The DOI matches its Crossref record; 4 of the 4 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Linguistic Ability in Early Life and Cognitive Function and Alzheimer's Disease in Late Life: Findings From the Nun Study
Abstract
Objective. —To determine if linguistic ability in early life is associated with cognitive function and Alzheimer's disease in late life. Design. —Two measures of linguistic ability in early life, idea density and grammatical complexity, were derived from autobiographies written at a mean age of 22 years. Approximately 58 years later, the women who wrote these autobiographies participated in an assessment of cognitive function, and those who subsequently died were evaluated neuropathologically. Setting. —Convents in the United States participating in the Nun Study; primarily convents in the Milwaukee, Wis, area. Participants. —Cognitive function was investigated in 93 participants who were aged 75 to 95 years at the time of their assessments, and Alzheimer's disease was investigated in the 14 participants who died at 79 to 96 years of age. Main Outcome Measures. —Seven neuropsychological tests and neuropathologically confirmed Alzheimer's disease. Results. —Low idea density and low grammatical complexity in autobiographies written in early life were associated with low cognitive test scores in late life. Low idea density in early life had stronger and more consistent associations with poor cognitive function than did low grammatical complexity. Among the 14 sisters who died, neuropathologically confirmed Alzheimer's disease was present in all of those with low idea density in early life and in none of those with high idea density. Conclusions. —Low linguistic ability in early life was a strong predictor of poor cognitive function and Alzheimer's disease in late life. (JAMA. 1996;275:528-532)
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“This work was groundbreaking in showing that linguistic structure and complexity can serve as a strong predictor for the onset of AD and potentially other forms of cognitive impairment.”
From A Review of Automated Speech and Language Features for Assessment of Cognitive and Thought Disorders (2020) · cites this paper as [66]
In the citing paper
“Roughly 80% of the participants that were determined to lack linguistic complexity in their writings developed AD or had mental and cognitive disabilities in their older age.”
From A Review of Automated Speech and Language Features for Assessment of Cognitive and Thought Disorders (2020) · cites this paper as [66]
In the citing paper
“In particular, the study found that low idea density in early life was a particularly strong predictor of reduced cognitive ability or the presence of AD in later life.”
From A Review of Automated Speech and Language Features for Assessment of Cognitive and Thought Disorders (2020) · cites this paper as [66]
In the citing paper
“For this reason, we believe our hypothesis better accommodates data that argue early adult cognitive markers predict AD risk long before plaques and probably Aβ changes occur [246, 247].”
From The Alzheimer’s disease mitochondrial cascade hypothesis: progress and perspectives (2014) · cites this paper as [246]
In the citing paper
“Various studies suggest this pre-dementia period of cognitive decline lasts at least a decade and perhaps even many decades [83–86].”
From Brain aging, Alzheimer's disease, and mitochondria (2011) · cites this paper as [83]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Snowdon, D. A.
- Corresponding author
- Snowdon, David A.
- ORCID
- Snowdon, David A.
- Venue
- JAMA
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 1996-02-21
- Volume
- 275
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 528
- ISSN
- 0002-9955 (ISSN-L)
- 0098-7484
- OpenAlex
- W4293569649
- Cited by
- 696
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 22 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 36 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 36 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 26 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 26
- FWCI
- 14.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- JAMA (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (K04 AG00553, R01AG09862, K04AG00443)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Aging and Gerontology Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Keywords
- language skills, idea density, grammatical complexity, cognitive function, Alzheimer's disease, late-life cognitive decline, neuropathology, Nun Study, women religious
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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