ford (113), 26.2% using the adult criteria, 14.1% using the definition of Caprio, and 12.4% using the definition of Cruz”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [113] Cook S Auinger P Li C Ford ES Metabolic syndrome rates in United States adolescents, from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999–2002 J Pediatr 2008 152 165 170 18206683 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [315] Lee S Bacha F Gungor N Arslanian S Comparison of different definitions of pediatric metabolic syndrome: relation to abdominal adiposity, insulin resistance, adiponectin, and inflammatory biomarkers J Pediatr 2008 152 177 184 18206686 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    For children born in 2000, estimated lifetime diabetes risk is 32.8% for males and 38.5% for females, about 10-15% above current prevalence.

    “The estimated lifetime risk of developing diabetes for children born in 2000 is 32.8% for males and 38.5% for females, about 10–15% higher than current prevalence”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [366] Narayan KM Boyle JP Thompson TJ Sorensen SW Williamson DF Lifetime risk for diabetes mellitus in the United States JAMA 2003 290 1884 1890 14532317

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Approximately 39,005 U.S. adolescents had type 2 diabetes in 1999-2002.

    “~39,005 U.S. adolescents having T2D in 1999–2002”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [147] Duncan GE Prevalence of diabetes and impaired fasting glucose levels among US adolescents: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999–2002 Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2006 160 523 528 16651496 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    About 2,769,000 US adolescents had elevated fasting glucose in 1999-2002.

    “The number of US adolescents with elevated fasting glucose reached ~2,769,000 in 1999–2002”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [147] Duncan GE Prevalence of diabetes and impaired fasting glucose levels among US adolescents: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999–2002 Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2006 160 523 528 16651496 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Physical inactivity raises mortality by 30%, or 720,000 annual deaths (one every 44 seconds).

    “physical inactivity increases mortality by 30%, or by 720,000 annual deaths (one death every 44 seconds)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [412] Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Report, 2008 2008 http://wwwhealthgov/paguidelines/Report/pdf/CommitteeReportpdf

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Physically inactive children and adolescents will develop fewer cognitive skills than more active peers.

    “Children and adolescents who are physically inactive will develop less cognitive skills than more active cohorts”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Preventing physical inactivity in children and adolescents yields documented benefits: increased physical fitness, reduced body fatness, better cardiovascular and metabolic risk profiles, improved bone health, and fewer depression and anxiety symptoms.

    “Documented health benefits by prevention of physical inactivity in children and adolescents (412, 494) include increased physical fitness (both CRF and muscular strength), reduced body fatness, favorable cardiovascular and metabolic disease risk profiles, enhanced bone health, and reduced symptoms of depression and anxiety”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [412] Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Report, 2008 2008 http://wwwhealthgov/paguidelines/Report/pdf/CommitteeReportpdf

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [494] Strong WB Malina RM Blimkie CJ Daniels SR Dishman RK Gutin B Hergenroeder AC Must A Nixon PA Pivarnik JM Rowland T Trost S Trudeau F Evidence based physical activity for school-age youth J Pediatr 2005 146 732 737 15973308 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    NAFLD prevalence is 3-10% among normal-weight children and rises to 40-70% among obese children.

    “The prevalence of NAFLD among normal-weight children is 3–10%, rising up to 40–70% among obese children”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [32] Bellentani S Marino M Epidemiology and natural history of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) Ann Hepatol 2009 8 Suppl 1 S4 8 19381118 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [33] Bellentani S Scaglioni F Marino M Bedogni G Epidemiology of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease Dig Dis 2010 28 155 161 20460905 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Childhood metabolic syndrome rarely reverses, leading to high risk of adult cardiovascular disease.

    “Reversibility of childhood metabolic syndrome is rare, thus leading to high risk of adulthood cardiovascular disease”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [197] Gillman MW Predicting prediabetes and diabetes: can we do it? Is it worth it? Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2010 164 198 199 20124151 PMC4350017 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [548] Washington RL Metabolic syndrome—no longer an adult only disease Journal of Pediatrics 2008 152

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Nationwide costs for inactivity and obesity were estimated at $507 billion, with projections above $708 billion for 2008.

    “the estimated nationwide cost of for physical inactivity and obesity of $507 billion with projected costs exceeding $708 billion in 2008”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [98] Chenoweth DLJ The Economic Cost of Physical Inactivity and Excess Weight in American Adults J Phys Act Health 2008 148 163 28834464 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Lack of physical activity affects nearly every cell, organ, and system, causing sedentary dysfunction and accelerated death.

    “lack of physical activity affects almost every cell, organ, and system in the body causing sedentary dysfunction and accelerated death”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
208 of 208

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Inherited genes and their interaction with activity levels determine physical fitness.

    “Inherited genes and their interaction with physical activity levels determine physical fitness.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    A direct link between functional capacity and survival is a cornerstone of general medicine theory.

    “Importantly, a direct relationship between functional capacity and survival is a cornerstone of general medicine theory.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Contemporary hunter-gatherer and agrarian Amish physical activity levels are valid proxies for ancestral or modern active human activity levels.

    “The modern hunter-gatherers' daily estimated energy expenditures for physical activity are at least 600 kcal more than the average U.S. sedentary adult of today, as documented in column labeled “EE PA” (Table 7) (385).”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Findings from rodent models of voluntary wheel running generalize to human obesity prevention.

    “Obesity is primarily prevented in at least two genetically modified, obese rodent models by allowing natural, instinctive voluntary running.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Bed rest and step reduction are valid models of chronic physical inactivity in free-living humans.

    “Conversely, more extreme physical inactivity such as strict bed rest for 24-hr/day lasting 5 days (216), 7 days (46, 342, 495), and 9 days (7) is also associated with substantial increases in insulin resistance.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Caloric expenditure estimates from domestic mechanization and walking/standing can be annualized to fat gain.

    “The annualization of 110 kcal/day is the caloric equivalent of 11.5 pounds of fat/yr.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The FTO polymorphism associations reflect a causal interaction between genotype and physical inactivity.

    “In summary then, physical inactivity is required to elicit the phenotype of obesity with polymorphisms predisposing to obesity for the human FTO gene.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The Amish and general population differ primarily in physical activity rather than other lifestyle or dietary factors.

    “Thus, while caloric intake has dropped between 0 and 600 kcal/day in the general population it is the lack of 600 kcal/day of physical activity has led to a large discrepancy in the obesity rates between the modern general population and Amish societies.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Type 2 diabetes progresses through a continuum from early prediabetes to late prediabetes to diabetes.

    “While early prediabetes, late prediabetes, and diabetes are in a continuum, they differ in success of primary prevention by physical activity.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The modified Bergman figure's points A, B, and C represent stages of insulin resistance, prediabetes, and type 2 diabetes progression.

    “points B to A in the modified Bergman Fig. 12”
    “prevents movement from point A to B in the modified Bergman figure (Fig. 12), and of decreased beta-cell insulin secretion and of prediabetes (prevents movement from point B to C in Bergman's Fig. 12).”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Intent-to-treat values represent the sum of behavioral and biological mechanisms for all subjects.

    “Intent-to-treat values in both studies are the sum of behavioral and biological mechanisms for 100% of the subjects”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Type 2 diabetes has 18 candidate loci that account for less than 7% of the total identifiable genetic load.

    “A complex disease such as T2D has, at present, 18 multiple candidate loci that account for only a small percentage (< 7%) of the total identifiable genetic load.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Hypertension precedes 75% of congestive heart failure cases.

    “Hypertension precedes 75% of CHF cases.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The most physically active men and women have a 25% to 30% lower risk for stroke incidence and mortality.

    “The most physically active men and women have a 25% to 30% lower risk for stroke incidence and mortality.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    For every 1% reduction in LDL-C levels, a 1% reduction occurs in relative risk for major coronary heart disease events.

    “for every 1% reduction in LDL-C levels, a 1% reduction occurs in relative risk for major CHD events.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Observational associations between physical inactivity and disease outcomes reflect a causal effect of inactivity rather than confounding or reverse causation.

    “Physical inactivity causes up to 1/3rd of depression.”
    “Physical inactivity is a primary cause of bone loss in weight-bearing bones.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Findings from animal models and mechanistic studies can be generalized to humans.

    “Epidemiological, interventions, and mechanistic insights from human and rodent studies all suggest that physical inactivity can accelerate declines in cognitive function; a decline that be attenuated or potentially reversed by physical activity.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Self-reported physical activity accurately classifies exposure in observational studies.

    “While many of the studies relied on self-questionnaires, 8 cohort studies contained clinical diagnosis of depression symptoms, which reported an increase of 40% in the inactive group.”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    The trend analysis assumes that the level of physical activity would be sustained.

    “assuming that the level of activity would be sustained”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Atherosclerosis results from lifetime accumulation of vascular lesions and plaques.

    “Atherosclerosis is a consequence of lifetime accumulation of vascular lesions and plaques.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Increases in bone mineral mass, skeletal muscle mass, and cardiorespiratory fitness occur throughout childhood and adolescence, peak in the third decade of life, and then decline with aging.

    “Increases in bone mineral mass, skeletal muscle mass, and CRF occur throughout childhood and adolescence peaking and have their greatest lifetime values in the third decade of life. Thereafter with aging, their respective values progressively decline to lower values”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Skeletal muscle power peaks about the third decade of life and then declines.

    “Skeletal muscle power peaks about the third decade of life, and then declines thereafter”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    VO2max peaks at the third decade of life and then declines.

    “VO2max peaks at the third decade of life, and thereafter declines”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Physical activity reduces prevalence of many conditions that are not obesity co-morbidities.

    “physical activity reduces prevalence of many conditions that are not obesity co-morbidities”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Exercise and chronic diseases are complex polygenic conditions.

    “Exercise and chronic diseases are complex polygenic conditions.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The scientific and technical expertise to appreciate the complexity of exercise/inactivity and chronic diseases is limited within the scientific community.

    “The scientific and technical expertise to appreciate the complexity of exercise/inactivity and chronic diseases is limited within the scientific community.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Physical activity, food, and reproduction are some of the minimal requirements for life.

    “Physical activity, food, and reproduction are some of the minimal requirements for life.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Physical activity, food, and reproduction evolved as requirements for individual and species survival, not as choices.

    “They evolved not as choices, but as requirements for individual and species survival.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Modern humans have been able to engineer most physical activity out of daily life.

    “Modern humans have been able to engineer most physical activity out of daily life.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Humans now have a choice not to be physically active.

    “Humans now have a choice not to be physically active.”
30 of 30

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Physical inactivity is a global health problem and is vital to the primary prevention of over 35 chronic diseases.

    “Physical inactivity is a global health problem that is vital to the primary prevention of over 35 chronic diseases [1, 2].”

    From Pre-exercise screening: role of the primary care physician (2016) · cites this paper as [1]

    Section 2.11 (page not provided) says physical activity—avoiding or treating inactivity—is primary prevention for 35 chronic diseases or conditions. Section 5.12 (page not provided) describes inactivity affecting billions worldwide, supporting the global framing. The paper specifies 35, not over 35, and attributes the preventive role to physical activity rather than inactivity itself. (LLM, conf=0.88)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Inactivity is still a major concern and the number of sedentary people has not been properly reduced.

    “although most people know the relevance of having an active life as a part of a healthy lifestyle, inactivity is still a major concern and the number of sedentary people has not been properly reduced [8,9].”

    From Key Factors Associated with Adherence to Physical Exercise in Patients with Chronic Diseases and Older Adults: An Umbrella Review (2021) · cites this paper as [8]

  • Unlike normal aging, the deleterious effects of secondary aging on the SM can be delayed through engagement in healthy lifestyle behaviours such as exercise and increased physical activity.

    “Unlike normal aging, the deleterious effects of secondary aging on the SM can be delayed through engagement in healthy lifestyle behaviours such as exercise and increased physical activity [17,35].”

    From Optimised Skeletal Muscle Mass as a Key Strategy for Obesity Management (2025) · cites this paper as [35]

  • These effects can promote insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, endothelial dysfunction, high blood pressure, and sarcopenia, increasing risk for cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, NAFLD, osteoporosis, various cancers, depression, dementia, and Alzheimer's disease in chronically inactive individuals.

    “These effects can, in turn, promote several inflammation-related pathophysiologic alterations, including insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, endothelial dysfunction, high blood pressure and loss of muscle mass (sarcopenia)100, that have been found to increase risk for a variety of conditions, including CVD, type 2 diabetes, NAFLD, osteoporosis, various types of cancer, depression, dementia and”

    From Chronic inflammation in the etiology of disease across the life span (2019) · cites this paper as [100]

  • Physical inactivity increases risk for non-communicable diseases because it is linked to obesity and excessive visceral adipose tissue, which is a significant trigger of inflammation.

    “physical inactivity can increase individuals’ risk for various non-communicable diseases because it is linked to obesity100 and, in particular, excessive visceral adipose tissue (VAT), which is a significant trigger of inflammation104–106.”

    From Chronic inflammation in the etiology of disease across the life span (2019) · cites this paper as [100]

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Opposite mortality comparisons use the same percentage

    Minor

    A 30% reduction relative to inactive people does not mean inactivity produces a 30% increase relative to active people. Reversing that comparison gives an increase of about 43%.

1 of 1

Cites

1 retracted

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 3

  1. Brooks GA, 2005, Exercise Physiology
  2. Cameron C, 2007, Physical Activity and Sport: Encouraging Children to be Active, 14
  3. Cordain L, 2005, The Paleo Diet for Athletes: A Nutritional Formula for Peak Athletic Performance

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Booth, F. W., Roberts, C. K., & Laye, M. J.
Affiliations
  • University of Missouri (US)
  • University of California, Los Angeles (US)
  • Buck Institute for Research on Aging (US)
ORCID
Venue
Comprehensive Physiology
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2012-04
Volume
2
Issue
2
Pages
1143-1211
ISSN
2040-4603 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1002/cphy.c110025
PMC
PMC4241367
OpenAlex
W2135019055
Cited by
2,575
References
588
Citations by year
2026: 63 · 2025: 148 · 2024: 312 · 2023: 273 · 2022: 329 · 2021: 326 · 2020: 277 · 2019: 241 · 2018: 179 · 2017: 170 · 2016: 118 · 2015: 75 · 2014: 37 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 5
Type
other
Language
en
Open access
Licence
doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1.1 (tdm)
Locations
  • Comprehensive physiology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (R01AR019393)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Exercise and Physiological Responses
Keywords
physical inactivity, chronic disease prevention, physical activity, gene-environment interaction, cardiorespiratory fitness, sarcopenia, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, depression, osteoporosis, sedentary behavior, public health policy, quality of life
MeSH terms
Adaptation, Physiological, Chronic Disease, Humans, Motor Activity, Pharmacogenetics, Physical Fitness, Risk Factors, Exercise, Twin Studies as Topic, Metabolic Syndrome, Sedentary Behavior, Gene-Environment Interaction

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-05.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-05.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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