Cited by 1,000Dementia and Cognitive Impairment ResearchAging and Gerontology ResearchCognitive Abilities and Testing

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Linguistic Ability in Early Life and Cognitive Function and Alzheimer's Disease in Late Life: Findings From the Nun Study

Snowdon, David A.·1996·JAMA

DOI 10.1001/jama.1996.03530310034029

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Abstract

Objective. —To determine if linguistic ability in early life is associated with cognitive function and Alzheimer's disease in late life. Design. —Two measures of linguistic ability in early life, idea density and grammatical complexity, were derived from autobiographies written at a mean age of 22 years. Approximately 58 years later, the women who wrote these autobiographies participated in an assessment of cognitive function, and those who subsequently died were evaluated neuropathologically. Setting. —Convents in the United States participating in the Nun Study; primarily convents in the Milwaukee, Wis, area. Participants. —Cognitive function was investigated in 93 participants who were aged 75 to 95 years at the time of their assessments, and Alzheimer's disease was investigated in the 14 participants who died at 79 to 96 years of age. Main Outcome Measures. —Seven neuropsychological tests and neuropathologically confirmed Alzheimer's disease. Results. —Low idea density and low grammatical complexity in autobiographies written in early life were associated with low cognitive test scores in late life. Low idea density in early life had stronger and more consistent associations with poor cognitive function than did low grammatical complexity. Among the 14 sisters who died, neuropathologically confirmed Alzheimer's disease was present in all of those with low idea density in early life and in none of those with high idea density. Conclusions. —Low linguistic ability in early life was a strong predictor of poor cognitive function and Alzheimer's disease in late life. (JAMA. 1996;275:528-532)

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Authors: Snowdon, D. A.
Corresponding author: Snowdon, David A.
ORCID: Snowdon, David A.
Venue: JAMA
Publisher: American Medical Association (AMA)
Published: 1996-02-21
Volume: 275
Issue: 7
Pages: 528
ISSN: 0002-9955 (ISSN-L)
0098-7484
DOI: 10.1001/jama.1996.03530310034029
OpenAlex: W4293569649
Cited by: 696
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 22 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 36 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 36 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 26 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 26
FWCI: 14.20
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: JAMA (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institute on Aging (K04 AG00553, R01AG09862, K04AG00443)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Aging and Gerontology Research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
Keywords: language skills, idea density, grammatical complexity, cognitive function, Alzheimer's disease, late-life cognitive decline, neuropathology, Nun Study, women religious

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Linguistic Ability in Early Life and Cognitive Function and Alzheimer's Disease in Late Life: Findings From the Nun Study

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