The DOI matches its Crossref record; 141 of the 141 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Cannabinoids for Medical Use: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Open accessAbstract
IMPORTANCE: Cannabis and cannabinoid drugs are widely used to treat disease or alleviate symptoms, but their efficacy for specific indications is not clear. OBJECTIVE: To conduct a systematic review of the benefits and adverse events (AEs) of cannabinoids. DATA SOURCES: Twenty-eight databases from inception to April 2015. STUDY SELECTION: Randomized clinical trials of cannabinoids for the following indications: nausea and vomiting due to chemotherapy, appetite stimulation in HIV/AIDS, chronic pain, spasticity due to multiple sclerosis or paraplegia, depression, anxiety disorder, sleep disorder, psychosis, glaucoma, or Tourette syndrome. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: Study quality was assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias tool. All review stages were conducted independently by 2 reviewers. Where possible, data were pooled using random-effects meta-analysis. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Patient-relevant/disease-specific outcomes, activities of daily living, quality of life, global impression of change, and AEs. RESULTS: A total of 79 trials (6462 participants) were included; 4 were judged at low risk of bias. Most trials showed improvement in symptoms associated with cannabinoids but these associations did not reach statistical significance in all trials. Compared with placebo, cannabinoids were associated with a greater average number of patients showing a complete nausea and vomiting response (47% vs 20%; odds ratio [OR], 3.82 [95% CI, 1.55-9.42]; 3 trials), reduction in pain (37% vs 31%; OR, 1.41 [95% CI, 0.99-2.00]; 8 trials), a greater average reduction in numerical rating scale pain assessment (on a 0-10-point scale; weighted mean difference [WMD], -0.46 [95% CI, -0.80 to -0.11]; 6 trials), and average reduction in the Ashworth spasticity scale (WMD, -0.36 [95% CI, -0.69 to -0.05]; 7 trials). There was an increased risk of short-term AEs with cannabinoids, including serious AEs. Common AEs included dizziness, dry mouth, nausea, fatigue, somnolence, euphoria, vomiting, disorientation, drowsiness, confusion, loss of balance, and hallucination. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: There was moderate-quality evidence to support the use of cannabinoids for the treatment of chronic pain and spasticity. There was low-quality evidence suggesting that cannabinoids were associated with improvements in nausea and vomiting due to chemotherapy, weight gain in HIV infection, sleep disorders, and Tourette syndrome. Cannabinoids were associated with an increased risk of short-term AEs.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Mild to moderate central nervous or gastro-intestinal side effects are more common with cannabinoids than with placebo but severe side effects are rare [13].”
From Cannabis, cannabinoids and health: a review of evidence on risks and medical benefits (2025) · cites this paper as [13]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Medical uses of THC-based cannabinoids are associated with an increased risk of short-term adverse effects, but severe side effects are rare [13].”
From Cannabis, cannabinoids and health: a review of evidence on risks and medical benefits (2025) · cites this paper as [13]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Previous systematic reviews have been limited in their coverage of all relevant diseases, but most importantly primarily ignored the fact that medical cannabinoid products—a term that encompasses all plant-derived and synthetic derivatives—differ in their pharmacology [1–5].”
From Medical cannabinoids: a pharmacology-based systematic review and meta-analysis for all relevant medical indications. (2022) · cites this paper as [3]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Finally, data analysis using SMD allowed the inclusion of a large variety of measurements in the evaluation of the outcomes and allowed us to include many more RCTs for all relevant medical indications than in a previous extensive meta-analysis [3].”
From Medical cannabinoids: a pharmacology-based systematic review and meta-analysis for all relevant medical indications. (2022) · cites this paper as [3]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Evidence suggests that efforts to selfmanage depression with cannabis are increasing [71][72][73][74][75] (also Aaron L. Sarvet, MPH, written communication, January 2, 2018) despite lack of evidence that cannabinoids are effective for this purpose 76,77 ; prospectively, cannabis worsens the course of depressive disorders.78”
From Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States (2018) · cites this paper as [75]
In the citing paper
“Several clinical studies have demonstrated the analgesic effects of cannabinoids in human disease states, including pain associated with diabetes, chemotherapy, multiple sclerosis, and fibromyalgia (Lynch and Ware, 2015;Whiting et al, 2015).”
From The endogenous cannabinoid system: a budding source of targets for treating inflammatory and neuropathic pain (2018) · cites this paper as Whiting et al, 2015
In the citing paper
“A comprehensive meta-analysis shows that medicinal cannabis and cannabinoids effectively alleviate different types of pain, such as neuropathic, fibromyalgia, multiple sclerosis, cancer, diabetic neuropathy, refractory pain due to multiple sclerosis or other neurological conditions, rheumatoid arthritis, noncancer pain, central pain, musculoskeletal problems, and chemotherapy-induced pain (Whiting”
From The endogenous cannabinoid system: a budding source of targets for treating inflammatory and neuropathic pain (2018) · cites this paper as Whiting et al, 2015
In the citing paper
“Although several studies show that 'medical cannabis' can improve various types of pain, cannabimimetic side effects, which include drowsiness or fatigue, dizziness, dry mouth, nausea, and cognitive effects, have also been reported (Whiting et al, 2015).”
From The endogenous cannabinoid system: a budding source of targets for treating inflammatory and neuropathic pain (2018) · cites this paper as Whiting et al, 2015
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Meta-analysis in clinical trials
DerSimonian, R., & Laird, N. (1986) · Controlled Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/0197-2456(86)90046-2 · Cited by 39,552
Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta‐analysis
Higgins, J. P. T., & Thompson, S. G. (2002) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.1186 · Cited by 36,763
The Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials
Higgins, J. P. T., Altman, D. G., Gotzsche, P. C., Juni, P., Moher, D., Oxman, A. D., Savovic, J., Schulz, K. F., Weeks, L., Sterne, J. A. C., et al. (2011) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.d5928 · Cited by 33,817
Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions: Cochrane Book Series
(2008) · doi:10.1002/9780470712184 · Cited by 25,048
Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions
Higgins, J. P. T., Green, S., & Ben Van Den, A. (2020) · International Coaching Psychology Review · doi:10.53841/bpsicpr.2020.15.2.123 · Cited by 5,670
Interrater Reliability of a Modified Ashworth Scale of Muscle Spasticity
Bohannon, R. W., & Smith, M. B. (1987) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.1093/ptj/67.2.206 · Cited by 5,461
GRADE guidelines: 4. Rating the quality of evidence—study limitations (risk of bias)
Guyatt, G. H., Oxman, A. D., Vist, G., Kunz, R., Brozek, J., Alonso-Coello, P., Montori, V., Akl, E. A., Djulbegovic, B., & Falck-Ytter, Y. (2011) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2010.07.017 · Cited by 2,798
Meta-analyses involving cross-over trials: methodological issues
Elbourne, D. R., Altman, D. G., Higgins, J. P., Curtin, F., Worthington, H. V., & Vail, A. (2002) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/31.1.140 · Cited by 2,305
Cannabidiol enhances anandamide signaling and alleviates psychotic symptoms of schizophrenia
Leweke, F. M., Piomelli, D., Pahlisch, F., Muhl, D., Gerth, C. W., Hoyer, C., Klosterkötter, J., Hellmich, M., & Koethe, D. (2012) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2012.15 · Cited by 1,059
Zajicek, J., Fox, P., Sanders, H., Wright, D., Vickery, J., Nunn, A., & Thompson, A. (2003) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(03)14738-1 · Cited by 827
Research works printed but not linked: 20
- [8]8. Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health. CADTH Peer Review Checklist for Search Strategies (Internet). Ottawa, Canada: CADTH; 2013. https://www.cadth.ca/resources/finding-evidence /cadth-peer-review-checklist-search-strategies. Accessed March 17, 2014.
- [14]14. Broder LE, Lean NL, Hilsenbeck SG. A randomized blinded clinical trial comparing delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and hydroxizine (HZ) as antiemetics (AE) for cancer chemotherapy (CT). Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res. 1982;23:514.
- [16]16. Hagenbach U, Luz S, Brenneisen R, Mäder M. The treatment of spasticity with D9-tetrahydrocannabinol (D9-THC) in patients with spinal cord injury. Paper presented at: IACM 2nd Conference on Cannabinoids in Medicine; September 12-13, 2003; Cologne, Germany.
- [18]18. Denver, CO. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;183(1):A2720.
- [46]46. Ungerleider JT, Andrysiak T, Fairbanks L, Goodnight J, Sarna G, Jamison K. Cannabis and cancer chemotherapy: a comparison of oral delta-9-THC and prochlorperazine. Cancer. 1982;50 (4):636-645.
- [48]48. Harden-Harrison MM, Munsell MF, Fisch MJ, et al. Dronabinol for the prevention of nausea from cyclophosphamide and/or adriamycin. Paper presented at: International MASCC/ISOO Symposium: Supportive Care in Cancer; June 28-30, 2012; New York, NY. Support Care Cancer. 2012;20:S209-S210.
- [50]50. Lane M, Vogel CL, Ferguson J, et al. Dronabinol and prochlorperazine in combination are better than either single agent alone for treatment of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol. 1989;8:326.
- [52]52. Chan HS, MacLeod SM, Correia JA. Nabilone vs prochlorperazine for control of cancer chemotherapy-induced emesis in children. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol. 1984;3:108.
- [54]54. Frytak S, Moertel CG, Ofallon JR. Comparison of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), prochlorperazine (PCP) and placebo as anti-emetics for cancer-chemotherapy. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res. 1979;20:391.
- [56]56. McCabe M, Smith FP, Goldberg D, et al. Comparative trial of oral 9 tetrahydrocannabinol and prochlorperazine for cancer chemotherapy related nausea and vomiting. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res and Am Soc Clin Oncol. 1981;22:416.
- [63]63. Ware M, Fitzcharles MA, Joseph L, Shir Y. The effects of nabilone on sleep in fibromyalgia: results of a randomized controlled trial. Paper presented at: Canadian Rheumatology Association Meeting; February 18-21, 2009; Kananaskis, AB: Canada. Abstract 149 J Rheumatol. 2009;36(11):2607.
- [80]80. Rog DJ, Nurmikko TJ, Friede T, Young CA. Randomized, controlled trial of cannabis-based medicine in central pain in multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 2005;65(6):812-819.
- [90]90. Abrams DI, Jay CA, Vizoso H, et al. Smoked cannabis therapy for HIV-related painful peripheral neuropathy: results of a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Paper presented at: IACM 3rd Conference on Cannabinoids in Medicine; September 9-10, 2005; Leiden, the Netherlands.
- [116]116. Cambridge Laboratories Ltd. A randomised, crossover, double blind comparison of the analgesic effect and patient tolerability of nabilone and dihydrocodeine in chronic neuropathic pain. metaRegister of Controlled Trials. http://isrctn.org /ISRCTN15330757. Accessed April 7, 2014.
- [136]136. Zajicek J, Reif M, Schnelle M; UK MUSEC Study Investigators. Cannabis extract in the treatment of muscle stiffness and other symptoms in multiple sclerosis -results of the MUSEC study. Paper presented at: IACM 5th Conference on Cannabinoids in Medicine; October 2-3, 2009; Cologne, Germany. 137.
- [93]93. Collin C, Ambler Z, Kent R, McCalla R. A randomised controlled study of Sativex® in patients with symptoms of spasticity due to multiple sclerosis. Paper presented at: 22nd Congress of the ECTRIMS; September 27-30, 2006; Madrid, Spain. 138. Robson P, Wade D, Makela P, House H, Bateman C. Cannabis-based medicinal extract (Sativex) produced significant improvements in a subjective measure of spasticity which were maintained on long-term treatment with no evidence of tolerance. Paper presented at: IACM 3rd Conference on Cannabinoids in Medicine; September 9-10, 2005; Leiden, the Netherlands. 139. Center for Medicinal Cannabis Research. Short-term effects of medicinal cannabis therapy on spasticity in multiple sclerosis. ClinicalTrials.gov. http://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00248378. Accessed April 7, 2014. 140. Institut fur Klinische Forschung Germany;
- [155]155. Rohleder C, Pahlisch F, Schaefer C, et al. The endocannabinoid system as a pharmacological target for antipsychotic treatment and more? Paper presented at: 8th International Conference on Early Psychosis: From Neurobiology to Public Policy; October 11-13, 2012; San Francisco, CA. Early Interv Psychiatry. 2012;6(suppl 1):7 doi:10.1111/j.1751-7893 .2012.00392.x. · DOI
- [164]164. International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use. MeDRA (Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities). http://www .meddra.org/. Accessed September 2, 2014.
- [178]178. Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health (CADTH). Cannabinoids as Co-Analgesics: Review of Clinical Effectiveness. Ottawa, Canada: Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health;2010.
- [179]179. Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health (CADTH). Cannabinoids for the Management of Neuropathic Pain: Review of Clinical Effectiveness. Ottawa, Canada: Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health);2010.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 901–1,000 of 1,002
Liew, K. L., Capuano, E., & Yung, B. (2021) · BMJ Case Reports · doi:10.1136/bcr-2021-244195 · Cited by 15
Taylor, S. W., McKetchnie, S. M., Batchelder, A., Justice, A. C., Safren, S. A., & O’Cleirigh, C. M. (2022) · AIDS Care · doi:10.1080/09540121.2022.2076801 · Cited by 15
Weighing the Benefits and Risks of Medical Marijuana Use: A Brief Review
Karst, A. C. (2018) · Pharmacy · doi:10.3390/pharmacy6040128 · Cited by 16
Liu, Z., Galettis, P., Broyd, S. J., van Hell, H., Greenwood, L., de Krey, P., Steigler, A., Zhu, X., Schneider, J., Solowij, N., et al. (2019) · Internal Medicine Journal · doi:10.1111/imj.14415 · Cited by 15
Rao, M., Jose, A., Thomas, L., Baburaj, G., & Munisamy, M. (2020) · Indian Journal of Palliative Care · doi:10.4103/ijpc.ijpc_155_19 · Cited by 15
Use of oral cannabis extracts in the pediatric palliative care setting: A retrospective chart review
Doherty, M., Power, L., Attala, M., & Vadeboncoeur, C. M. (2020) · Palliative Medicine · doi:10.1177/0269216320904315 · Cited by 15
Erukainure, O. L., Matsabisa, M. G., Salau, V. F., Erhabor, J. O., & Islam, M. S. (2021) · Comparative Clinical Pathology · doi:10.1007/s00580-021-03200-9 · Cited by 15
Köstenberger, M., Nahler, G., Jones, T., Neuwersch-Sommeregger, S., & Likar, R. (2021) · Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s11481-021-10010-x · Cited by 16
Ramer, R., & Hinz, B. (2025) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2025.108851 · Cited by 17
Standard, Complementary, and Future Treatment Options for Tics
Sharp, A. N., & Singer, H. S. (2018) · Current Developmental Disorders Reports · doi:10.1007/s40474-018-0138-1 · Cited by 14
A Changing Environment: 2016 NCSBN Environmental Scan
(2016) · Journal of Nursing Regulation · doi:10.1016/s2155-8256(16)31007-9 · Cited by 17
Patient views regarding cannabis use in chronic kidney disease and kidney failure: a survey study
Collister, D., Herrington, G., Delgado, L., Whitlock, R. H., Tennankore, K., Tangri, N., Goupil, R., Nadeau‐Fredette, A., Davison, S. N., Wald, R., et al. (2022) · Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation · doi:10.1093/ndt/gfac226 · Cited by 14
Salha, M. S., Adenusi, H., Dupuis, J. H., Bodo, E., Botta, B., McKenzie, I., Yada, R. Y., Farrar, D. H., Magolan, J., Tian, K. V., et al. (2023) · Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry · doi:10.1039/d3ob00383c · Cited by 14
Improving Quality of Life During Chemotherapy: Cannabinoids, Cryotherapy, and Scalp Cooling.
Michel, A., Lee, R., Salehi, E., & Accordino, M. (2023) · American Society of Clinical Oncology educational book. American Society of Clinical Oncology. Annual Meeting · doi:10.1200/edbk_390428 · Cited by 12
Cannabis constituents for chronic neuropathic pain; reconciling the clinical and animal evidence
Sokolaj, E. E., Assareh, N., Anderson, K. E., Aubrey, K. R., & Vaughan, C. W. (2023) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/jnc.15964 · Cited by 16
Trojan, V., Landa, L., Šulcová, A., Slíva, J., & Hřib, R. (2023) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom13101446 · Cited by 14
Cannabis use in the United States and its impact on gastrointestinal health
Alshaarawy, O., Balasubramanian, G., & Venkatesan, T. (2023) · Nutrition in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1002/ncp.11111 · Cited by 16
Moore, A., Karadag, P., Fisher, E., Crombez, G., Straube, S., & Eccleston, C. (2024) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000003140 · Cited by 17
Balneaves, L. G., Brown, A., Green, M., Prosk, E., Rapin, L., Monahan-Ellison, M., McMillan, E., Zaid, J., Dworkind, M., & Watling, C. Z. (2024) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-024-03370-7 · Cited by 14
Position statement on cannabis
Stein, D. J. (2016) · South African Medical Journal · doi:10.7196/samj.2016.v106i6.10863 · Cited by 14
Non-opioid medications for the relief of chronic breathlessness: current evidence
Barbetta, C., Currow, D. C., & Johnson, M. J. (2017) · Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine · doi:10.1080/17476348.2017.1305896 · Cited by 14
Vadivelu, N., Kai, A., Kodumudi, G., Sramcik, J., & Kaye, A. D. (2018) · Current Pain and Headache Reports · doi:10.1007/s11916-018-0656-x · Cited by 14
Chou, F. Y., Armstrong, H. L., Wang, L., Bacani, N., Lachowsky, N. J., Patterson, T. L., Walsh, Z., Olarewaju, G., Card, K. G., Roth, E. A., et al. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.01.015 · Cited by 14
New Concepts of Chronic Pain and the Potential Role of Complementary Therapies.
Wojcikowski, K., Vigar, V., & Oliver, C. J. (2020) · PubMed · Cited by 14
Cannabis for Symptom Management in Older Adults
Levy, C. R., Galenbeck, E., & Magid, K. H. (2020) · Medical Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.mcna.2020.01.004 · Cited by 16
The trajectory of “medical cannabis” in Israel: Driving medicalization in different directions
Zarhin, D. (2020) · International Journal of Drug Policy · doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.102809 · Cited by 14
Cannabinoid-Based Medicines and Multiple Sclerosis
Manera, C., & Bertini, S. (2020) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-57369-0_8 · Cited by 15
Oral Cannabinoid Preparations for the Treatment of Chronic Migraine: A Retrospective Study
Baraldi, C., Castro, F. L., Negro, A., Ferrari, A., Cainazzo, M. M., Pani, L., & Guérzoni, S. (2021) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1093/pm/pnab245 · Cited by 16
Borst, J. M., Costantini, T. W., Reilly, L., Smith, A. M., Stabley, R., Steele, J. T., Wintz, D., Bansal, V., Biffl, W. L., & Godat, L. N. (2021) · Trauma Surgery & Acute Care Open · doi:10.1136/tsaco-2021-000736 · Cited by 14
Cannabinoids for Symptom Management in Patients with Kidney Failure
Worth, H., O’Hara, D. V., Agarwal, N., Collister, D., Brennan, F., & Smyth, B. J. (2022) · Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology · doi:10.2215/cjn.11560821 · Cited by 15
Progress and Precision: The NCSBN 2018 Environmental Scan
National Council of State Boards of Nursing (2018) · Journal of Nursing Regulation · doi:10.1016/s2155-8256(18)30014-0 · Cited by 14
Schlag, A. K., Lynskey, M. T., Fayaz, A., Athanasiou‐Fragkouli, A., Brandner, B., Haja, B., Iveson, E., & Nutt, D. J. (2022) · Frontiers in Pain Research · doi:10.3389/fpain.2022.891498 · Cited by 15
Restoring Balance for People with Cancer Through Integrative Oncology
Fulop, J. A., Grimone, A., & Victorson, D. E. (2017) · Primary Care Clinics in Office Practice · doi:10.1016/j.pop.2017.02.009 · Cited by 14
Drug treatment strategies for insomnia in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder
Akinnusi, M. E., & Solh, A. A. E. (2019) · Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1080/14656566.2019.1574745 · Cited by 15
Montagnese, F., Stahl, K., Wenninger, S., & Schoser, B. G. H. (2019) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-019-09593-6 · Cited by 15
Bruce, D., Foster, E., & Shattell, M. M. (2019) · Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1080/08964289.2019.1683712 · Cited by 14
Preliminary assessment of medical cannabis consumption by cancer survivors
Zolotov, Y., Eshet, L., & Morag, O. (2020) · Complementary Therapies in Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2020.102592 · Cited by 14
Willingness to Use Cannabis for Gynecological Conditions: A National Survey
Han, L. L., Alton, K., Colwill, A. C., Jensen, J. T., McCrimmon, S., & Darney, B. G. (2020) · Journal of Women s Health · doi:10.1089/jwh.2020.8491 · Cited by 14
Medicinal cannabis use in palliative care
Herbert, A., & Hardy, J. R. (2021) · Australian Journal of General Practice · doi:10.31128/ajgp-02-21-5831 · Cited by 14
Creangă-Murariu, I., Rezuş, I.-I., Karami, R., Rancz, A., Zolcsák, Á., Engh, M. A., Obeidat, M., Tamba, B.-I., Hegyi, P., & Bunduc, Ș. (2025) · Current Oncology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11912-025-01695-x · Cited by 14
Cannabinoide in der Schmerzmedizin
Karst, M. (2018) · Der Schmerz · doi:10.1007/s00482-018-0299-1 · Cited by 11
Cannabis Dopaminergic Effects Induce Hallucinations in a Patient with Parkinson’s Disease
Pizzolato, K., Thacker, D. L., Toro-Pagán, N. M. D., Hanna, A., Turgeon, J., Matos, A., Amin, N. S., & Michaud, V. (2021) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina57101107 · Cited by 13
Rubin-Kahana, D. S., Hassan, A. N., Sanches, M., & Foll, B. L. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.836908 · Cited by 14
Afflitto, G. G., Aiello, F., Scuteri, D., Bagetta, G., & Nucci, C. (2022) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112981 · Cited by 16
Medical cannabis authorization patterns, safety, and associated effects in older adults
MacNair, L., Kalaba, M., Peters, E. N., Feldner, M. T., Eglit, G. M. L., Rapin, L., Hage, C. E., Prosk, E., & Ware, M. A. (2022) · Journal of Cannabis Research · doi:10.1186/s42238-022-00158-5 · Cited by 13
Weiss, J. H., Tervo‐Clemmens, B., Potter, K. W., Evins, A. E., & Gilman, J. M. (2023) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0001244 · Cited by 14
Should oncologists trust cannabinoids?
Creangă-Murariu, I., Filipiuc, L.-E., Cuciureanu, M. D., Tamba, B.-I., & Alexa‐Stratulat, T. (2023) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1211506 · Cited by 13
Kim, J., Hong, M., Han, J.-H., Ryu, B. R., Lim, Y.-S., Lim, J. D., Kim, C. H., Lee, S.-U., & Kwon, T.-H. (2023) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules28186439 · Cited by 13
Choi, K., Lee, Y., & Kim, C. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms242116013 · Cited by 13
Cannabinoids for Behavioral Symptoms in Dementia: An Overview
Broers, B., & Bianchi, F. (2024) · Pharmacopsychiatry · doi:10.1055/a-2262-7837 · Cited by 13
Schoeler, T., Baldwin, J. R., Martin, E., Barkhuizen, W., & Pingault, J. (2024) · Nature Mental Health · doi:10.1038/s44220-024-00261-x · Cited by 13
Carrascosa, A. J., Navarrete, F., Saldaña, R., García‐Gutiérrez, M. S., Moreno, B. M., Navarro, D., Gómez-Guijarro, F. M., Gasparyan, A., Murcia-Sánchez, E., Torregrosa, A. B., et al. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25116268 · Cited by 16
The Efficacy of Cannabis in Oncology Patient Care and Its Anti-Tumor Effects
Shalata, W., Saleh, O. A., Tourkey, L., Shalata, S., Neime, A. E., Abu‐Juma, A., Soklakova, A., Tourkey, L., Jama, A. A., & Yakobson, A. (2024) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers16162909 · Cited by 13
Syed, S. A., Singh, J., Elkholy, H. A., Palavra, I. R., Tomičević, M., Eric, A. P., da Costa, M. P., Gülöksüz, S., & Radhakrishnan, R. (2025) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1463871 · Cited by 13
The differential effects of medicinal cannabis on mental health: A systematic review
de Bode, N., Kroon, E., Sznitman, S. R., & Cousijn, J. (2025) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2025.102581 · Cited by 13
Potency Analysis of Medical Marijuana Products from New York State
Li, L., Duffy, B. C., Durocher, L. A., Dittmar, M. A., Acosta, R. A., Delaney-Baldwin, E. R., Li, L., Aldous, K. M., & Spink, D. C. (2019) · Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research · doi:10.1089/can.2018.0037 · Cited by 13
Synthesis of stable cannabidiol (CBD) nanoparticles in suspension
Štukelj, R., Benčina, M., Fanetti, M., Valant, M., Drab, M., Iglič, A., & Kralj‐Iglič, V. (2019) · Materiali in tehnologije · doi:10.17222/mit.2018.253 · Cited by 13
Pain management for patients with chronic kidney disease in the primary care setting
Lowe, K. M., & Robinson, D. (2019) · The Nurse Practitioner · doi:10.1097/01.npr.0000615544.81303.9c · Cited by 13
Cannabis packaging: An opportunity for facilitating informed decisions
Al-Hamdani, M., Joyce, K., Park, T., Cowie, M. E., & Stewart, S. (2020) · Journal of Consumer Affairs · doi:10.1111/joca.12325 · Cited by 11
Cannabis and the Gut–Brain Axis Communication in HIV Infection
Wilson, N., Peterson, S. N., & Ellis, R. J. (2020) · Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research · doi:10.1089/can.2020.0037 · Cited by 13
Ross, J., Slawek, D. E., Zhang, C., Starrels, J. L., LEVIN, F. R., Sohler, N., Minami, H., Arnsten, J. H., & Cunningham, C. O. (2021) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1093/pm/pnab257 · Cited by 13
Wójcik, P., Biernacki, M., Domian, N., Žarković, N., & Skrzydlewska, E. (2022) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom12060842 · Cited by 13
Hegde, V. V., Bracey, D. N., Johnson, R. M., Farsad, Y. Y., Dennis, D. A., & Jennings, J. M. (2022) · Arthroplasty Today · doi:10.1016/j.artd.2022.07.014 · Cited by 13
The potential utility of some legal highs in CNS disorders
Davidson, C., & Schifano, F. (2015) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.07.010 · Cited by 13
Cannabis and Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Hoffenberg, E. J., Newman, H., Collins, C. B., Tarbell, S. E., & Leinwand, K. L. (2016) · Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition · doi:10.1097/mpg.0000000000001393 · Cited by 13
Cannabis Use and Psychiatric Disorders: Implications for Mental Health and Addiction Treatment
Halah, M. P., Zochniak, M. P., Barr, M. S., & George, T. P. (2016) · Current Addiction Reports · doi:10.1007/s40429-016-0128-5 · Cited by 13
The Supply of Cannabis for Medical Use Through Cannabis Social Clubs in Belgium
Pardal, M., & Bawin, F. (2018) · Contemporary Drug Problems · doi:10.1177/0091450918768545 · Cited by 13
Welling, M. T., Liu, L., Hazekamp, A., Dowell, A., & King, G. J. W. (2019) · Medical Cannabis and Cannabinoids · doi:10.1159/000496868 · Cited by 17
“It’s All Good”: Perceived Benefits but not Perceived Risks or Worries among Adult Marijuana Users
Magnan, R. E., & Ladd, B. O. (2019) · Cannabis · doi:10.26828/cannabis.2019.02.001 · Cited by 13
Mental Health and Medical Cannabis Use among Youth and Young Adults in Canada
Wadsworth, E., Leos‐Toro, C., & Hammond, D. G. (2019) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826084.2019.1691594 · Cited by 13
Parallel Reaction Monitoring-Based Quantification of Cannabinoids in Whole Blood
Joye, T., Widmer, C., Favrat, B., Augsburger, M. P., & Thomas, A. (2019) · Journal of Analytical Toxicology · doi:10.1093/jat/bkz113 · Cited by 13
Medical cannabis use among individuals with cancer: An unresolved and timely issue
Nugent, S. M., Meghani, S. H., Rogal, S. S., & Merlin, J. S. (2020) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/cncr.32732 · Cited by 14
Sokratous, S., Kaikoush, K., Mpouzika, M. D. A., Alexandrou, G., & Karanikola, N. M. (2022) · BMC Nursing · doi:10.1186/s12912-022-00887-1 · Cited by 13
Mikropoulou, E. V., Basdeki, A., & Halabalaki, M. (2025) · Natural Product Reports · doi:10.1039/d5np00022j · Cited by 12
Chalabianloo, F., Fadnes, L. T., Høiseth, G., Ohldieck, C., Vold, J. H., Aas, C. F., Løberg, E., Johansson, K. A., & Bramness, J. G. (2021) · Substance Abuse Treatment Prevention and Policy · doi:10.1186/s13011-021-00367-w · Cited by 12
Harris, H. M., Gul, W., ElSohly, M. A., & Sufka, K. J. (2021) · Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research · doi:10.1089/can.2021.0050 · Cited by 12
Cameron, L. D., Fleszar‐Pavlović, S. E., Yepez, M., Manzo, R. D., & Brown, P. (2022) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-022-00299-1 · Cited by 13
Vallée, A. (2023) · European Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ejim.2023.02.020 · Cited by 12
Murray, C. J., Vecchiarelli, H. A., & Tremblay, M. (2023) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2023.1119552 · Cited by 12
Yaseen, B., Gangwar, C., Nayak, R., Kumar, I., Sarkar, J., Baker, A., Prasad, S., & Naik, R. M. (2023) · Inorganic Chemistry Communications · doi:10.1016/j.inoche.2023.111254 · Cited by 12
Nascimento, G. C., Escobar-Espinal, D. M., Bálico, G. G., da Silva, N. R., & Del-Bel, E. (2024) · International review of neurobiology · doi:10.1016/bs.irn.2024.04.016 · Cited by 14
Development of efficient and scalable regeneration tissue culture method for Cannabis sativa
Sorokin, A., & Kovalchuk, I. (2024) · Plant Science · doi:10.1016/j.plantsci.2024.112296 · Cited by 18
Leveraging user perspectives for insight into cannabis concentrates
Cavazos‐Rehg, P. A., Krauss, M. J., Sowles, S. J., Floyd, G. M., Cahn, E. S., Chaitan, V. L., & Ponton, M. (2018) · The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse · doi:10.1080/00952990.2018.1436179 · Cited by 12
Utilization of medicinal cannabis for pain by individuals with spinal cord injury
Stillman, M. D., Capron, M., Mallow, M. K., Ransom, T. E., Gustafson, K., Bell, A., & Graves, D. E. (2019) · Spinal Cord Series and Cases · doi:10.1038/s41394-019-0208-6 · Cited by 12
Why Marijuana Will Not Fix the Opioid Epidemic.
Finn, K. P. (2018) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 12
Poghosyan, H., Noonan, E. J., Badri, P., Braun, I. M., & Young, G. J. (2021) · Nursing Outlook · doi:10.1016/j.outlook.2021.01.012 · Cited by 12
Chayama, K. L., Valleriani, J., Ng, C., Haines‐Saah, R., Capler, R., Milloy, M., Small, W., & McNeil, R. (2021) · Drug and Alcohol Review · doi:10.1111/dar.13294 · Cited by 12
Pros and Cons of the Cannabinoid System in Cancer: Focus on Hematological Malignancies
Irrera, N., Bitto, A., Sant’Antonio, E., Lauro, R., Musolino, C., & Allegra, A. (2021) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules26133866 · Cited by 12
Substance Addiction and the Hand Surgery Patient: A Comprehensive Review
Zeiderman, M. R., & Pereira, C. T. (2021) · The Journal Of Hand Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2021.05.016 · Cited by 12
Ji, S., Yang, W., & Yu, W. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-01767-5 · Cited by 12
Berey, B. L., Aston, E. R., Gebru, N. M., & Merrill, J. E. (2022) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/pha0000542 · Cited by 12
Fadaka, A. O., Taiwo, O. A., Dosumu, O. A., Owolabi, O. P., Ojo, A. B., Sibuyi, N. R. S., Ullah, S., Klein, A., Madiehe, A. M., Meyer, M., et al. (2022) · Journal of Molecular Liquids · doi:10.1016/j.molliq.2022.119393 · Cited by 12
Sotoodeh, R., Waldman, L. E., Vigano, A. A. L., Moride, Y., Canac‐Marquis, M., Spilak, T., Gamaoun, R., Kalaba, M., Hachem, Y., Beaulieu, P., et al. (2022) · Arthritis Care & Research · doi:10.1002/acr.24985 · Cited by 15
Manning, B., Hayley, A. C., Catchlove, S. J., Shiferaw, B. A., Stough, C. K. K., & Downey, L. A. (2023) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/02698811231170360 · Cited by 13
Medicinal cannabis for pain: Real-world data on three-month changes in symptoms and quality of life
O’Brien, K., Beilby, J., Frans, M., Lynskey, M. T., Barnes, M., Jayasuriya, M., Athanasiou‐Fragkouli, A., Blair, P., & Nutt, D. J. (2023) · Drug Science Policy and Law · doi:10.1177/20503245231172535 · Cited by 14
“The Times They Are A-Changin’”
Ricco, J. A., Danner, C. C., Pereira, C. R., & Philbrick, A. M. (2017) · PRiMER · doi:10.22454/primer.2017.593677 · Cited by 12
Mães pela cannabis medicinal em um Brasil aterrorizado entre luzes e fantasmas
Carvalho, V. M., de Brito, M. S., & Gandra, M. (2017) · Forum Sociológico · doi:10.4000/sociologico.1747 · Cited by 12
Cannabidiol (CBD) Oil, Cancer, and Symptom Management: A Google Trends Analysis of Public Interest
Narayanan, S., Neto, F. L., Tanco, K. C., Lopez, G., Liu, W., Bruera, E. D., & Subbiah, V. (2020) · The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine · doi:10.1089/acm.2019.0428 · Cited by 12
Wright, P., Walsh, Z., Margolese, S. L., Sanchez, T., Arlt, S., Belle‐Isle, L., Pierre, M. S., Bell, A., Daeninck, P. J., Gagnon, M., et al. (2020) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-036114 · Cited by 12
Use of medical marijuana in cystic fibrosis patients
Stephen, M. J., Chowdhury, J., Tejada, L. A., Zanni, R. L., & Hadjiliadis, D. (2020) · BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies · doi:10.1186/s12906-020-03116-x · Cited by 12
Metadata
- Authors
- Whiting, P. F., Wolff, R. F., Deshpande, S., Di Nisio, M., Duffy, S., Hernandez, A. V., Keurentjes, J. C., Lang, S., Misso, K., Ryder, S., Schmidlkofer, S., Westwood, M., & Kleijnen, J.
- Affiliations
- University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
- Kleijnen Systematic Reviews (United Kingdom) (GB)
- Department of Medical, Oral, and Biotechnological Sciences, University “G. D'Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy5Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Medical School, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), Lima, Peru7Health Outcomes and Clinical Epidemiology Section, Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
- Radboud University Medical Center (NL)
- Institut für Epidemiologie und kongenitale Erkrankungen, Cepicon GmbH, Hamburg, Germany
- Maastricht University (NL)
- ORCID
- Venue
- JAMA
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2015-06-23
- Volume
- 313
- Issue
- 24
- Pages
- 2456
- ISSN
- 0002-9955 (ISSN-L)
- 0098-7484
- OpenAlex
- W2120227293
- Semantic Scholar
- 029bce497e0633eb2a7895cfd3b315f9c462dd5f
- Cited by
- 2,169
- References
- 137
- Citations by year
- 2026: 119 · 2025: 166 · 2024: 168 · 2023: 200 · 2022: 220 · 2021: 262 · 2020: 272 · 2019: 230 · 2018: 209 · 2017: 159 · 2016: 131 · 2015: 33
- FWCI
- 22.34
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- JAMA (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Bristol Research (University of Bristol) (publishedVersion)
- Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Americanae (AECID Library) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Explore Bristol Research (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Nausea and vomiting management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Complementary and Alternative Medicine Studies
- Keywords
- cannabinoids, medical cannabis, nausea and vomiting, chemotherapy-induced nausea, chronic pain, spasticity, multiple sclerosis, depression, anxiety, sleep disorders, psychosis, glaucoma, Tourette syndrome, adverse events, quality of life, activities of daily living, risk of bias, placebo comparison
- MeSH terms
- Anorexia, Mental Disorders, Cannabinoids, Tourette Syndrome, Glaucoma, Humans, Muscle Spasticity, Nausea, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Chronic Pain, Medical Marijuana
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
