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Vitamin C Supplementation for Pregnant Smoking Women and Pulmonary Function in Their Newborn Infants: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Open accessAbstract
IMPORTANCE: Maternal smoking during pregnancy adversely affects offspring lung development, with lifelong decreases in pulmonary function and increased asthma risk. In a primate model, vitamin C blocked some of the in-utero effects of nicotine on lung development and offspring pulmonary function. OBJECTIVE: To determine if newborns of pregnant smokers randomized to receive daily vitamin C would have improved results of pulmonary function tests (PFTs) and decreased wheezing compared with those randomized to placebo. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Randomized, double-blind trial conducted in 3 sites in the Pacific Northwest between March 2007 and January 2011. One hundred fifty-nine newborns of randomized pregnant smokers (76 vitamin C treated and 83 placebo treated) and 76 newborns of pregnant nonsmokers were studied with newborn PFTs. Follow-up assessment including wheezing was assessed through age 1 year, and PFTs were performed at age 1 year. INTERVENTIONS: Pregnant women were randomized to receive vitamin C (500 mg/d) (n = 89) or placebo (n = 90). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The primary outcome was measurement of newborn pulmonary function (ratio of the time to peak tidal expiratory flow to expiratory time [TPTEF:TE] and passive respiratory compliance per kilogram [Crs/kg]) within 72 hours of age. Secondary outcomes included incidence of wheezing through age 1 year and PFT results at age 1 year. A subgroup of pregnant smokers and nonsmokers had genotyping performed. RESULTS: Newborns of women randomized to vitamin C (n = 76), compared with those randomized to placebo (n = 83), had improved pulmonary function as measured by TPTEF:TE (0.383 vs 0.345 [adjusted 95% CI for difference, 0.011-0.062]; P = .006) and Crs/kg (1.32 vs 1.20 mL/cm H2O/kg [95% CI, 0.02-0.20]; P = .01). Offspring of women randomized to vitamin C had significantly decreased wheezing through age 1 year (15/70 [21%] vs 31/77 [40%]; relative risk, 0.56 [95% CI, 0.33-0.95]; P = .03). There were no significant differences in the 1-year PFT results between the vitamin C and placebo groups. The effect of maternal smoking on newborn lung function was associated with maternal genotype for the α5 nicotinic receptor (rs16969968) (P < .001 for interaction). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Supplemental vitamin C taken by pregnant smokers improved newborn PFT results and decreased wheezing through 1 year in the offspring. Vitamin C in pregnant smokers may be an inexpensive and simple approach to decrease the effects of smoking in pregnancy on newborn pulmonary function and respiratory morbidities. TRIAL REGISTRATION: clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00632476.
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“A recent randomized placebo-controlled study found that the offspring of smoking mothers who received vitamin C during in utero life had better airflow and less wheezing through the first year of life compared with those of untreated mothers who smoked during pregnancy.43”
From Impact of Tobacco Smoke and Nicotine Exposure on Lung Development (2016) · cites this paper as [43]
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“Studies investigating the effects of antioxidant A, C, and E vitamins on asthma have generally reported that insufficient uptake of these vitamins increases the symptoms of asthma and inflammatory response; while the symptoms of asthma and IL-10 levels have been found to decrease in people given supplements containing…”
BackgroundResultResearch and scholarly methods: Subgroup analysis
Ding, Q., Wan, S., & Dowling, T. C. (2022) · JACCP JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF CLINICAL PHARMACY · doi:10.1002/jac5.1611 · Cited by 11
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“The RCT of McEvoy et al. [28] noted that supplemental vitamin C taken by pregnant smokers improved newborn pulmonary function tests results and decreased wheezing through 1 year in the offspring.”
BackgroundResultThe Role of Lung Function in Determining Which Children Develop Asthma
McEvoy, C. T., Souëf, P. N. L., & Martínez, F. D. (2023) · The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology In Practice · doi:10.1016/j.jaip.2023.01.014 · Cited by 11
Self-citationPrevalence, Prevention and Management of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
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“For example, recent studies have recommended maternal vitamin C supplementation to protect lung development and respiratory function in offspring of smokers (McEvoy et al., 2014; Proskocil et al., 2005).”
InfluentialJordan, B. K., Schilling, D., & McEvoy, C. T. (2016) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.10.022 · Cited by 10
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Ascorbic Acid and the Premature Infant
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“Are there ways to protect the unborn child from the continued exposure? Potential strategies for protecting the developing lung exposed to nicotine in utero suggest some novel approaches.(5,6) One multicenter trial, Vitamin C to Decrease Effects of Smoking in Pregnancy on Infant Lung Function (VCSIP NCT01723696), will…”
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“Furthermore, in a randomized trial theTFV method demonstrated a beneficial effect on infant lung function by vitamin C supplementation to pregnant women who smoked during the pregnancy.(19) Overall, we therefore believe the lack of significant associations in the present study is unlikely to be a result of the method…”
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“These data reemphasize that one of the most effective measures for decreasing both preterm deliveries and BPD in infants born preterm is attenuating the effects of in utero smoke exposure on lung development (15) through smoking cessation and nutritional and pharmacological interventions.”
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Bains, K. E. S., Kreyberg, I., Färdig, M., Granum, B. B., Guðmundsdóttir, H., Haugen, G. N., Hedlin, G., Hilde, K., Jonassen, C. M., Nordlund, B., et al. (2024) · ERJ Open Research · doi:10.1183/23120541.00958-2023 · Cited by 4
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Pulmonary function tests in the neonatal intensive care unit and beyond: a clinical review
Go, M., MacDonald, K. D., Durand, M., & McEvoy, C. T. (2025) · Journal of Perinatology · doi:10.1038/s41372-025-02243-y · Cited by 4
Self-citationFetal Programming: Lung Health and Disease
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“Lee et al. (2019) and McEvoy et al. (2014) describe that lung function in childhood is inversely related to maximum "forced expiratory volume", a determinant of chronic respiratory disease in adulthood, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (Håland et al.; Lange et al., 2015) and mortality…”
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“, 2014 [64] is a stand-alone cohort, and McEvoy et al.”
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InfluentialPerinatal Events and Their Influence on Lung Development and Injury
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“Airway function and respiratory outcomes of wheeze in offspring born to pregnant smokers randomized to vitamin C were improved at birth (230), 3 months (233), 12 months (232), and 5 years of age (231).”
Influential
Metadata
- Authors
- McEvoy, C. T., Schilling, D., Clay, N., Jackson, K., Go, M. D., Spitale, P., Bunten, C., Leiva, M., Gonzales, D., Hollister-Smith, J., Durand, M., Frei, B., Buist, A. S., Peters, D., Morris, C. D., & Spindel, E. R.
- Affiliations
- Oregon Health & Science University (US)
- Southwest Washington Medical Center (US)
- Vancouver Clinic (US)
- Providence Maternal Care Clinic, Portland, Oregon
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton
- University of Southern California (US)
- Oregon State University (US)
- Oregon National Primate Research Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- McEvoy, Cindy T.
- Venue
- JAMA
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2014-05-28
- Volume
- 311
- Issue
- 20
- Pages
- 2074
- ISSN
- 0002-9955 (ISSN-L)
- 0098-7484
- PMC
- PMC4296045
- OpenAlex
- W1976336434
- Cited by
- 217
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 5
- FWCI
- 13.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- JAMA (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (UL1TR000128, P51OD011092)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL105447, HL087710, R01HL087710, K23HL080231, R01HL105447)
- National Center for Research Resources (UL1RR024140)
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Asthma and respiratory diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Prenatal Substance Exposure Effects
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Research
- Keywords
- vitamin C supplementation, smoking during pregnancy, prenatal nicotine exposure, wheezing, respiratory compliance, lung development, asthma risk, infant lung function, birth weight, gestational age, infant feeding practices, infant motor development
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Ascorbic Acid, Double-Blind Method, Female, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Infant, Newborn, Diseases, Lung, Pregnancy, Prenatal Care, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Respiratory Function Tests, Respiratory Sounds, Respiratory Tract Diseases, Smoking, Vitamins, Dietary Supplements, Young Adult
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