The DOI matches its Crossref record; 47 of the 47 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Trends in Smoking Among Adults With Mental Illness and Association Between Mental Health Treatment and Smoking Cessation
Open accessAbstract
IMPORTANCE: Significant progress has been made in reducing the prevalence of tobacco use in the United States. However, tobacco cessation efforts have focused on the general population rather than individuals with mental illness, who demonstrate greater rates of tobacco use and nicotine dependence. OBJECTIVES: To assess whether declines in tobacco use have been realized among individuals with mental illness and examine the association between mental health treatment and smoking cessation. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Use of nationally representative surveys of noninstitutionalized US residents to compare trends in smoking rates between adults with and without mental illness and across multiple disorders (2004-2011 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey [MEPS]) and to compare rates of smoking cessation among adults with mental illness who did and did not receive mental health treatment (2009-2011 National Survey of Drug Use and Health [NSDUH]).The MEPS sample included 32,156 respondents with mental illness (operationalized as reporting severe psychological distress, probable depression, or receiving treatment for mental illness) and 133,113 without mental illness. The NSDUH sample included 14,057 lifetime smokers with mental illness. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Current smoking status (primary analysis; MEPS sample) and smoking cessation, operationalized as a lifetime smoker who did not smoke in the last 30 days (secondary analysis; NSDUH sample). RESULTS: Adjusted smoking rates declined significantly among individuals without mental illness (19.2% [95% CI, 18.7-19.7%] to 16.5% [95% CI, 16.0%-17.0%]; P < .001) but changed only slightly among those with mental illness (25.3% [95% CI, 24.2%-26.3%] to 24.9% [95% CI, 23.8%- 26.0%]; P = .50), a significant difference in difference of 2.3% (95% CI, 0.7%-3.9%) (P = .005). Individuals with mental illness who received mental health treatment within the previous year were more likely to have quit smoking (37.2% [95% CI, 35.1%-39.4%]) than those not receiving treatment (33.1% [95% CI, 31.5%-34.7%]) (P = .005). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Between 2004 and 2011, the decline in smoking among individuals with mental illness was significantly less than among those without mental illness, although quit rates were greater among those receiving mental health treatment. This suggests that tobacco control policies and cessation interventions targeting the general population have not worked as effectively for persons with mental illness.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“This is especially problematic for individuals with serious mental illness, who have the highest smoking rates and higher smoking severity 136 .”
From Substance use disorders: a comprehensive update of classification, epidemiology, neurobiology, clinical aspects, treatment and prevention (2023) · cites this paper as [136]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Multiple Imputation for Nonresponse in Surveys
Rubin, D. B. (1987) · Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics · doi:10.1002/9780470316696 · Cited by 20,701
Bootstrap methods: another look at the jackknife
Efron, B. (1979) · The Annals of Statistics · doi:10.1214/aos/1176344552 · Cited by 17,602
Statistical Analysis With Missing Data
Lahiff, M., Little, R. J. A., & Rubin, D. B. (1989) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2289883 · Cited by 17,385
Kessler, R. C., Chiu, W. T., Demler, O., & Walters, E. E. (2005) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.617 · Cited by 12,052
The Patient Health Questionnaire-2: Validity of a Two-Item Depression Screener
Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. W. (2003) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/01.mlr.0000093487.78664.3c · Cited by 6,359
Screening for serious mental illness in the general population
Kessler, R. C., Barker, P. R., Colpe, L. J., Epstein, J. F., Gfroerer, J. C., Hiripi, E., Howes, M. J., Normand, S.-L. T., Manderscheid, R. W., Walters, E. E., et al. (2003) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.60.2.184 · Cited by 5,692
Interaction terms in logit and probit models
Ai, C., & Norton, E. C. (2003) · Economics Letters · doi:10.1016/s0165-1765(03)00032-6 · Cited by 4,599
Applied Logistic Regression Analysis
Ziegel, E. R., & Menard, S. (1996) · Technometrics · doi:10.1080/00401706.1996.10484485 · Cited by 3,923
Current Cigarette Smoking Among Adults — United States, 2005–2014
Jamal, A., Homa, D. M., O’Connor, E., Babb, S. D., Caraballo, R. S., Singh, T., Hu, S., & King, B. A. (2015) · MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report · doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6444a2 · Cited by 2,544
Smoking and Mental Illness: A Population-Based Prevalence Study
Lasser, K., Boyd, J. W., Woolhandler, S., Himmelstein, D. U., McCormick, D., & Bor, D. H. (2000) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.284.20.2606 · Cited by 2,508 · cited 2×
“Our dependent variable was current smoker status, determined by the response to the question “Do you currently smoke?” We considered individuals to have a mental health disorder or substance use disorder (referred to herein as “mental illness”) if (1) during the survey year they made an outpatient visit to a primary c…”
Method
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 501–517 of 517
Nagawa, C. S., Wang, B., Davis, M., Pbert, L., Cutrona, S. L., Lemon, S. C., & Sadasivam, R. S. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.20508705
Hilton, C., Morris, A. S., Burnside, G., Harris, R., Aggarwal, V. R., Procter, S., Griffiths, R., French, P., Laverty, L., Lobban, F. A., et al. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.24113308
Alharbi, A. A. (2025) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1724032
van Bruggen, F. H., & McIntyre, R. S. (2026) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2026.108831
Gender and Age Differences in Psychotherapy Use Among U.S. Adults With Depression and Anxiety
Kleidermacher, L. E., Warner, M., & Olfson, M. (2026) · American Journal of Psychotherapy · doi:10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.20250050
Alghzawi, H. M. (2026) · Ethnicity and Health · doi:10.1080/13557858.2026.2655619
“The prevalence of tobacco/nicotine use among those with mental illness is twice that of the general US population (Cook et al. 2014).”
Co-traveling of smoking in people with remitted, recurrent and repeated depression
ter Meulen, W. G., Draisma, S., Hoogendoorn, A. W., Kupka, R., Beekman, A. T. F., & Penninx, B. W. J. H. (2026) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2026.121851
Kiatsangorn, T., Phoosuwan, N., Kaewhao, S., Somsiri, S., & Raksachat, E. (2026) · Discover Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s44192-026-00489-2
“In contrast, integrated care models that embed smoking cessation into routine psychiatric services demonstrate improved quit rates and better patient outcomes [2].”
Cardiometabolic Treatment Gap in Routine Psychiatric Care: A Cross‐Sectional Study of 1553 Patients
Achour, V., Faugère, M., Boyer, L., Lançon, C., & Korchia, T. (2026) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.70124 · Cited by 1
“In addition, behavioral risk factors including a sedentary lifestyle [25, 26] and high rates of tobacco use [27] are also more prevalent in psychiatric populations.”
Croghan, I. T., Hurt, R. T., Elrashidi, M. Y., Milbrandt, T. J., Ghosh, A. K., Fokken, S. C., & Ebbert, J. O. (2026) · Journal of Primary Care & Community Health · doi:10.1177/21501319261468510
“70-73 In pregnant individuals, behavioral counseling remains the preferred first-line intervention because evidence supporting pharmacotherapy remains limited and safety data are less robust.”
Shepherd, J. M., Rogers, A. H., Redmond, B. Y., Garey, L., Smit, T., Dietel, K., Bakhshaie, J., Lackner, J. M., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2026) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-026-00700-3
Mental and physical multimorbidity in South Asia: a synopsis of the NIHR IMPACT programme
Siddiqi, N., Afaq, S., Churchill, R. C., FAISAL, M., GILBODY, S., Jackson, C., Jennings, H. M., Nava-Ruelas, R., SIDDIQI, K., Uphoff, E., et al. (2025) · Global Health Research · doi:10.3310/nshd9987
Nagawa, C. S., Chesebro, S. N., Fay, K. Q., Hardage, M. K., Zhao, J., Wen, F. K., & vanDellen, M. R. (2026) · Health Informatics Journal · doi:10.1177/14604582261488344
Brown, R. A., Minami, H., Shumake, J., Rigotti, N. A., Hecht, J., Price, L. H., Kahler, C. W., Levy, D. E., Carpenter, K., Farrington, J., et al. (2026) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntag208
Why the mortality penalty of smoking is rising over time
Lawton, R. I., Dowd, J. B., Skinner, J., & Meara, E. R. (2026) · PNAS Nexus · doi:10.1093/pnasnexus/pgag280
“As smoking has become rarer and more socially stigmatized, its correlation with other health risk factors, such as lower education and mental illness, has strengthened (13, 19 – 22).”
Boateng, C., Duah, I. O., Swati, B. B., Adhikari, B., Akuffo, K. O., Buabeng, R. A., Lomotey, E. Y. C. N., & Yu, X. (2026) · PLOS mental health. · doi:10.1371/journal.pmen.0000744
“Although tobacco smoking is less prevalent among older adults [66], smoking is associated with a higher risk of mental health disorders [30, 67, 68], including anxiety and depressive symptoms [69,70], which may indicate greater underlying mental health needs among older adults who smoke.”
Comportement tabagique : impact et sevrage
Ferrer, S. O., Verkaeren, O., Verriest, C., Mayer, C., Beckers, J., Bertin, E., Ducochet, J., & Razavi, D. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-2-294-75811-9.00021-0
Metadata
- Authors
- Cook, B. L., Wayne, G. F., Kafali, E. N., Liu, Z., Shu, C., & Flores, M.
- Affiliations
- Cambridge Health Alliance (US)
- Harvard Medical School/Cambridge Health Alliance, Department of Psychiatry, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Southwest University (CN)
- Harvard University (US)
- Brown University (US)
- Venue
- JAMA
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2014-01-08
- Volume
- 311
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 172
- ISSN
- 0002-9955 (ISSN-L)
- 0098-7484
- PMC
- PMC5555156
- OpenAlex
- W2028087632
- Cited by
- 519
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 38 · 2022: 59 · 2021: 46 · 2020: 54 · 2019: 59 · 2018: 47 · 2017: 46 · 2016: 44 · 2015: 35 · 2014: 18
- FWCI
- 31.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- JAMA (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01mh091042-02)
- National Institute on Aging (T32AG023482)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01-MH091042)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Keywords
- smoking, tobacco use, mental illness, smoking cessation, psychotherapy, nicotine dependence, tobacco use trends, depression, psychological distress, tobacco cessation interventions, tobacco control, adults with mental illness, tobacco harm reduction
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Mental Disorders, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, Male, Mental Health, Middle Aged, Smoking, Social Control, Formal, Tobacco Use Disorder, United States, Prevalence, Smoking Cessation, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
