Early life linguistic ability, late life cognitive function, and neuropathology: findings from the Nun Study
Abstract
The relationships between early life variables, cognitive function, and neuropathology were examined in participants in the Nun Study who were between the ages of 75 and 95. Our early life variable was idea density, which is a measure of linguistic ability, derived from autobiographies written at a mean age of 22 years. Six discrete categories of cognitive function, including mild cognitive impairments, were evaluated, using the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD) battery of cognitive tests. Neuropathologic data included Braak staging, neurofibrillary tangle and senile plaque counts, brain weight, degree of cerebral atrophy, severity of atherosclerosis, and the presence of brain infarcts. Early-life idea density was significantly related to the categories of late-life cognitive function, including mild cognitive impairments: low idea density was associated with greater impairment. Low idea density also was significantly associated with lower brain weight, higher degree of cerebral atrophy, more severe neurofibrillary pathology, and the likelihood of meeting neuropathologic criteria for Alzheimer's disease.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Aged individuals can harbor a high burden of AD brain lesions at autopsy while remaining cognitively intact, indicating resilience to AD pathology.
“several studies have revealed the existence of aged individuals harboring a high burden of brain lesions at autopsy while remaining cognitively intact, indicating resilience to AD pathology [3, 7, 21, 22, 56, 57, 68, 76, 78, 96].”
From Enhanced microglial dynamics and a paucity of tau seeding in the amyloid plaque microenvironment contribute to cognitive resilience in Alzheimer’s disease (2024) · cites this paper as [78]
Cites
Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E., & McHugh, P. R. (1975) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3956(75)90026-6 · Cited by 88,282 · see citing works
Neuropathological stageing of Alzheimer-related changes.
Braak, H., & Braak, E. (1991) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/bf00308809 · Cited by 16,123 · see citing works
Current concepts in mild cognitive impairment
Petersen, R. C., Doody, R., Kurz, A., Mohs, R. C., Morris, J. C., Rabins, P. V., Ritchie, K., Rossor, M., Thal, L., & Winblad, B. (2001) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.58.12.1985 · Cited by 4,781 · see citing works
Kaplan, E., Goodglass, H., Weıntraub, S., & Segal, O. (2001) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 4,378 · see citing works
A new rating scale for Alzheimer's disease
(1984) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.141.11.1356 · Cited by 4,175 · see citing works
Moms, J. C., Heyman, A., Mohs, R. C., Hughes, J. P., van Belle, G., Fillenbaum, G., Mellits, E. D., & Clark, C. (1989) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.39.9.1159 · Cited by 4,130 · see citing works
Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD)
Fillenbaum, G., & Heyman, A. (2002) · doi:10.1002/0470846410.ch42(iii · Cited by 2,859 · see citing works
Snowdon, D. A. (1997) · JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association · doi:10.1001/jama.1997.03540340047031 · Cited by 1,590 · see citing works
Self-citationPositive emotions in early life and longevity: Findings from the nun study.
Danner, D. D., Snowdon, D. A., & Friesen, W. V. (2001) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.80.5.804 · Cited by 1,406 · see citing works
Self-citationBorkowski, J. G., Benton, A. L., & Spreen, O. (1967) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/0028-3932(67)90015-2 · Cited by 1,324 · see citing works
Morris, J. C., Mohs, R. C., Rogers, H., Fillenbaum, G. G., & Heyman, A. (1988) · PubMed · Cited by 1,131 · see citing works
Welsh, K. A., Butters, N., Mohs, R. C., Beekly, D., Edland, S., Fillenbaum, G., & Heyman, A. (1994) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.44.4.609 · Cited by 951 · see citing works
Snowdon, D. A. (1996) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1996.03530310034029 · Cited by 696 · see citing works
Self-citationKintsch, W., & Keenan, J. M. (1973) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(73)90036-4 · Cited by 435 · see citing works
Looking Backward to Move Forward: Early Detection of Neurodegenerative Disorders
DeKosky, S. T., & MAREK, K. L. (2003) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1090349 · Cited by 403 · see citing works
Riley, K. P., Snowdon, D. A., & Markesbery, W. R. (2002) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.10161 · Cited by 392 · see citing works
Self-citationMild cognitive impairment: conceptual basis and current nosological status
Ritchie, K. A., & Touchon, J. (2000) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(99)06155-3 · Cited by 386 · see citing works
Mild cognitive impairment: transition between aging and Alzheimer's disease.
Petersen, R. C. (2000) · PubMed · Cited by 383 · see citing works
Aging and Alzheimer's Disease: Lessons From the Nun Study
Snowdon, D. A. (1997) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/37.2.150 · Cited by 367 · see citing works
Self-citationSnowdon, D. A., Tully, C. L., Smith, C. D., Riley, K. P., & Markesbery, W. R. (2000) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/71.4.993 · Cited by 274 · see citing works
Self-citationSaunders, A. M., Hulette, C., Welsh-Bohmer, K. A., Schmechel, D., Crain, B. J., Burke, J. R., Alberts, M. J., Strittmatter, W. J., Breitner, J., Rosenberg, C., et al. (1996) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(96)01251-2 · Cited by 253 · see citing works
Ohm, T. G., Müller, H., Braak, H., & Böhl, J. (1995) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/0306-4522(95)90397-p · Cited by 222 · see citing works
A Follow‐Up Study of Age‐Associated Memory Impairment: Neuropsychological Predictors of Dementia
Hänninen, T., Hallikainen, M., Koivisto, K. J., Helkala, E., Reinikainen, K. J., Soininen, H. S., Mykkänen, L. M., Laakso, M., Pyörälà, K., & Riekkinen, P. J. (1995) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.1995.tb05565.x · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Age-related cognitive decline, mild cognitive impairment or preclinical Alzheimer's disease?
Celsis, P. (2000) · Annals of Medicine · doi:10.3109/07853890008995904 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Snowdon, D. A., Greiner, L. H., & Markesbery, W. R. (2000) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06347.x · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Self-citationLuis, C. A., Barker, W., Gajaraj, K., Harwood, D. G., Petersen, R., Kashuba, A., Waters, C., Jimison, P., Pearl, G. S., Petito, C. K., et al. (1999) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-1166(199907)14:7 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
The Performance Test of Activities of Daily Living
Kuriansky, J., & Gurland, B. J. (1976) · The International Journal of Aging and Human Development · doi:10.2190/x45l-tww7-wxxy-ka6k · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Comparison of neuropathologic criteria for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease
Geddes, J. W., Tekirian, T. L., Soultanian, N. S., Ashford, J. W., Davis, D. G., & Markesbery, W. R. (1997) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/s0197-4580(97)00063-8 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Self-citationBrayne, C. (2002) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/31.4.879 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Snowdon, D. A. (2001) · DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library) · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Self-citationMild Cognitive Impairment or Questionable Dementia?
Petersen, R. C. (2000) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.57.5.643 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Cognitive Function and Apolipoprotein E in Very Old Adults: Findings From the Nun Study
Riley, K. P., Snowdon, D. A., Saunders, A. M., Roses, A. D., Mortimer, J. A., & Nanayakkara, N. (2000) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/55.2.s69 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Self-citationSimulated activities of daily living examination.
Potvin, A. R., Tourtellotte, W. W., Dailey, J. S., Alberts, J. W., Walker, J. E., Pew, R. W., Henderson, W. G., & Snyder, D. (1972) · PubMed · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Robine, J., Forette, B., Franceschi, C., & Allard, M. (1999) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-60100-2 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Linguistic Ability in Early Life and Longevity: Findings from the Nun Study
Snowdon, D. A., Greiner, L. H., Kemper, S., Nanayakkara, N. D., & Mortimer, J. A. (1999) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-60100-2_9 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Self-citationTrends in Mortality in Older Women: Findings from the Nun Study
Butler, S. M., & Snowdon, D. A. (1996) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/51b.4.s201 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Leisure-time physical activity at midlife and the risk of dementia and Alzheimer's disease
Rovio, S., Kåreholt, I., Helkala, E.-L., Viitanen, M., Winblad, B., Tuomilehto, J., Soininen, H., Nissinen, A., & Kivipelto, M. (2005) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(05)70198-8 · Cited by 1,054 · see citing works
Prodromal Alzheimer's disease: successive emergence of the clinical symptoms
Amieva, H., Le Goff, M., Millet, X., Orgogozo, J. M., Pérès, K., Barberger‐Gateau, P., Jacqmin‐Gadda, H., & Dartigues, J. F. (2008) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.21509 · Cited by 737 · see citing works
Gottesman, R. F., Albert, M. S., Alonso, A., Coker, L. H., Coresh, J., Davis, S. M., Deal, J. A., McKhann, G. M., Mosley, T. H., Sharrett, A. R., et al. (2017) · JAMA Neurology · doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2017.1658 · Cited by 633 · see citing works
Language performance in Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment: A comparative review
Taler, V., & Phillips, N. A. (2008) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803390701550128 · Cited by 529 · see citing works
The Locus Coeruleus: Essential for Maintaining Cognitive Function and the Aging Brain
Mather, M., & Harley, C. W. (2016) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2016.01.001 · Cited by 485 · see citing works
Environment and Brain Plasticity: Towards an Endogenous Pharmacotherapy
Sale, A., Berardi, N., & Maffei, L. (2014) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00036.2012 · Cited by 402 · see citing works
Dissecting phenotypic traits linked to human resilience to Alzheimer’s pathology
Perez-Nievas, B. G., Stein, T. D., Tai, H.-C., Dols-Icardo, O., Scotton, T. C., Barroeta-Espar, I., Fernandez-Carballo, L., de Munain, E. L., Perez, J., Marquie, M., et al. (2013) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awt171 · Cited by 387 · see citing works
Butterfield, D. A., Poon, H. F., St. Clair, D., Keller, J. N., Pierce, W. M., Klein, J. B., & Markesbery, W. R. (2006) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2005.11.002 · Cited by 377 · see citing works
Self-citationTooth loss, dementia and neuropathology in the Nun Study
Stein, P. S., Desrosiers, M. F., DONEGAN, S. J., Yepes, J. F., & Kryscio, R. J. (2007) · The Journal of the American Dental Association · doi:10.14219/jada.archive.2007.0046 · Cited by 375 · see citing works
Self-citationThe association of neuropsychiatric symptoms in MCI with incident dementia and Alzheimer disease
Rosenberg, P. B., Mielke, M. M., Appleby, B. S., Oh, E. S., Geda, Y. E., & Lyketsos, C. G. (2013) · The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2013.01.006 · Cited by 366 · see citing works
Mueller, K. D., Hermann, B., Mecollari, J., & Turkstra, L. S. (2018) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803395.2018.1446513 · Cited by 336 · see citing works
Advances in the prevention of Alzheimer's disease and dementia
Solomon, A., Mangialasche, F., Richard, E., Andrieu, S., Bennett, D., Breteler, M. M. B., Fratiglioni, L., Hooshmand, B., Khachaturian, A. S., Schneider, L. S. S., et al. (2014) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/joim.12178 · Cited by 316 · see citing works
Alzheimer's disease in Down syndrome: Neurobiology and risk
Zigman, W. B., & Lott, I. T. (2007) · Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews · doi:10.1002/mrdd.20163 · Cited by 279 · see citing works
García, S. D. L. F., Ritchie, C. W., & Luz, S. F. (2020) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2010.06047 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
Education delays accelerated decline on a memory test in persons who develop dementia
Hall, C. B., Derby, C., LeValley, A., Katz, M. J., Verghese, J., & Lipton, R. B. (2007) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000278163.82636.30 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Grinberg, L. T., Rüb, U., Ferretti, R. E. L., Nitríni, R., Farfel, J. M., Polichiso, L., Gierga, K., Jacob‐Filho, W., Heinsen, H., & Brazilian Brain Bank Study Group (2009) · Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2990.2008.00997.x · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Nelson, P. T., Abner, E. L., Schmitt, F. A., Kryscio, R. J., Jicha, G. A., Smith, C. D., Davis, D. G., Poduska, J. W., Patel, E., Mendiondo, M. S., et al. (2010) · Brain Pathology · doi:10.1111/j.1750-3639.2008.00244.x · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Self-citationMoving toward a neuroplasticity view of bilingualism, executive control, and aging
Baum, S. R., & Titone, D. A. (2014) · Applied Psycholinguistics · doi:10.1017/s0142716414000174 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
On the early diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease from multimodal signals: A survey
Alberdi, A., Aztiria, A., & Basarab, A. (2016) · Artificial Intelligence in Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.artmed.2016.06.003 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Enrichment improves cognition in AD mice by amyloid-related and unrelated mechanisms
Costa, D. A., Cracchiolo, J. R., Bachstetter, A. D., Hughes, T. F., Bales, K. R., Paul, S. M., Mervis, R. F., Arendash, G. W., & Potter, H. (2006) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2006.04.009 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Vascular determinants of cholinergic deficits in Alzheimer disease and vascular dementia.
Román, G. C., & Kalaria, R. N. (2006) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2005.10.004 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Peretz, C., Korczyn, A. D., Shatil, E., Aharonson, V., Birnboim, S., & Giladi, N. (2011) · Neuroepidemiology · doi:10.1159/000323950 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Evaluation of Speech-Based Digital Biomarkers: Review and Recommendations
Robin, J., Harrison, J., Kaufman, L. D., Rudzicz, F., Simpson, W. S., & Yancheva, M. (2020) · Digital Biomarkers · doi:10.1159/000510820 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Transitions to mild cognitive impairments, dementia, and death: findings from the Nun Study
Tyas, S. L., Salazar, J. C., Snowdon, D. A., Desrosiers, M. F., Riley, K. P., Mendiondo, M. S., & Kryscio, R. J. (2007) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwm085 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Self-citationGow, A. J., Johnson, W., Pattie, A., Brett, C. E., Roberts, B. A., Starr, J. M., & Deary, I. J. (2010) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/a0021072 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Albert, M., Soldan, A., Gottesman, R. F., McKhann, G. M., Sacktor, N. C., Farrington, L., Grega, M. A., Turner, R. S., Lu, Y., Li, S., et al. (2014) · Current Alzheimer Research · doi:10.2174/156720501108140910121920 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Mapping the connections between education and dementia
McDowell, I., Xi, G., Lindsay, J., & Tierney, M. (2007) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803390600582420 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Neuroprotective effects of cognitive enrichment
Milgram, N. W., Siwak-Tapp, C. T., Araujo, J., & Head, E. (2006) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2006.04.004 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Cognitive and social lifestyle: links with neuropathology and cognition in late life
Bennett, D. A., Arnold, S. E., Valenzuela, M., Brayne, C., & Schneider, J. A. (2013) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-013-1226-2 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Berisha, V., Wang, S., LaCross, A., & Liss, J. (2015) · Journal of Alzheimer's Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-142763 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Dodge, H. H., Zhu, J., Mattek, N. C., Bowman, M., Ybarra, O., Wild, K. V., Loewenstein, D. A., & Kaye, J. A. (2015) · Alzheimer's & Dementia: Translational Research & Clinical Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.trci.2015.01.001 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Lahiri, D. K., & Maloney, B. (2010) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2010.01.001 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Mahairaki, V., Ryu, J., Peters, A., Chang, Q., Li, T., Park, T. S., Burridge, P. W., Talbot, C. C., Asnaghi, L., Martin, L. J., et al. (2014) · Stem Cells and Development · doi:10.1089/scd.2013.0511 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Childhood cognitive ability and risk of late-onset Alzheimer and vascular dementia
McGurn, B., Deary, I. J., & Starr, J. M. (2008) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000319692.20283.10 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Knopman, D. S., Gottesman, R. F., Sharrett, A. R., Tapia, A. L., DavisThomas, S., Windham, B. G., Coker, L. H., Schneider, A. L. C., Alonso, Á., Coresh, J., et al. (2018) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2018.03.011 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
The Arsenic Exposure Hypothesis for Alzheimer Disease
Gong, G., & O’Bryant, S. E. (2010) · Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders · doi:10.1097/wad.0b013e3181d71bc7 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Lesuis, S. L., Hoeijmakers, L., Kőrösi, A., de Rooij, S. R., Swaab, D. F., Kessels, H. W. H. G., Lucassen, P. J., & Krugers, H. J. (2018) · Alzheimer s Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13195-018-0422-7 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Development of reserves over the life course and onset of vulnerability in later life
Cullati, S., Kliegel, M., & Widmer, E. D. (2018) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-018-0395-3 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Synaptic Amyloid-β Oligomers Precede p-Tau and Differentiate High Pathology Control Cases
Bilousova, T. V., Miller, C. A., Poon, W. W., Vinters, H. V., Corrada, M. M., Kawas, C. H., Hayden, E. Y., Teplow, D. B., Glabe, C. G., Albay, R., et al. (2015) · American Journal Of Pathology · doi:10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.09.018 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Cardiovascular and cognitive fitness at age 18 and risk of early-onset dementia
Nyberg, J., Åberg, M., Schiöler, L., Nilsson, M., Wallin, A., Torén, K., & Kuhn, H. G. (2014) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awu041 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Education and the cognitive decline associated with MRI-defined brain infarct
Elkins, J. S., Longstreth, W. T., Manolio, T. A., Newman, A. B., Bhadelia, R. A., & Johnston, S. C. (2006) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000228246.89109.98 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Protein Homeostasis, Aging and Alzheimer’s Disease
Morawe, T., Hiebel, C., Kern, A., & Behl, C. (2012) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-012-8246-0 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Babiloni, C., Triggiani, A. I., Lizio, R., Cordone, S., Tattoli, G., Bevilacqua, V., Soricelli, A., Ferri, R., Nobili, F., Gesualdo, L., et al. (2016) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2016.00047 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Speech and language markers of neurodegeneration: a call for global equity
García, A. M., de Leon, J., Tee, B. L., Blasi, D. E., & Gorno-Tempini, M. L. (2023) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awad253 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Leuba, G., Savioz, A., Vernay, A., Carnal, B., Kraftsik, R., Tardif, É., Riederer, I. M., & Riederer, B. M. (2008) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-2008-15112 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Pathological Substrates of Cognitive Decline in Alzheimer’s Disease
Giannakopoulos, P., Kövari, E., Gold, G., von Gunten, A., Hof, P. R., & Bouras, C. (2009) · Frontiers of Neurology and Neuroscience · doi:10.1159/000197881 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Chapter 4 Alzheimer's Disease in Adults with Down Syndrome
Zigman, W. B., Devenny, D. A., Krinsky‐McHale, S. J., Jenkins, E. C., Urv, T. K., Węgiel, J., Schupf, N., & Silverman, W. P. (2008) · International review of research in mental retardation · doi:10.1016/s0074-7750(08)00004-9 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Comparing Pre-trained and Feature-Based Models for Prediction of Alzheimer's Disease Based on Speech
Balagopalan, A., Eyre, B., Robin, J., Rudzicz, F., & Novikova, J. (2021) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2021.635945 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Giannakopoulos, P., Gold, G., Kövari, E., von Gunten, A., Imhof, A., Bouras, C., & Hof, P. R. (2006) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-006-0144-y · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Latimer, C. S., Burke, B. T., Liachko, N. F., Currey, H. N., Kilgore, M. D., Gibbons, L. E., Henriksen, J. C., Darvas, M., Domoto‐Reilly, K., Jayadev, S., et al. (2019) · Acta Neuropathologica Communications · doi:10.1186/s40478-019-0743-1 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Lesions without symptoms: understanding resilience to Alzheimer disease neuropathological changes
Gómez-Isla, T., & Frosch, M. P. (2022) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/s41582-022-00642-9 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Thow, M. E., Summers, M. J., Saunders, N. L., Summers, J. J., Ritchie, K. A., & Vickers, J. C. (2017) · Alzheimer s & Dementia Diagnosis Assessment & Disease Monitoring · doi:10.1016/j.dadm.2017.08.004 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Do early-life insults contribute to the late-life development of Parkinson and Alzheimer diseases?
Miller, D. B., & O'Callaghan, J. P. (2008) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2008.07.011 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Oveisgharan, S., Wilson, R. S., Yu, L., Schneider, J. A., & Bennett, D. A. (2020) · JAMA Neurology · doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.1941 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Ahmed, S., de Jager, C. A., Haigh, A.-M., & Garrard, P. (2013) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/a0031288 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
International, R., & Lines, L. (2014) · doi:10.3768/rtipress.2014.rr.0024.1412 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Mediterranean diet and cognitive function: The sun project
Galbete, C., Toledo, E., Toledo, J. B., Bes‐Rastrollo, M., Buil‐Cosiales, P., Martí, A., Guillén‐Grima, F., & Martínez‐González, M. Á. (2015) · The journal of nutrition health & aging · doi:10.1007/s12603-015-0441-z · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Mather, M. (2010) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Cognitive Science · doi:10.1002/wcs.64 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Propositional Density and Cognitive Function in Later Life: Findings From the Precursors Study
Engelman, M., Agree, E. M., Meoni, L. A., & Klag, M. J. (2010) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbq064 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Predicting the time of conversion to MCI in the elderly
Oulhaj, A., Wilcock, G. K., Smith, A. D., & de Jager, C. A. (2009) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0b013e3181c0665f · Cited by 73 · see citing works
The hormesis principle of neuroplasticity and neuroprotection
Mattson, M. P., & Leak, R. K. (2024) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2023.12.022 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
A Clinical Approach to Mild Cognitive Impairment
Rosenberg, P. B., Johnston, D. M., & Lyketsos, C. G. (2006) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.2006.163.11.1884 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Developmental origins of aging in brain and blood vessels: an overview
Finch, C. E. (2004) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2004.03.015 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
The Impact of Physical and Mental Activity on Cognitive Aging
Jak, A. J. (2011) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2011_141 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Hajjar, I. M., Okafor, M. O., Choi, J. D., Moore, E., Abrol, A., Calhoun, V. D., & Goldstein, F. C. (2023) · Alzheimer s & Dementia Diagnosis Assessment & Disease Monitoring · doi:10.1002/dad2.12393 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Farias, S. T., Chand, V., Bonnici, L. M., Baynes, K., Harvey, D. J., Mungas, D., Simon, C., & Reed, B. (2012) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbr162 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Cognitive leisure activities, but not watching TV, for future brain benefits
Rundek, T., & Bennett, D. (2006) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000209497.38834.d7 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
The Nun Study: Risk Factors for Pathology and Clinical-Pathologic Correlations
Mortimer, J. A. (2012) · Current Alzheimer Research · doi:10.2174/156720512801322546 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Raber, J., Arzy, S., Bertolus, J. B., Depue, B., Haas, H. E., Hofmann, S. G., Kangas, M., Kensinger, E., Lowry, C. A., Marusak, H. A., et al. (2019) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.03.015 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
The neurological basis of occupation
Gutman, S. A., & Schindler, V. P. (2007) · Occupational Therapy International · doi:10.1002/oti.225 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Mental Ability in Childhood and Cognitive Aging
Gow, A. J., Johnson, W., Pattie, A., Whiteman, M. C., Starr, J. M., & Deary, I. J. (2008) · Gerontology · doi:10.1159/000118098 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Language Performance of Individuals at Risk for Mild Cognitive Impairment
McCullough, K., Bayles, K. A., & Bouldin, E. D. (2019) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2018_jslhr-l-18-0232 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Contribution of neural networks to Alzheimer disease's progression
Savioz, A., Leuba, G., Vallet, P. G., & Walzer, C. (2009) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2009.06.006 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Bussy, A., Snider, B., Coble, D., Xiong, C., Fagan, A., Cruchaga, C., Benzinger, T., Gordon, B., Hassenstab, J. J., Bateman, R., et al. (2018) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2018.10.011 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Education, Occupation, and Dementia: The Bavarian School Sisters Study
Bickel, H., & Kurz, A. (2009) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders · doi:10.1159/000227781 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
El–Sappagh, S., Alonso, J. M., Abuhmed, T., Ali, F., & Bugarín, A. (2023) · Artificial Intelligence Review · doi:10.1007/s10462-023-10415-5 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Otake, M., Tokunaga, S., Watanabe, K., Abe, M., Sekiguchi, T., Sugimoto, H., Kishimoto, T., & Kudo, T. (2021) · Frontiers in Robotics and AI · doi:10.3389/frobt.2021.633076 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
BEYOND AMYLOID: The Next Generation of Alzheimer's Disease Therapeutics
Seabrook, G. R., Ray, W. J., Shearman, M. S., & Hutton, M. L. (2007) · Molecular Interventions · doi:10.1124/mi.7.5.8 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
The Fate of the 0.5s: Predictors of 2-Year Outcome in Mild Cognitive Impairment
Aretouli, E., Okonkwo, O. C., Samek, J., & Brandt, J. (2010) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617710001621 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
The Dynamics of Dementia Communication
Alison Wray, A. (2020) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190917807.001.0001 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
What is the impact of education on Huntington's disease?
López-Sendón, J. L., Royuela, A., Trigo, P., Orth, M., Lange, H. W., Reilmann, R., Keylock, J., Rickards, H. E., Piacentini, S., Squitieri, F., et al. (2011) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.23385 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Prediction of Preclinical Alzheimer's Disease: Longitudinal Rates of Change in Cognition
Riley, K. P., Jicha, G. A., Davis, D. G., Abner, E. L., Cooper, G. E., Stiles, N. J., Smith, C. D., Kryscio, R. J., Nelson, P. T., Eldik, L. J. V., et al. (2011) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-2011-102133 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Self-citationA Rubric for Extracting Idea Density from Oral Language Samples
Chand, V., Baynes, K., Bonnici, L. M., & Farias, S. T. (2012) · Current Protocols in Neuroscience · doi:10.1002/0471142301.ns1005s58 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Education and Cognitive Change over 15 Years: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study
Schneider, A. L. C., Sharrett, A. R., Patel, M. D., Alonso, Á., Coresh, J., Mosley, T. H., Selnes, O. A., Selvin, E., & Gottesman, R. F. (2012) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2012.04164.x · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Biomarkers of inflammation and amyloid-β phagocytosis in patients at risk of Alzheimer disease
Fiala, M., & Veerhuis, R. (2009) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2009.08.003 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Kok, F. K., van Leerdam, S., & de Lange, E. C. M. (2022) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-210607 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Li, R., Wang, X., Berlowitz, D. R., Mez, J. B., Lin, H., & Yu, H. Z. (2025) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-025-01940-4 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Lizio, R., Percio, C. D., Marzano, N., Soricelli, A., Yener, G., Başar, E., Mundi, C., Rosa, S. D., Triggiani, A. I., Ferri, R., et al. (2015) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-143042 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
The association between educational level and dementia in rural Tanzania
Paddick, S., Longdon, A. R., Gray, W. K., Dotchin, C. L., Kisoli, A., Chaote, P., & Walker, R. W. (2014) · Dementia & Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1590/s1980-57642014dn82000006 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Social Markers of Mild Cognitive Impairment: Proportion of Word Counts in Free Conversational Speech
Dodge, H. H., Mattek, N., Gregor, M., Bowman, M., Seelye, A. M., Ybarra, O., Asgari, M., & Kaye, J. A. (2015) · Current Alzheimer Research · doi:10.2174/1567205012666150530201917 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
A genetic interaction between the APP and Dab1 genes influences brain development
Pramatarova, A., Chen, K., & Howell, B. W. (2007) · Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.mcn.2007.09.008 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Ascertainment Bias in the Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease
Storandt, M., & Morris, J. C. (2010) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneurol.2010.272 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Retirement Age and the Age of Onset of Alzheimer’s Disease: Results from the ICTUS Study
Grotz, C., Letenneur, L., Bonsang, É., Amieva, H., Meillon, C., Quertemont, É., Salmon, É., Adam, S., & ICTUS/DSA group (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0115056 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Srinivaspura Aging, Neuro Senescence and COGnition (SANSCOG) study: Study protocol
Ravindranath, V., & SANSCOG Study Team (2022) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.12722 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Propositional Idea Density in women's written language over the lifespan: Computerized analysis
Ferguson, A. M., Spencer, E. J., Craig, H., & Colyvas, K. (2013) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2013.05.012 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Weston, S. J., Cox, K. S., Condon, D. M., & Jackson, J. J. (2015) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12183 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Using narratives in differential diagnosis of neurodegenerative syndromes
Faroqi-Shah, Y., Treanor, A., Ratner, N. B., Ficek, B., Webster, K., & Tsapkini, K. (2020) · Journal of Communication Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jcomdis.2020.105994 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Baraldi-Tornisielo, T., Schöwe, N. M., Balthazar, J., Monteiro-Silva, K. C., Albuquerque, M. S., Buck, H. S., & Viel, T. A. (2013) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2013.05.055 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Amyloid beta associations with connected speech in cognitively unimpaired adults
Mueller, K. D., Hulle, C. A. V., Koscik, R. L., Jonaitis, E. M., Peters, C. C., Betthauser, T. J., Christian, B. T., Chin, N. A., Hermann, B. P., & Johnson, S. C. (2021) · Alzheimer s & Dementia Diagnosis Assessment & Disease Monitoring · doi:10.1002/dad2.12203 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Super-cognition in aging: Cognitive profiles and associated lifestyle factors
Yu, J., Collinson, S. L., Liew, T. M., Ng, T. P., Mahendran, R., Kua, E. H., & Feng, L. (2019) · Applied Neuropsychology Adult · doi:10.1080/23279095.2019.1570928 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
- Authors
- Riley, K. P., Snowdon, D. A., Desrosiers, M. F., & Markesbery, W. R.
- Affiliations
- University of Kentucky (US)
- Corresponding author
- Riley, Kathryn P.
- ORCID
- Snowdon, David A.
- Venue
- Neurobiology of Aging
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2005-03
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 341-347
- ISSN
- 0197-4580 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1980794267
- Cited by
- 303
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 6.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Neurobiology of Aging (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG009862)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Aging and Gerontology Research
- Keywords
- idea density, late-life cognitive function, mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer's disease pathology, neurofibrillary tangles, amyloid plaques, Braak staging, brain atrophy, brain weight, atherosclerosis, cerebral infarction, Nun Study
- MeSH terms
- Age Factors, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Alzheimer Disease, Autopsy, Brain, Cognition, Cognition Disorders, Female, Humans, Language Development, Linguistics, Longitudinal Studies, Neuropsychological Tests, Predictive Value of Tests, Risk Factors, Vocabulary, Writing, Neurofibrillary Tangles
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review