The DOI matches its Crossref record; 43 of the 44 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 13 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Effect of Scattered-Site Housing Using Rent Supplements and Intensive Case Management on Housing Stability Among Homeless Adults With Mental Illness: A Randomized Trial
Open accessAbstract
Importance Scattered-site housing with Intensive Case Management (ICM) may be an appropriate and less-costly option for homeless adults with mental illness who do not require the treatment intensity of Assertive Community Treatment. Objective To examine the effect of scattered-site housing with ICM services on housing stability and generic quality of life among homeless adults with mental illness and moderate support needs for mental health services. Design, Setting, and Participants The At Home/Chez Soi project was an unblinded, randomized trial. From October 2009 to July 2011, participants (N = 1198) were recruited in 4 Canadian cities (Vancouver, Winnipeg, Toronto, and Montreal), randomized to the intervention group (n = 689) or usual care group (n = 509), and followed up for 24 months. Interventions The intervention consisted of scattered-site housing (using rent supplements) and off-site ICM services. The usual care group had access to existing housing and support services in their communities. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was the percentage of days stably housed during the 24-month period following randomization. The secondary outcome was generic quality of life, assessed by a EuroQoL 5 Dimensions (EQ-5D) health questionnaire. Results During the 24 months after randomization, the adjusted percentage of days stably housed was higher among the intervention group than the usual care group, although adjusted mean differences varied across study cities (Site A: 417.3 of 683.0 days [62.7%] for the intervention group vs 189.2 of 621.6 days [29.7%] for the usual care group, mean difference [MD], 33.0% [95% CI, 26.2% to 39.8%]; Site B: 491.5 of 653.4 days [73.2%] for the intervention group vs 157.0 of 606.8 [23.6%] for the usual care group, MD, 49.5% [95% CI, 41.1% to 58.0%]; Site C: 506.7 of 658.1 days [74.4%] for the intervention group vs 255.2 of 626.2 days (38.8%) for the usual care group, MD, 35.6% [95% CI, 29.4% to 41.8%]; Site D: 520.4 of 651.5 days [77.2%] for the intervention group vs 223.1 of 649.1 for the usual care group [31.8%], MD, 45.3% [95% CI, 38.2% to 52.2%];P<.001 for interaction). The mean change of the EQ-5D score from baseline to 24 months among the intervention group was not statistically different from the usual care group (60.5 [95% CI, 58.6 to 62.5] at baseline and 67.2 [95% CI, 65.2 to 69.1] at 24 months for the intervention group vs 62.1 [95% CI, 59.9 to 64.4] at baseline and 68.6 [95% CI, 66.3 to 71.0] at 24 months for the usual care group, difference in mean changes, 0.10 [95% CI, −2.92 to 3.13],P=.95). Conclusions and Relevance Among homeless adults with mental illness in 4 Canadian cities, scattered site housing with ICM services compared with usual access to existing housing and community services resulted in increased housing stability over 24 months, but did not improve generic quality of life. Trial Registration isrctn.org Identifier:ISRCTN42520374
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In the paper
“Interestingly, the family domain of the condition-specific, quality-of-life instrument showed a significant 3-way treatment × time × site interaction, illustrated by very different treatment effects by site at 24 months (Site A, 0.72 [95% CI, -0.91 to 2.36]; Site B, -0.56 [95% CI, -2.67 to 1.54]; Site C, -0.29 [95% CI, -1.80 to 1.22]; Site D, 2.64 [95% CI, 0.93 to 4.34]).”
§ Effect of Scattered-Site Housing Using Rent Supplements and Intensive Case Management on Housing Stability Among Homeless Adults With Mental Illness A Randomized Trial > Exploratory Outcomes
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: The missing data are missing at random, so that multiple imputation yields valid results.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“During 24 months following randomization, the percentage of days stably housed was higher among the intervention group than the usual care group”
§ Effect of Scattered-Site Housing Using Rent Supplements and Intensive Case Management on Housing Stability Among Homeless Adults With Mental Illness A Randomized Trial > Primary Outcome
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“D 77.2 (520.4/651.5)31.8 (223.1/649.1)45.3 (38.2-52.5)”
§ Effect of Scattered-Site Housing Using Rent Supplements and Intensive Case Management on Housing Stability Among Homeless Adults With Mental Illness A Randomized Trial > Abstract
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“C 74.4 (506.7/658.1)38.8 (255.2/626.2) 35.6 (29.4-41.8)”
§ Effect of Scattered-Site Housing Using Rent Supplements and Intensive Case Management on Housing Stability Among Homeless Adults With Mental Illness A Randomized Trial > Abstract
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, the proportion of participants never housed during the study period was significantly lower in the intervention group (5.0%) compared with the usual care group (31.5%), corresponding with a difference of -26.5% (95% CI, -31.0% to -22.0%).”
§ Effect of Scattered-Site Housing Using Rent Supplements and Intensive Case Management on Housing Stability Among Homeless Adults With Mental Illness A Randomized Trial > Primary Outcome
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“approximately 30% less than the cost of supportive housing with ACT (CaD $22 257)”
§ Effect of Scattered-Site Housing Using Rent Supplements and Intensive Case Management on Housing Stability Among Homeless Adults With Mental Illness A Randomized Trial > Costs
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: Participants' self-reported service use and income data are accurate.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A 62.7 (417.3/683.0)29.7 (189.2/621.6)33.0 (26.2-39.8)”
§ Effect of Scattered-Site Housing Using Rent Supplements and Intensive Case Management on Housing Stability Among Homeless Adults With Mental Illness A Randomized Trial > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At 24 months, the intervention did not lead to significant reductions in emergency department visits from baseline (ratio of rate ratios, 0.73 [95% CI, 0.49 to 1.07]; P = .11).”
§ Effect of Scattered-Site Housing Using Rent Supplements and Intensive Case Management on Housing Stability Among Homeless Adults With Mental Illness A Randomized Trial > Exploratory Outcomes
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: The missing data are missing at random, so that multiple imputation yields valid results.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“During the 24-month study period, the risk of 1 or more hospitalization for the intervention group compared with the usual care group varied by site (risk ratio for Site A, 0.99 [95% CI, 0.67 to 1.45]; Site B, 0.57 [95% CI, 0.31 to 1.03]; Site C, 1.67 [95% CI, 1.08 to 2.59]; Site D, 1.02 [95% CI, 0.77 to 1.36]; P = .03for interaction)”
§ Effect of Scattered-Site Housing Using Rent Supplements and Intensive Case Management on Housing Stability Among Homeless Adults With Mental Illness A Randomized Trial > Exploratory Outcomes
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: The missing data are missing at random, so that multiple imputation yields valid results.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“safety (1.11 [95% CI, 0.27 to 1.96])”
§ Effect of Scattered-Site Housing Using Rent Supplements and Intensive Case Management on Housing Stability Among Homeless Adults With Mental Illness A Randomized Trial > Exploratory Outcomes
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: The missing data are missing at random, so that multiple imputation yields valid results.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 27
- The quote only partly states this claim. 2
- Probably not a substantial claim. 29
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A statistically significant treatment × time interaction was also observed in community functioning at 18 months: compared with the usual care group, the intervention group showed a statistically significant improvement in the difference in mean change relative to baseline values (1.16 [95% CI, 0.08 to 2.24]), but the improvement was not sustained at 24 months (1.06 [95% CI, -0.004 to 2.13]).”
§ Effect of Scattered-Site Housing Using Rent Supplements and Intensive Case Management on Housing Stability Among Homeless Adults With Mental Illness A Randomized Trial > Exploratory Outcomes
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The missing data are missing at random, so that multiple imputation yields valid results.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The mean change in EQ-5D score from baseline to 24 months among the intervention group was not statistically different from the usual care group”
§ Effect of Scattered-Site Housing Using Rent Supplements and Intensive Case Management on Housing Stability Among Homeless Adults With Mental Illness A Randomized Trial > Abstract
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
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In the paper
“Nearly three-quarters of our sample (72.4%) were not hospitalized during the study period.”
§ Effect of Scattered-Site Housing Using Rent Supplements and Intensive Case Management on Housing Stability Among Homeless Adults With Mental Illness A Randomized Trial > Exploratory Outcomes
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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In the paper
“Of this number, 52 participants (4.3%) were veterans.”
§ Effect of Scattered-Site Housing Using Rent Supplements and Intensive Case Management on Housing Stability Among Homeless Adults With Mental Illness A Randomized Trial > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 52Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The proportion of participants reporting at least 1 hospitalization during the 24-month follow-up was 28.9% for the intervention group and 25.6% for the usual care group, which corresponds to a difference of 3.30 (95% CI, -1.90% to 8.51%) (P = .22).”
§ Effect of Scattered-Site Housing Using Rent Supplements and Intensive Case Management on Housing Stability Among Homeless Adults With Mental Illness A Randomized Trial > Exploratory Outcomes
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The missing data are missing at random, so that multiple imputation yields valid results.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A total of 1198 individuals with moderate needs were randomized to the intervention group or the usual care group.”
§ Effect of Scattered-Site Housing Using Rent Supplements and Intensive Case Management on Housing Stability Among Homeless Adults With Mental Illness A Randomized Trial > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“although adjusted mean differences varied across the 4 sites (Site A, 33.0% [95% CI, 26.2% to 39.8%]; Site B, 49.5% [95% CI, 41.1% to 58.0%]; Site C, 35.6% [95% CI, 29.4% to 41.8%]; and Site D, 45.3% [95% CI, 38.2% to 52.5%]; P < .01 for interaction)”
§ Effect of Scattered-Site Housing Using Rent Supplements and Intensive Case Management on Housing Stability Among Homeless Adults With Mental Illness A Randomized Trial > Primary Outcome
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“During the 24 months after randomization, the adjusted percentage of days stably housed was higher among the intervention group than the usual care group, although adjusted mean differences varied across sites.”
§ Effect of Scattered-Site Housing Using Rent Supplements and Intensive Case Management on Housing Stability Among Homeless Adults With Mental Illness A Randomized Trial > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The most important cost offsets emerged from reduced use of emergency shelters and single-room occupancy with support, whereas the costs of office visits with other nonstudy medical (physicians) and clinical community (eg, social workers and nurses) providers rose.”
§ Effect of Scattered-Site Housing Using Rent Supplements and Intensive Case Management on Housing Stability Among Homeless Adults With Mental Illness A Randomized Trial > Costs
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Participants' self-reported service use and income data are accurate.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“resulted in an average net cost offset of CaD $4849 per participant per year, or 34% of the cost of the intervention.”
§ Effect of Scattered-Site Housing Using Rent Supplements and Intensive Case Management on Housing Stability Among Homeless Adults With Mental Illness A Randomized Trial > Costs
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Participants' self-reported service use and income data are accurate.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“unlike this former study and clients typically served by ACT teams, our study participants had lower levels of hospitalizations at baseline”
§ Effect of Scattered-Site Housing Using Rent Supplements and Intensive Case Management on Housing Stability Among Homeless Adults With Mental Illness A Randomized Trial > Discussion
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
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In the paper
“Specifically, at 24 months, treatment effects varied by site: (Site A, 0.72 [95% CI, -0.91 to 2.36], P = .39;Site B, -0.56 [95% CI, -2.67 to 1.54], P = .60;Site C, -0.29 [95% CI, -1.80 to 1.22], P = .71;Site D, 2.64 [95% CI, 0.93 to 4.34], P = .003).”
§ Effect of Scattered-Site Housing Using Rent Supplements and Intensive Case Management on Housing Stability Among Homeless Adults With Mental Illness A Randomized Trial > Discussion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In particular, at study end, gains in the total quality-of-life score, as well as the subscales pertaining to leisure, living situation, and safety continued to be significant among the intervention group compared with the usual care group.”
§ Effect of Scattered-Site Housing Using Rent Supplements and Intensive Case Management on Housing Stability Among Homeless Adults With Mental Illness A Randomized Trial > Discussion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
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In the paper
“compared with 22% of participants with psychosis and 62% of participants with a diagnosis or history of alcohol or substance use disorders among our sample served by ICM services.c”
§ Effect of Scattered-Site Housing Using Rent Supplements and Intensive Case Management on Housing Stability Among Homeless Adults With Mental Illness A Randomized Trial > Discussion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
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In the paper
“However, unlike this latter study, which focused exclusively on homeless veterans, only 4% of our participants were veterans, all met criteria for a diagnosis of severe mental illness (vs 45% in the previous study) and a third of the participants (33%) were women (vs 4% in former study).”
§ Effect of Scattered-Site Housing Using Rent Supplements and Intensive Case Management on Housing Stability Among Homeless Adults With Mental Illness A Randomized Trial > Discussion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Safety | 1.93 (1.12 to 2.75) | <.001 1.14 (0.28 to 1.99) | .009 0.74 (-0.08 to 1.55) | .08 | 1.11 (0.27 to 1.96) | .01”
§ Effect of Scattered-Site Housing Using Rent Supplements and Intensive Case Management on Housing Stability Among Homeless Adults With Mental Illness A Randomized Trial > Discussion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Additional site variation was observed in hospitalization outcomes and the family subdomain of the condition-specific quality-of-life instrument.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“treatment × site interaction (P value for interaction = .03).”
§ Effect of Scattered-Site Housing Using Rent Supplements and Intensive Case Management on Housing Stability Among Homeless Adults With Mental Illness A Randomized Trial > Discussion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Intensive Case Management teams at each site received training and underwent fidelity assessments to ensure adherence to program principles.”
§ Effect of Scattered-Site Housing Using Rent Supplements and Intensive Case Management on Housing Stability Among Homeless Adults With Mental Illness A Randomized Trial > Intervention
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
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In the paper
“Randomization, using adaptive techniques, was automated by the central data collection system with concealment of the allocation algorithm from researchers and participants.”
§ Effect of Scattered-Site Housing Using Rent Supplements and Intensive Case Management on Housing Stability Among Homeless Adults With Mental Illness A Randomized Trial > Initial Assessment and Randomization
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All analyses were performed on an intentionto-treat basis.”
§ Effect of Scattered-Site Housing Using Rent Supplements and Intensive Case Management on Housing Stability Among Homeless Adults With Mental Illness A Randomized Trial > Multiple Imputation
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, data were considered missing and imputed for 55 interviews across the 5 time points based on an assessment by interviewers of no confidence in participant responses.”
§ Effect of Scattered-Site Housing Using Rent Supplements and Intensive Case Management on Housing Stability Among Homeless Adults With Mental Illness A Randomized Trial > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The Residential Time-Line Follow-Back Inventory has high test-retest reliability and good concurrent validity in homeless populations.25”
§ Effect of Scattered-Site Housing Using Rent Supplements and Intensive Case Management on Housing Stability Among Homeless Adults With Mental Illness A Randomized Trial > Outcomes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [25]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This unblinded randomized trial was conducted in 5 Canadian cities”
§ Effect of Scattered-Site Housing Using Rent Supplements and Intensive Case Management on Housing Stability Among Homeless Adults With Mental Illness A Randomized Trial > Design and Setting
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“the Multnomah Community Ability Scale (MCAS), 16 which assesses community functioning in adults with serious mental illness.”
§ Effect of Scattered-Site Housing Using Rent Supplements and Intensive Case Management on Housing Stability Among Homeless Adults With Mental Illness A Randomized Trial > Initial Assessment and Randomization
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [16]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These minor adaptations met program fidelity standards at each of 2 fidelity visits 24 and, therefore, all ICM study groups at each site have been included in this analysis.”
§ Effect of Scattered-Site Housing Using Rent Supplements and Intensive Case Management on Housing Stability Among Homeless Adults With Mental Illness A Randomized Trial > Intervention
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Imputed data for deceased participants were used up to the date of their death.”
§ Effect of Scattered-Site Housing Using Rent Supplements and Intensive Case Management on Housing Stability Among Homeless Adults With Mental Illness A Randomized Trial > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 25Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Such magnitude of effect size is consistent with that observed in a previously published study, 12 which reported that homeless veterans with mental illness or substance use problems or both participating in a trial of scattered-site housing and ICM services spent an average of 66% of days housed in the intervention group and 53% of days housed in the standard care group in the past 90 days, with”
§ Effect of Scattered-Site Housing Using Rent Supplements and Intensive Case Management on Housing Stability Among Homeless Adults With Mental Illness A Randomized Trial > Statistical Analyses
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12]
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Four participants from each group withdrew from the study.”
§ Effect of Scattered-Site Housing Using Rent Supplements and Intensive Case Management on Housing Stability Among Homeless Adults With Mental Illness A Randomized Trial > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 4Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Before randomization to the intervention or usual care groups, participants were stratified based on their clinical and service use profiles into high needs and moderate needs groups.”
§ Effect of Scattered-Site Housing Using Rent Supplements and Intensive Case Management on Housing Stability Among Homeless Adults With Mental Illness A Randomized Trial > Design and Setting
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“presence of a mental illness, with or without a concurrent substance use disorder, as evaluated using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI).15”
§ Effect of Scattered-Site Housing Using Rent Supplements and Intensive Case Management on Housing Stability Among Homeless Adults With Mental Illness A Randomized Trial > Participants
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Secondary and all exploratory outcomes (except for PCS and MCS of the SF-12 survey) were imputed using the sequential regression multivariate imputation approach.”
§ Effect of Scattered-Site Housing Using Rent Supplements and Intensive Case Management on Housing Stability Among Homeless Adults With Mental Illness A Randomized Trial > Multiple Imputation
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Interviews were completed with 1104 participants (92.2%) at 12 months and 1016 participants (84.8%) at 24 months.”
§ Effect of Scattered-Site Housing Using Rent Supplements and Intensive Case Management on Housing Stability Among Homeless Adults With Mental Illness A Randomized Trial > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were 47 known deaths (25 participants [3.6%] in the intervention group and 22 participants [4.3%] in the usual care group) during the follow-up period.”
§ Effect of Scattered-Site Housing Using Rent Supplements and Intensive Case Management on Housing Stability Among Homeless Adults With Mental Illness A Randomized Trial > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 25Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No adjustments for multiple comparisons were applied.”
§ Effect of Scattered-Site Housing Using Rent Supplements and Intensive Case Management on Housing Stability Among Homeless Adults With Mental Illness A Randomized Trial > Multiple Imputation
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among homeless adults with mental illness in 4 Canadian cities, scattered site housing with ICM services compared with usual access to existing housing and community services resulted in increased housing stability over 24 months”
§ Effect of Scattered-Site Housing Using Rent Supplements and Intensive Case Management on Housing Stability Among Homeless Adults With Mental Illness A Randomized Trial > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Data on percentage of days stably housed and number of days hospitalized were missing for only 48 participants (4.0%); thus, no imputation was necessary for these outcomes.”
§ Effect of Scattered-Site Housing Using Rent Supplements and Intensive Case Management on Housing Stability Among Homeless Adults With Mental Illness A Randomized Trial > Multiple Imputation
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 48Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The study protocol has been described previously and was approved by the research ethics board at all participating institutions”
§ Effect of Scattered-Site Housing Using Rent Supplements and Intensive Case Management on Housing Stability Among Homeless Adults With Mental Illness A Randomized Trial > Design and Setting
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Outcomes were assessed up to 24 months; it is possible that longer periods are required for the full beneficial effects to manifest.”
§ Effect of Scattered-Site Housing Using Rent Supplements and Intensive Case Management on Housing Stability Among Homeless Adults With Mental Illness A Randomized Trial > Discussion
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Another single-site randomized trial from New York City examining the effectiveness of a scattered-site supportive hous-ing program with ACT found that intervention participants were more likely to be housed,”
§ Effect of Scattered-Site Housing Using Rent Supplements and Intensive Case Management on Housing Stability Among Homeless Adults With Mental Illness A Randomized Trial > Discussion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the funder had no role in the analysis and interpretation of the data and preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript.”
§ Effect of Scattered-Site Housing Using Rent Supplements and Intensive Case Management on Housing Stability Among Homeless Adults With Mental Illness A Randomized Trial > Conflict
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although all study cities had excellent fidelity to the program model, we cannot discount that some heterogeneity in the intervention existed between sites.”
§ Effect of Scattered-Site Housing Using Rent Supplements and Intensive Case Management on Housing Stability Among Homeless Adults With Mental Illness A Randomized Trial > Discussion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These site differences may have arisen from variation in program fidelity across sites and resource availability in the respective communities, including site differences in available affordable housing units and the existing basket of mental health and other support services.”
§ Effect of Scattered-Site Housing Using Rent Supplements and Intensive Case Management on Housing Stability Among Homeless Adults With Mental Illness A Randomized Trial > Discussion
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Researchers and participants were not blinded to treatment assignment; the nature of the intervention prohibiting blinding.”
§ Effect of Scattered-Site Housing Using Rent Supplements and Intensive Case Management on Housing Stability Among Homeless Adults With Mental Illness A Randomized Trial > Discussion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is also possible that the benefits observed may be short-lived.”
§ Effect of Scattered-Site Housing Using Rent Supplements and Intensive Case Management on Housing Stability Among Homeless Adults With Mental Illness A Randomized Trial > Discussion
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Furthermore, a recent observational study noted significant improvements in satisfaction with their living situation, frequency of contact with others, and adequacy of monthly income among participants who spent 1 year in a permanent supportive housing program, 39”
§ Effect of Scattered-Site Housing Using Rent Supplements and Intensive Case Management on Housing Stability Among Homeless Adults With Mental Illness A Randomized Trial > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [39]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Similar to this study, a previous single-site randomized trial by the US Departments of Housing and Urban Development and Veteran Affairs Supportive Housing (HUD-VASH) concluded that the combination of rent supplements and ICM services led to greater housing stability and in- creased social networks for homeless veterans with a psychiatric or substance use disorder when compared with standard care”
§ Effect of Scattered-Site Housing Using Rent Supplements and Intensive Case Management on Housing Stability Among Homeless Adults With Mental Illness A Randomized Trial > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The secondary and exploratory outcomes should be considered hypothesis generating, because they were not adjusted for multiple comparisons.”
§ Effect of Scattered-Site Housing Using Rent Supplements and Intensive Case Management on Housing Stability Among Homeless Adults With Mental Illness A Randomized Trial > Discussion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, the current study was conducted in a country with a system of universal health insurance, and thus our findings may be different from those that might be observed in a jurisdiction without such coverage.”
§ Effect of Scattered-Site Housing Using Rent Supplements and Intensive Case Management on Housing Stability Among Homeless Adults With Mental Illness A Randomized Trial > Discussion
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The authors state this as an assumption.
The sample-size calculation assumed a 40% attrition rate over the follow-up period.
“assuming an attrition rate of 40% over the follow-up period.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The missing data are missing at random, so that multiple imputation yields valid results.
“Secondary and all exploratory outcomes (except for PCS and MCS of the SF-12 survey) were imputed using the sequential regression multivariate imputation approach.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Participants' self-reported service use and income data are accurate.
“Service use and residential questionnaires enabled us to assess quantities of a wide range of services used, as well as of income from various sources.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The currency and inflation adjustment makes the ICM and HUD-VASH costs comparable.
“considering differences in currency and inflation rates”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The findings from the sole randomized controlled trial (At Home/Chez Soi), which examined an intervention with high fidelity to the Pathways Housing First model in five Canadian cities, did not find differences in substance-related problems over time between Housing First and treatment as usual (up to 6 years post-randomization; Aubry et al., 2016; Stergiopoulos et al., 2015, 2019a).”
From Harm reduction outcomes and practices in Housing First: A mixed-methods systematic review (2021) · cites this paper as Stergiopoulos et al., 2015
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“No significant difference was found in changes in substance-related problems from baseline to 24 months between the HF and TAU groups”
From Harm reduction outcomes and practices in Housing First: A mixed-methods systematic review (2021) · cites this paper as Stergiopoulos et al. (2015)
In the citing paper
“These findings suggest that the provision of stable housing might also lower the risk for TBI.”
From Traumatic brain injury in homeless and marginally housed individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2020) · cites this paper as [69]
In the citing paper
“randomised trial evidence shows that rent supplements in combination with intensive case management sub stantially improve living situation, safety, and community functioning.”
From Traumatic brain injury in homeless and marginally housed individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2020) · cites this paper as [69]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Stergiopoulos, V., Hwang, S. W., Gozdzik, A., Nisenbaum, R., Latimer, E., Rabouin, D., Adair, C. E., Bourque, J., Connelly, J., Frankish, J., Katz, L. Y., Mason, K., Misir, V., O’Brien, K., Sareen, J., Schütz, C. G., Singer, A., Streiner, D. L., Vasiliadis, H.-M., & Goering, P. N.
- Affiliations
- St. Michael's Hospital (CA)
- McGill University (CA)
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute (CA)
- University of Calgary (CA)
- Université de Moncton (CA)
- Toronto North Support Services, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- University of British Columbia (CA)
- University of Manitoba (CA)
- University of Toronto (CA)
- Université de Sherbrooke (CA)
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Hwang, Stephen W.
- ORCID
- Venue
- JAMA
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2015-03-03
- Volume
- 313
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 905
- ISSN
- 0002-9955 (ISSN-L)
- 0098-7484
- OpenAlex
- W2156085089
- Semantic Scholar
- 02eed41b31bc6a15a864fb26c797d816401a271d
- Cited by
- 260
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 15
- FWCI
- 53.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- JAMA (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- TSpace (University of Toronto) (submittedVersion)
- QSpace (Queen's University Library) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Homelessness and Social Issues
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychiatric care and mental health services
- Social Sciences › Urban Studies › Urban and Rural Development Challenges
- Keywords
- intensive case management, homelessness, mental illness, housing stability, quality of life, mental health services, assertive community treatment, low-income housing, mental health service utilization
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Mental Disorders, Canada, Community Mental Health Services, Costs and Cost Analysis, Female, Ill-Housed Persons, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Public Housing, Case Management
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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