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Cited by 431Diet and metabolism studiesRegulation of Appetite and ObesityDietary Effects on Health

Effects of Dietary Composition on Energy Expenditure During Weight-Loss Maintenance

Open access
Ebbeling, Cara B., Swain, Janis F., Feldman, Henry A., Wong, William W., Hachey, David L., Garcia-Lago, Erica, Ludwig, David S.·2012·JAMA
DOI 10.1001/jama.2012.6607PMC PMC3564212
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Abstract

CONTEXT: Reduced energy expenditure following weight loss is thought to contribute to weight gain. However, the effect of dietary composition on energy expenditure during weight-loss maintenance has not been studied. OBJECTIVE: To examine the effects of 3 diets differing widely in macronutrient composition and glycemic load on energy expenditure following weight loss. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: A controlled 3-way crossover design involving 21 overweight and obese young adults conducted at Children's Hospital Boston and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, between June 16, 2006, and June 21, 2010, with recruitment by newspaper advertisements and postings. INTERVENTION: After achieving 10% to 15% weight loss while consuming a run-in diet, participants consumed an isocaloric low-fat diet (60% of energy from carbohydrate, 20% from fat, 20% from protein; high glycemic load), low-glycemic index diet (40% from carbohydrate, 40% from fat, and 20% from protein; moderate glycemic load), and very low-carbohydrate diet (10% from carbohydrate, 60% from fat, and 30% from protein; low glycemic load) in random order, each for 4 weeks. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Primary outcome was resting energy expenditure (REE), with secondary outcomes of total energy expenditure (TEE), hormone levels, and metabolic syndrome components. RESULTS: Compared with the pre-weight-loss baseline, the decrease in REE was greatest with the low-fat diet (mean [95% CI], -205 [-265 to -144] kcal/d), intermediate with the low-glycemic index diet (-166 [-227 to -106] kcal/d), and least with the very low-carbohydrate diet (-138 [-198 to -77] kcal/d; overall P = .03; P for trend by glycemic load = .009). The decrease in TEE showed a similar pattern (mean [95% CI], -423 [-606 to -239] kcal/d; -297 [-479 to -115] kcal/d; and -97 [-281 to 86] kcal/d, respectively; overall P = .003; P for trend by glycemic load < .001). Hormone levels and metabolic syndrome components also varied during weight maintenance by diet (leptin, P < .001; 24-hour urinary cortisol, P = .005; indexes of peripheral [P = .02] and hepatic [P = .03] insulin sensitivity; high-density lipoprotein [HDL] cholesterol, P < .001; non-HDL cholesterol, P < .001; triglycerides, P < .001; plasminogen activator inhibitor 1, P for trend = .04; and C-reactive protein, P for trend = .05), but no consistent favorable pattern emerged. CONCLUSION: Among overweight and obese young adults compared with pre-weight-loss energy expenditure, isocaloric feeding following 10% to 15% weight loss resulted in decreases in REE and TEE that were greatest with the low-fat diet, intermediate with the low-glycemic index diet, and least with the very low-carbohydrate diet. TRIAL REGISTRATION: clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00315354.

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Crossref · 10.1001/jama.2012.6607

Cites

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 20 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingown data

    During isocaloric weight-loss maintenance, the fall in resting energy expenditure from pre-weight-loss levels differed by diet, being largest with the low-fat diet, intermediate with the low-glycemic-index diet, and smallest with the very-low-carbohydrate diet.

    “The decline in REE (mean [95% CI]) with weight loss was greatest with the LF diet (−205 [−265 to −144] kcal/d), intermediate with the LGI diet (−166 [−227 to −106] kcal/d), and least with the VLC diet (−138 [−198 to −77] kcal/d; P=0.03, P for trend by glycemic load=0.009).”
    • Also stated in: § Energy Expenditure (Table 3, Figure 3) · plain
      “The decline in REE from pre-weight loss levels, measured by indirect calorimetry in the fasting state, was greatest for the LF diet (mean relative to baseline, −205 [−265 to −144] kcal/d), intermediate with the LGI diet (−166 [−227 to −106] kcal/d), and least for the VLC diet (−138 [−198 to −77] kcal/d; P=0.03, P for trend by glycemic load=0.009).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Percent body fat decreased from a mean of 33.6% at baseline to 29.1% after weight loss.

    “Percent body fat by DXA decreased from mean 33.6 [30.0 to 37.2]% at baseline to 29.1 [25.1 to 33.1]% after weight loss.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Total energy expenditure differed by about 300 kcal/d between the very-low-carbohydrate and low-fat diets during weight-loss maintenance.

    “TEE differed by about 300 kcal/d between these two diets, an effect corresponding to the amount of energy typically expended in 1 hour of moderate-intensity physical activity.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    During isocaloric feeding after weight loss, resting energy expenditure was 67 kcal/d higher with the very-low-carbohydrate diet than with the low-fat diet.

    “During isocaloric feeding following weight loss, REE was 67 kcal/d greater with the VLC diet compared to the LF diet.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Serum triiodothyronine during weight-loss maintenance was lower with the very-low-carbohydrate diet than with the low-fat or low-glycemic-index diets.

    “Serum T3 was lower with the VLC diet compared to the other two diets (LF: 121 [108 to 135] ng/dL; LGI: 123 [110 to 137] ng/dL; VLC: 108 [96 to 120] ng/dL; P=0.006).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • May combine two claims. 17
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 16
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 1

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Serum leptin during weight-loss maintenance was highest with the low-fat diet, intermediate with the low-glycemic-index diet, and lowest with the very-low-carbohydrate diet.

    “Serum leptin was highest with the LF diet (14.9 [12.1 to 18.4] ng/mL), intermediate with the LGI diet (12.7 [10.3 to 15.6] ng/mL) and lowest with the VLC diet (11.2 [9.1 to 13.8] ng/mL; P=0.0006).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Protein content was the same for the low-fat and low-glycemic-index diets and contributed only 10% more to total energy intake with the very-low-carbohydrate diet compared to the other two diets.

    “Although protein has a high TEF,19 the content of this macronutrient was the same for the LF and LGI diets and contributed only 10% more to total energy intake with the VLC diet compared to the other two diets.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    During the run-in phase, participants lost an average of 14.3 kg, corresponding to 13.6% of baseline body weight.

    “During the run-in phase, participants lost 14.3 ± 0.9 kg (mean ± SD), corresponding to 13.6% of baseline body weight.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    During isocaloric weight-loss maintenance, the fall in total energy expenditure from pre-weight-loss levels differed by diet, being largest with the low-fat diet, intermediate with the low-glycemic-index diet, and smallest with the very-low-carbohydrate diet.

    “The decline in TEE showed a similar pattern (LF: −423 [−606 to −239] kcal/d; LGI:−297 [−479 to −115] kcal/d); VLC: −97 [−281 to +86] kcal/d; P=0.003, P for trend=0.0009).”
    • Also stated in: § Energy Expenditure (Table 3, Figure 3) · plain
      “The decline in TEE, as assessed using DLW methodology, also differed significantly by diet (LF: −423 [−606 to −239] kcal/d; LGI:−297 [−479 to −115] kcal/d; VLC: −97 [−281 to +86] kcal/d; P=0.003, P for trend=0.0009).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Total physical activity and time spent in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity did not differ among the three test diets.

    “Neither total physical activity nor time spent in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity differed among the diets.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Twenty-four-hour urinary cortisol excretion during weight-loss maintenance was highest with the very-low-carbohydrate diet, intermediate with the low-glycemic-index diet, and lowest with the low-fat diet.

    “Cortisol excretion measured with a 24-hour urine collection (LF: 50 [41 to 60] μg/d; LGI: 60 [49 to 73] μg/d; VLC: 71 [58 to 86] μg/d; P=0.005) and serum TSH (LF: 1.27 [1.01 to 1.60] μIU/mL; LGI: 1.22 [0.97 to 1.54] μIU/mL; VLC: 1.11 [0.88 to 1.40] μIU/mL; P=0.04) also differed in a linear fashion by glycemic load.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductcitation

    The crossover trial was designed to have over 80% power to detect an 80 kcal/d difference in resting energy expenditure between diets.

    “This crossover trial was designed to provide over 80% power to detect a difference of 80 kcal/d in REE between diets, as observed in our prior study.17”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [17] Pereira MA Swain J Goldfine AB Rifai N Ludwig DS Effects of a low-glycemic load diet on resting energy expenditure and heart disease risk factors during weight loss JAMA 2004 292 2482 2490 15562127

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The findings suggest that reducing glycemic load rather than dietary fat may be advantageous for weight-loss maintenance and cardiovascular disease prevention.

    “These findings suggest that a strategy to reduce glycemic load, rather than dietary fat, may be advantageous for weight loss maintenance and cardiovascular disease prevention.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    The very-low-carbohydrate diet involved more severe carbohydrate restriction than would be feasible for many individuals over the long term.

    “The VLC diet, in particular, involved more severe carbohydrate restriction than would be feasible for many individuals over the long term.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Higher cortisol levels may promote adiposity, insulin resistance, and cardiovascular disease.

    “Higher cortisol levels may promote adiposity, insulin resistance, and cardiovascular disease, as observed in epidemiological studies.35–37”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [35] Adam TC Hasson RE Ventura EE Cortisol is negatively associated with insulin sensitivity in overweight Latino youth J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010 95 4729 4735 20660036 PMC3050109

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [36] Holt HB Wild SH Postle AD Cortisol clearance and associations with insulin sensitivity, body fat and fatty liver in middle-aged men Diabetologia 2007 50 1024 1032 17370058

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [37] Purnell JQ Kahn SE Samuels MH Brandon D Loriaux DL Brunzell JD Enhanced cortisol production rates, free cortisol, and 11beta-HSD-1 expression correlate with visceral fat and insulin resistance in men: effect of weight loss Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2009 296 E351 357 19050176 PMC2645022

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Protein has a high thermic effect.

    “Although protein has a high TEF,19 the content of this macronutrient was the same for the LF and LGI diets and contributed only 10% more to total energy intake with the VLC diet compared to the other two diets.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [19] Halton TL Hu FB The effects of high protein diets on thermogenesis, satiety and weight loss: a critical review J Am Coll Nutr 2004 23 373 385 15466943

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    The low-fat diet produced changes in energy expenditure and serum leptin that would predict weight regain.

    “The LF diet produced changes in energy expenditure and serum leptin45–47 that would predict weight regain.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [45] Erez G Tirosh A Rudich A Phenotypic and genetic variation in leptin as determinants of weight regain Int J Obes (Lond) 2011 35 785 792 21042325 PMC4941231

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [46] Mavri A Stegnar M Sabovic M Do baseline serum leptin levels predict weight regain after dieting in obese women? Diabetes Obes Metab 2001 3 293 296 11520310

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [47] Crujeiras AB Goyenechea E Abete I Weight regain after a diet-induced loss is predicted by higher baseline leptin and lower ghrelin plasma levels J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010 95 5037 5044 20719836

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The low-glycemic-index diet appears to have qualitatively similar but smaller metabolic benefits to the very-low-carbohydrate diet, possibly without the harmful effects on physiological stress and chronic inflammation.

    “The LGI diet appears to have qualitatively similar, though smaller, metabolic benefits to the VLC diet, possibly without the deleterious effects on physiological stress and chronic inflammation.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    The study enrolled 32 participants, of whom 11 did not complete, leaving 21 completers.

    “We enrolled 32 participants, including 17 males and 15 females. Of these, 11 participants did not complete the study, as summarized in Figure 2.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductnone given

    The study used a controlled feeding protocol to establish weight stability following weight loss.

    “A main strength of this study was use of a controlled feeding protocol to establish weight stability following weight loss.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    Random assignment to diet sequence and statistical control for order effects would diminish the possibility of carryover effects between test diets.

    “However, random assignment of participants to a diet sequence and statistical control for order effects would diminish this possibility.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductown data

    The mixed-effects models adjusted for sex, age, weight after run-in, sequence of diets, mean weight during measurement period, order of measurement period, within-subject covariance, and correlation among daily measures.

    “For each outcome, we fitted a repeated-measures mixed-effects model with measurement period as independent variable (baseline, LF, LGI, VLC), adjusting for sex; age; weight after run-in; sequence of diets; mean weight during measurement period; order of measurement period (baseline always first; test-phase diets second, third, or fourth); within-subject covariance among measurement periods; and, w”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    The study did not assess physiological differences among participants, such as insulin secretion, that might influence individual responses to the test diets.

    “Finally, we did not assess physiological differences among participants, for example involving insulin secretion,43, 44 that might influence individual responses to the test diets.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [43] Ebbeling CB Leidig MM Feldman HA Lovesky MM Ludwig DS Effects of a low-glycemic load vs low-fat diet in obese young adults: a randomized trial JAMA 2007 297 2092 2102 17507345

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [44] Chaput JP Tremblay A Rimm EB Bouchard C Ludwig DS A novel interaction between dietary composition and insulin secretion: effects on weight gain in the Quebec Family Study Am J Clin Nutr 2008 87 303 309 18258618

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Other studies have found reductions in measures of chronic inflammation, including C-reactive protein, with a low-glycemic-index diet.

    “Other studies also have found reductions in measures of chronic inflammation, including CRP with a low-GI diet.40–42”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [40] Gogebakan O Kohl A Osterhoff MA Effects of weight loss and long-term weight maintenance with diets varying in protein and glycemic index on cardiovascular risk factors: the Diet, Obesity, and Genes (DiOGenes) Study: a randomized, controlled trial Circulation 2011 22104550

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [41] Kelly KR Haus JM Solomon TP A low-glycemic index diet and exercise intervention reduces TNF(alpha) in isolated mononuclear cells of older, obese adults J Nutr 2011 141 1089 1094 21525252 PMC3095140

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [42] Brand-Miller J Dickinson S Barclay A Celermajer D The glycemic index and cardiovascular disease risk Curr Atheroscler Rep 2007 9 479 485 18377788

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    The study used a crossover design to allow within-individual comparisons.

    “Other strengths include a cross-over design to allow for within-individual comparisons, examination of three physiologically sustainable diets spanning a wide range of prevailing macronutrient compositions, control for dietary protein between the LF and LGI diets, state-of-the-art methods to assess TEE under free-living conditions, collection of other study outcomes under direct observation during”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    The study used observed respiratory quotient by indirect calorimetry to verify macronutrient differences among the diets.

    “Other strengths include a cross-over design to allow for within-individual comparisons, examination of three physiologically sustainable diets spanning a wide range of prevailing macronutrient compositions, control for dietary protein between the LF and LGI diets, state-of-the-art methods to assess TEE under free-living conditions, collection of other study outcomes under direct observation during”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Stimson et al reported increased whole-body regeneration of cortisol by 11β-HSD1 and reduced inactivation of cortisol by 5α- and 5β-reductases over 4 weeks on a very-low-carbohydrate versus a moderate-carbohydrate diet.

    “Consistent with this finding, Stimson et al34 reported increased whole-body regeneration of cortisol by 11β-HSD1 and reduced inactivation of cortisol by 5α-and 5β-reductases over 4 weeks on a VLC vs. a moderate-carbohydrate diet.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [34] Stimson RH Johnstone AM Homer NZ Dietary macronutrient content alters cortisol metabolism independently of body weight changes in obese men J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007 92 4480 4484 17785367

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    The study controlled dietary protein between the low-fat and low-glycemic-index diets.

    “Other strengths include a cross-over design to allow for within-individual comparisons, examination of three physiologically sustainable diets spanning a wide range of prevailing macronutrient compositions, control for dietary protein between the LF and LGI diets, state-of-the-art methods to assess TEE under free-living conditions, collection of other study outcomes under direct observation during”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    The study used compartmental modeling for total energy expenditure analysis to correct for residual tracer and possible variations in dilution spaces and water kinetics among study periods.

    “In addition, we used compartmental modeling for analysis of TEE, to correct for residual tracer and possible variations in dilution spaces and water kinetics among study periods.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    Sensitivity analysis showed that the results would withstand plausible inaccuracies in estimates of food quotient, and similar results were obtained using measured respiratory quotient instead of calculated food quotient.

    “However, sensitivity analysis demonstrated that our results would withstand plausible inaccuracies in estimates of FQ, and qualitatively similar results were obtained when substituting measured RQ for calculated FQ.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    The thermic effect of food would not explain the lower total energy expenditure on the low-fat diet because thermogenesis is greater for carbohydrate than fat.

    “Because TEF tends to be greater for carbohydrate than fat27, 28 it would also not explain the lower TEE on the LF diet.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [27] Tentolouris N Alexiadou K Kokkinos A Meal-induced thermogenesis and macronutrient oxidation in lean and obese women after consumption of carbohydrate-rich and fat-rich meals Nutrition 2011 27 310 315 20579851

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [28] Labayen I Forga L Martinez JA Nutrient oxidation and metabolic rate as affected by meals containing different proportions of carbohydrate and fat, in healthy young women Eur J Nutr 1999 38 158 166 10443338

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

    Interpretationown data

    The very-low-carbohydrate diet had two potentially harmful effects: the highest 24-hour urinary cortisol excretion and a tendency toward higher C-reactive protein.

    “Although the VLC diet produced the greatest improvements in most metabolic syndrome components examined here, we identified two potentially deleterious effects of this diet. Twenty-four hour urinary cortisol excretion, a hormonal measure of stress, was highest with the VLC diet.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    The analysis followed the intention-to-treat principle, ascribing the assigned diet to each measure regardless of compliance.

    “We followed the intention-to-treat principle, ascribing the assigned diet to each measure regardless of compliance.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The very-low-carbohydrate diet had the most beneficial effects on energy expenditure and several metabolic syndrome components, but may increase cortisol excretion and C-reactive protein.

    “In contrast, the VLC diet had the most beneficial effects on energy expenditure and several metabolic syndrome components, but this restrictive regimen may increase cortisol excretion and CRP.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Participants were selected for ability to comply with a 7-month feeding protocol and may not represent overweight and obese individuals in the general population.

    “In addition, participants in the study were selected for ability to comply with the rigors of a 7-month feeding protocol and may not represent overweight and obese individuals in the general population.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductnone given

    The order of diets in the test phase was randomly assigned for each participant.

    “The order of diets in the test phase was randomly assigned for each participant.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
31 of 31

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    The food quotient of the test diets used in total energy expenditure measurement is assumed to be accurate.

    “Another limitation relating to TEE measurement involves reliance on several assumptions, including the food quotient (FQ) of the test diets.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The thermic effect of food dissipates in the late postprandial period and does not affect resting energy expenditure measured in the fasting state.

    “The thermic effect of food (TEF, the increase in energy expenditure arising from digestive and metabolic processes) dissipates in the late postprandial period and would not affect REE measured in the fasting state.”
2 of 2

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References 47 · Cited by 431

Authors
Ebbeling, C. B., Swain, J. F., Feldman, H. A., Wong, W. W., Hachey, D. L., Garcia-Lago, E., & Ludwig, D. S.
Affiliations
  • Boston Children's Hospital (US)
  • Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
ORCID
Venue
JAMA
Publisher
American Medical Association (AMA)
Published
2012-06-27
Volume
307
Issue
24
Pages
2627-34
ISSN
  • 0002-9955 (ISSN-L)
  • 0098-7484
DOI
10.1001/jama.2012.6607
PMC
PMC3564212
OpenAlex
W2102658838
Semantic Scholar
00d86353372fcd31dc21d17c25a7a98426466b0a
Cited by
431
References
47
Citations by year
2026: 14 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 42 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 36 · 2017: 34 · 2016: 33 · 2015: 41 · 2014: 35 · 2013: 42 · 2012: 10
FWCI
27.45
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • JAMA (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
  • U.S. Public Health Service (NCRR M0102635)
  • National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (K24DK082730, R01DK072428)
  • National Center for Research Resources (M01-RR02172, UL1RR025758, M01RR002635, M01RR002172)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Diet and metabolism studies
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Dietary Effects on Health
Keywords
energy expenditure, weight loss maintenance, diet composition, macronutrient composition, glycemic load, low-fat diet, low glycemic index diet, very low carbohydrate diet, resting energy expenditure, total energy expenditure, leptin, ghrelin, insulin, metabolic syndrome, obesity, isocaloric diet, weight regain, satiety hormones
MeSH terms
Adult, Energy Metabolism, Female, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Insulin Resistance, Cholesterol, HDL, Male, Nutritive Value, Obesity, Triglycerides, Weight Loss, Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1, Cross-Over Studies, Diet, Fat-Restricted, Leptin, Metabolic Syndrome, Glycemic Index, Overweight, Diet, Carbohydrate-Restricted, Young Adult

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