Cited by 157Bone health and osteoporosis researchSports Performance and TrainingVitamin D Research Studies

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 21 of the 22 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Changes in Bone Mineral Content in Male Athletes: Mechanisms of Action and Intervention Effects

Klesges, Robert C.·1996·JAMA

DOI 10.1001/jama.1996.03540030060033

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Objectives To determine changes in bone mineral content (BMC) in male athletes, to examine the mechanisms of changes, and to evaluate the effects of intervention. Design Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) tests were administered over a 2-year period, and calcium loss during training was determined by analysis of sweat and urine. Calcium supplementation was administered during year 2. SETTING--A midsouth university. Participants Eleven members of a college Division I-A basketball team. Intervention Based on observed calcium loss, athletes received differential levels of calcium supplementation. Intervention commenced the week prior to the fall training season and continued through postseason play. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE--Changes in BMC. Results Total body BMC decreased 3.8% from preseason to midseason of year 1 (mean decrease, 133.4 g, P = .02), increased nonsignificantly by 1.1% (mean increase, 35.3 g, P = .22) during the offseason, but decreased an additional 3.3% during summer months when practices resumed (mean decrease, 113.1 g, P = .01). Dermal calcium loss averaged 247 mg [corrected] per training session. From preseason to late summer, there was an overall decrease of 6.1% in total BMC and a 10.5% decrease in BMC of the legs. Calcium supplementation was associated with significant increases in BMC and lean body mass. Conclusions Bone loss is calcium related and exercise is positively related to BMC provided that calcium intake is sufficient to offset dermal loss.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1001/jama.1996.03540030060033

Cites

21 of 21 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Factors that influence peak bone mass formation: a study of calcium balance and the inheritance of bone mass in adolescent females
Matkovic, V., Fontana, D., Tominac, Č., Goel, P., & Chesnut, C. H. (1990) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/52.5.878 · Cited by 463
The acceptability of milk and milk products in populations with a high prevalence of lactose intolerance
Scrimshaw, N. S., & Murray, E. B. (1988) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/48.4.1142 · Cited by 430
Low Bone Density Is an Etiologic Factor for Stress Fractures in Athletes
Myburgh, K. H., Hutchins, J., Fataar, A. B., Hough, S. F., & Noakes, T. D. (1990) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-113-10-754 · Cited by 425
Use of dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry in body-composition studies: not yet a “gold standard”
Roubenoff, R., Kehayias, J. J., Dawson‐Hughes, B., & Heymsfield, S. (1993) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/58.5.589 · Cited by 369
Neuromuscular Disease in Primary Hyperparathyroidism
Patten, B. M., BILEZIKIAN, J. P., MALLETTE, L. E., PRINCE, A., ENGEL, W. K., & AURBACH, G. D. (1974) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-80-2-182 · Cited by 269
A 1-y walking program and increased dietary calcium in postmenopausal women: effects on bone
Nelson, M. E., Fisher, E. C., Dilmanian, F., Dallal, G., & Evans, W. (1991) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/53.5.1304 · Cited by 253
Can vigorous exercise play a role in osteoporosis prevention? A review
Gutin, B., & Kasper, M. J. (1992) · Osteoporosis International · doi:10.1007/bf01623838 · Cited by 239
Stress Fractures of the Femoral Shaft in Athletes—More Common Than Expected
Johnson, A. W., Weiss, C. B., & Wheeler, D. L. (1994) · The American Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1177/036354659402200216 · Cited by 225
Detection of small changes in body composition by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry
Going, S., Massett, M. P., Hall, M., Bare, L., Root, P. A., Williams, D., & Lohman, T. (1993) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/57.6.845 · Cited by 210
Low bone mass and high bone turnover in male long distance runners
Hetland, M. L., Haarbo, J., & Christiansen, C. (1993) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.77.3.8370698 · Cited by 190

Show all 22 references

Sorted by citations

Items 101–157 of 157

Actualité sur les déterminants de l’activité physique habituelle (APH) de l’enfant : mise à jour et implications pour les options de prise en charge et de prévention du surpoids/obésité infantile
Guinhouya, B. C., Apété, G. K., & Hubert, H. (2010) · Revue d Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique · doi:10.1016/j.respe.2009.10.007 · Cited by 8
Nutritional Concerns of Adolescent Athletes
Beals, K. A. (2000) · Nutrition in exercise and sport · doi:10.1201/9781420036916.ch4 · Cited by 8
Bone Density in Competitive Cyclists
Beatty, T., Webner, D., & Collina, S. J. (2010) · Current Sports Medicine Reports · doi:10.1249/jsr.0b013e3181ffe794 · Cited by 7
The Consequences of Modern Military Deployment on Calcium Status and Bone Health
McCarthy, M. S., Loan, L. A., Azuero, A., & Hobbs, C. (2010) · Nursing Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.cnur.2010.02.002 · Cited by 7
Effects of Fitness Training on Endocrine Systems in Children and Adolescents
Allen, D. B. (1999) · Advances in Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/s0065-3101(24)00027-6 · Cited by 7
Trace Element and Mineral Nutrition in Adolescents
Matkovic, V., Badenhop, N. E., & Ilich, J. Z. (2000) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-59259-040-7_10 · Cited by 7
Pathophysiology of Calcium, Phosphate, and Magnesium Absorption
Civitelli, R., Ziambaras, K., & Leelawattana, R. (1998) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012068700-8/50007-4 · Cited by 7
Changes in Bone Mineral Density in Male Athletes
Schneider, P. (1997) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1997.03540250031025 · Cited by 6
Osteoporosis
Heaney, R. P. (2001) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012193155-1/50044-1 · Cited by 6
Factors That Contribute to and Account for Strength and Work Capacity in a Large Cohort of Recreationally Trained Adult Healthy Men With High- and Low-Strength Levels
Kerksick, C. M., Mayhew, J. L., Grimstvedt, M. E., Greenwood, M., Rasmussen, C. J., & Kreider, R. B. (2014) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000000389 · Cited by 6
Effects of Potassium Bicarbonate Supplementation on Axial and Peripheral Bone Mass in Rats on Strenuous Treadmill Training Exercise
Rico, H., Aznar, L., Hernández, E. R., Seco, C., Sanchez-Atrio, A. I., Villa, L. F., & Gervás, J. J. (1999) · Calcified Tissue International · doi:10.1007/s002239900691 · Cited by 6
Impact of recreational physical activity on bone mineral density in middle-aged men
Mędraś, M., Słowińska-Lisowska, M. R., & Jóźków, P. (2005) · The Aging Male · doi:10.1080/13685530500158549 · Cited by 6
Aging and Calcium Balance
Heaney, R. P. (1999) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012098655-2/50005-3 · Cited by 6
Wearable microfluidic devices for multiplex body fluid monitoring
Sun, Y., Guo, X., Jiang, Y., Cui, J., Wu, J., Wang, J., Cheng, W. M., Shi, Y., & Pan, L. (2025) · The Analyst · doi:10.1039/d5an00739a · Cited by 5
Bone Mineral Density in Mountain, Road Cyclists and Untrained Controls: Exercise, Diet and Hormones
Zamboni, F., Ferrari, P., Cazzoletti, L., Setti, A., Bertoldo, F., Carbonare, L. D., Danese, E., Tardivo, S., Crisafulli, E., & Ferrari, M. (2023) · Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport · doi:10.1080/02701367.2023.2242417 · Cited by 5
Efectos metabólicos, renales y óseos de las dietas hiperproteicas. Papel regulador del ejercicio
Aparicio, V. A., Nebot, E., Heredia‐Jimenez, J., & Aranda, P. (2010) · Redalyc (Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México) · Cited by 5
Exercise Nutrition Effects of Calcium β-HMB Supplementation During Training on Markers of Catabolism, Body Composition, Strength and Sprint Performance
Ferreira, M. P. L., Greenwood, M. P., Wilson, M. J., Grindstaff, P., Plisk, S. S., & Cantler, E. C. (2000) · Cited by 5
Real-Time Multi-Ion-Monitoring Front-End With Interference Compensation by Multi-Output Support Vector Regressor
Hanitra, I. N., Criscuolo, F., Carrara, S., & Micheli, G. D. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/tbcas.2021.3118945 · Cited by 5
A Pilot Intervention to Increase Calcium Intake in Female Collegiate Athletes
Mehlenbeck, R., Ward, K. D., Klesges, R. C., & Vukadinovich, C. (2004) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.14.1.18 · Cited by 5
Self-citation
Effects of 12 Weeks of Chromium, Phyllanthus emblica Fruit Extract, and Shilajit Supplementation on Markers of Cardiometabolic Health, Fitness, and Weight Loss in Men and Women with Risk Factors to Metabolic Syndrome Initiating an Exercise and Diet Intervention: A Randomized Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial
Martinez, V., McAngus, K., Dickerson, B. L., Leonard, M., Chavez, E., Chun, J., Lewis, M., Xing, D., Gonzalez, D. E., Yoo, C., et al. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17122042 · Cited by 5
An Olympic Medical Legacy
Cantwell, J. D. (1996) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1996.03540030082038 · Cited by 4
Current Trends in the Development of Electrochemical Biosensor for Detecting Analytes from Sweat
Singh, A., Sharma, A., Dubey, A., & Arya, S. K. (2023) · Current Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/0929867331666230807143639 · Cited by 4
Efficacy of Human Milk Oligosaccharide 6′-Sialyllactose Supplementation on Exercise Performance and Training Adaptations
Estes, L., Broeckel, J., Rhoades, N., Kibler, G. L., Bivins, I. H., Liu, Y., Johnson, S., Dickerson, B. L., Gonzalez, D. E., Sowinski, R. J., et al. (2026) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu18111743 · Cited by 3
Nanoengineered biomaterials for diabetes
Bahmanpour, A. H., Ghaffari, M. S., Ashraf, S., & Mozafari, M. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-102985-5.00030-9 · Cited by 3
Vitamin D Role in the Calcium and Phosphorus Economies
Heaney, R. P., & Graeff-Armas, L. A. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-809965-0.00038-0 · Cited by 3
Women's conditions occurring in men: breast cancer, osteoporosis, male menopause, and eating disorders
Leonard, B. (2004) · Nursing Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.cnur.2004.01.005 · Cited by 3
Osteoporosis in Men
Geier, K. A. (2001) · Orthopaedic Nursing · doi:10.1097/00006416-200111000-00010 · Cited by 3
Emulator Design and Generation of Synthetic Dataset in Multi-Ion Sensing
Hanitra, I. N., Demarchi, D., Carrara, S., & Micheli, G. D. (2020) · IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems proceedings · doi:10.1109/iscas45731.2020.9181217 · Cited by 2
Nutrition and Bone Health During Skeletal Modeling and Bone Consolidation of Childhood and Adolescence
Matkovic, V., & Visy, D. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-2001-3_13 · Cited by 2
Changes in Bone Mineral Density in Male Athletes
Heaney, R. P. (1997) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1997.03540250030024 · Cited by 2
Calcium Nutriture: A Model System for Understanding Menopause–Nutrient Interactions
Heaney, R. P. (2000) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012453790-3/50034-2 · Cited by 2
Nutritional Determinants of Bone Health: A Survey of Australian Defence Force (ADF) Trainees
Carins, J. (2005) · Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) · Cited by 1
Electrical Nutrition For Physically Active People
Haltiwanger, S. (2003) · Cited by 1
Determinantes de la masa ósea en tenistas jóvenes chilenos (Determinants of bone mass in young Chilean tennis players)
Luna-Villouta, P. F., Paredes-Arias, M., Vásquez-Gómez, J., Matus-Castillo, C. A., Flores-Rivera, C., Zapata‐Lamana, R., & Vitoria, R. V. (2022) · Retos · doi:10.47197/retos.v46.93943 · Cited by 3
An Evaluation of Select Physical Activity Exercise Classes (PEX) on Bone Mineral Density
Stone, T. M., Young, J. C., Navalta, J. W., & Wingo, J. E. (2016) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000485560.75692.b8 · Cited by 1
Adaptation de l’os à l’effort
Lafforgue, P. (2013) · EMC - Appareil locomoteur · doi:10.1016/s0246-0521(13)57691-1 · Cited by 1
Paradoxical Relationships between Serum 25(OH)D and Ferritin with Body Composition and Burnout: Variation by Sex and Sports Team
Hew‐Butler, T., Aprik, C., Byrd, B., Landis‐Piwowar, K. R., Smith‐Hale, V., VanSumeren, M., Sabourin, J., Byrd, G. F., & Martin, J. J. (2021) · Endocrines · doi:10.3390/endocrines2030030 · Cited by 1
Prevention of Osteoporosis: Strategies for Optimizing Peak Bone Mass
Allen, S. H. (1999) · Endocrine updates · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-5115-7_7 · Cited by 1
ASSESSING LONGITUDINAL CHANGES IN BONE MINERAL DENSITY IN MALE AND FEMALE CROSS COUNTRY RUNNERS
Denne, C. M. (2014) · WakeSpace Scholarship (Wake Forest University)
Physiques that perform: The interaction between body composition management, performance and calcium homeostasis in female cyclists
Haakonssen, E. C. (2014) · The University of Queensland · doi:10.14264/uql.2014.494
Deporte y masa ósea (II). Características del ejercicio físico que condicionan el modelado y remodelado óseo
Calafat, C. B. (2007) · Apunts Sports Medicine · doi:10.1016/s1886-6581(07)70043-9
Adaptación del hueso al esfuerzo
Lafforgue, P. (2013) · EMC - Aparato Locomotor · doi:10.1016/s1286-935x(13)65497-0
Sweating, calcium, and osteoporosis
COHN, B. A. (1998) · Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology · doi:10.1016/s0190-9622(98)70294-4
Micronutrimentos en deportistas
Monzón, M. X. R., & Ceccatelli, A. P. (2004) · Revista de Endocrinología y Nutrición
Calcium, Bone, and Life
Heaney, R. P. (2009) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-59745-459-9_11
BONE MINERAL DENSITY IN MASTER CYCLISTS: A 2-YEAR FOLLOW-UP STUDY
Abe, T., Loenneke, J. P., Nahar, V. K., Ford, M. A., Bass, M. A., Owens, S. G., & Loftin, M. (2015) · Journal of Aging Research and Lifestyle · doi:10.14283/jarcp.2015.76
Reflections on 15 years in the global tobacco trenches
Ward, K. D. (2017) · Health Behavior Research · doi:10.4148/2572-1836.1007
Bone health and high-performace athletes
Stewart, K. L. (2020) · Queensland University of Technology · doi:10.5204/thesis.eprints.203100
Review on the Importance of the Routine Measurement of Calcium in Individuals Engaged in Sports
Vrenjo, K., Petri, O., & Thoma, E. (2021) · Medicus · doi:10.58944/dlme5737
Calcium, Bone, and Life
Heaney, R. P. (2003) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-59259-278-4_13
Mechanical Adaptability of the Skeleton
Allen, M. R., & Wallace, J. M. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-90609-1_6
Industrial Development and Valorization of Functional Cocktails from Local Fruits: Case of “Alicament du Faso” (ALIFA)
Zongo, L., Bonkoungou, P., Tiendrebeogo, M. B. T., Ouedraogo, S., OUEDRAOGO, M. W., Zongo, M., CANFUA, R. R., Lange, H., Ouedraogo, A. K., Zohoncon, T. M., et al. (2026) · Journal of Biosciences and Medicines · doi:10.4236/jbm.2026.142015
The role of vitamin D in the prevention of bone metabolism disorders in athletes
Игоревна, Н. К., Vykhodets, I. Т., Абрамова, Т. Ф., & Nikitina, T. M. (2026) · Osteoporosis and Bone Diseases · doi:10.14341/osteo13211
Effects of a Plant-Based Multi-Strain Limosilactobacillus fermentum Probiotic on Weight Loss Outcomes in Overweight and Obese Adults: A Preliminary Study
Johnson, S., Dickerson, B. L., Chun, J., Haskell, O., Chavez, E., Kirkegaard, L., Hines, K. E., Yoo, C., Ko, J., Xing, D., et al. (2026) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu18121908
Effects of six weeks of guanidinoacetic acid supplementation with and without creatine monohydrate on cognitive function and markers of health in healthy adults
Chun, J., Babakhani, K., Gonzalez, D. E., Dickerson, B. L., Sowinski, R. J., Rasmussen, C. J., & Kreider, R. B. (2026) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1080/15502783.2026.2711032
Absorbability and utility of calcium in mineral waters
Heaney, R. P. (2006) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/84.2.371
Nutritional strategies for bone stress injury prevention in military trainees: historical evolution, current evidence, and future directions
Sekel, N. M., & Pasiakos, S. M. (2026) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2026.1927763

Authors: Klesges, R. C.
Affiliations: University of Memphis (US)
Corresponding author: Klesges, Robert C.
ORCID: Klesges, Robert C.
Venue: JAMA
Publisher: American Medical Association (AMA)
Published: 1996-07-17
Volume: 276
Issue: 3
Pages: 226
ISSN: 0002-9955 (ISSN-L)
0098-7484
DOI: 10.1001/jama.1996.03540030060033
OpenAlex: W2043167036
Cited by: 157
References: 22
Citations by year: 2026: 6 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 2
FWCI: 7.44
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: JAMA (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Bone health and osteoporosis research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Vitamin D Research Studies
Keywords: bone mineral content, male athletes, basketball players, calcium loss, urinary calcium, calcium supplementation, exercise and bone, bone loss, lean body mass, seasonal variation
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Body Composition, Calcium, Calcium Carbonate, Calcium, Dietary, Humans, Male, Prospective Studies, Sports, Sweat, Vitamin D, Exercise, Absorptiometry, Photon, Bone Density

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Changes in Bone Mineral Content in Male Athletes: Mechanisms of Action and Intervention Effects

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks