The DOI matches its Crossref record; 18 of the 19 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 1 of the 9 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016
Open accessAbstract
Importance: US health care spending has continued to increase and now accounts for 18% of the US economy, although little is known about how spending on each health condition varies by payer, and how these amounts have changed over time. Objective: To estimate US spending on health care according to 3 types of payers (public insurance [including Medicare, Medicaid, and other government programs], private insurance, or out-of-pocket payments) and by health condition, age group, sex, and type of care for 1996 through 2016. Design and Setting: Government budgets, insurance claims, facility records, household surveys, and official US records from 1996 through 2016 were collected to estimate spending for 154 health conditions. Spending growth rates (standardized by population size and age group) were calculated for each type of payer and health condition. Exposures: Ambulatory care, inpatient care, nursing care facility stay, emergency department care, dental care, and purchase of prescribed pharmaceuticals in a retail setting. Main Outcomes and Measures: National spending estimates stratified by health condition, age group, sex, type of care, and type of payer and modeled for each year from 1996 through 2016. Results: Total health care spending increased from an estimated $1.4 trillion in 1996 (13.3% of gross domestic product [GDP]; $5259 per person) to an estimated $3.1 trillion in 2016 (17.9% of GDP; $9655 per person); 85.2% of that spending was included in this study. In 2016, an estimated 48.0% (95% CI, 48.0%-48.0%) of health care spending was paid by private insurance, 42.6% (95% CI, 42.5%-42.6%) by public insurance, and 9.4% (95% CI, 9.4%-9.4%) by out-of-pocket payments. In 2016, among the 154 conditions, low back and neck pain had the highest amount of health care spending with an estimated $134.5 billion (95% CI, $122.4-$146.9 billion) in spending, of which 57.2% (95% CI, 52.2%-61.2%) was paid by private insurance, 33.7% (95% CI, 30.0%-38.4%) by public insurance, and 9.2% (95% CI, 8.3%-10.4%) by out-of-pocket payments. Other musculoskeletal disorders accounted for the second highest amount of health care spending (estimated at $129.8 billion [95% CI, $116.3-$149.7 billion]) and most had private insurance (56.4% [95% CI, 52.6%-59.3%]). Diabetes accounted for the third highest amount of the health care spending (estimated at $111.2 billion [95% CI, $105.7-$115.9 billion]) and most had public insurance (49.8% [95% CI, 44.4%-56.0%]). Other conditions estimated to have substantial health care spending in 2016 were ischemic heart disease ($89.3 billion [95% CI, $81.1-$95.5 billion]), falls ($87.4 billion [95% CI, $75.0-$100.1 billion]), urinary diseases ($86.0 billion [95% CI, $76.3-$95.9 billion]), skin and subcutaneous diseases ($85.0 billion [95% CI, $80.5-$90.2 billion]), osteoarthritis ($80.0 billion [95% CI, $72.2-$86.1 billion]), dementias ($79.2 billion [95% CI, $67.6-$90.8 billion]), and hypertension ($79.0 billion [95% CI, $72.6-$86.8 billion]). The conditions with the highest spending varied by type of payer, age, sex, type of care, and year. After adjusting for changes in inflation, population size, and age groups, public insurance spending was estimated to have increased at an annualized rate of 2.9% (95% CI, 2.9%-2.9%); private insurance, 2.6% (95% CI, 2.6%-2.6%); and out-of-pocket payments, 1.1% (95% CI, 1.0%-1.1%). Conclusions and Relevance: Estimates of US spending on health care showed substantial increases from 1996 through 2016, with the highest increases in population-adjusted spending by public insurance. Although spending on low back and neck pain, other musculoskeletal disorders, and diabetes accounted for the highest amounts of spending, the payers and the rates of change in annual spending growth rates varied considerably.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
1 of 9 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“33.7% (95% CI, 30.0%-38.4%) by public insurance”
- Also stated in: § Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition in 2016 · plain
“33.7% (95% CI, 30.0%-38.4%)paid by public insurance”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Abstract
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition in 2016 · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“urinary diseases ($86.0 billion [95% CI, $76.3-$95.9billion])”
- Also stated in: § Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition in 2016 · hedged
“urinary diseases at $86.0 billion (95% CI, $76.3 billion-$95.9billion)”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Abstract
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition in 2016 · hedged
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and out-of-pocket payments, 1.1% (95% CI, 1.0%-1.1%)”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“9.4% (95% CI, 9.4%-9.4%)by out-of-pocket payments”
- Also stated in: § Health Care Spending by Payer, Age, and Aggregated Health Condition in 2016 · hedged
“an estimated $255.2 billion (95% CI, $255.0 billion-$255.2billion) or 9.4% (95% CI, 9.4%-9.4%)by out-of-pocket payments”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Abstract
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § Health Care Spending by Payer, Age, and Aggregated Health Condition in 2016 · hedged
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Diabetes accounted for the third highest amount of the health care spending (estimated at $111.2 billion [95% CI, $105.7-$115.9billion])”
- Also stated in: § Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition in 2016 · hedged
“diabetes at $111.2 billion (95% CI, $105.7 billion-$115.9billion)”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Abstract
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition in 2016 · hedged
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“government administration and net cost of insurance programs was 9.8% (range, 8.9%-10.5%) in 2016.”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Health Care Spending by Payer, Age, and Aggregated Health Condition in 2016
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“falls ($87.4 billion [95% CI, $75.0-$100.1 billion])”
- Also stated in: § Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition in 2016 · plain
“falls at $87.4 billion (95% CI, $75.0 billion-$100.1 billion)”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Abstract
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition in 2016 · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In 2016, an estimated 48.0% (95% CI, 48.0%-48.0%) of health care spending was paid by private insurance”
- Also stated in: § Health Care Spending by Payer, Age, and Aggregated Health Condition in 2016 · hedged
“In 2016, an estimated $1.3 trillion (95% CI, $1.3 trillion-$1.3trillion) or 48.0%(95% CI, 48.0%-48.0%) of total spending was accounted for by private insurance”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Abstract
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § Health Care Spending by Payer, Age, and Aggregated Health Condition in 2016 · hedged
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“hypertension ($79.0 billion [95% CI, $72.6-$86.8billion])”
- Also stated in: § Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition in 2016 · hedged
“hypertension at $79.0 billion (95% CI, $72.6 billion-$86.8billion)”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Abstract
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition in 2016 · hedged
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“ischemic heart disease ($89.3 billion [95% CI, $81.1-$95.5 billion])”
- Also stated in: § Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition in 2016 · hedged
“ischemic heart disease at $89.3 billion (95% CI, $81.1 billion-$95.5 billion)”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Abstract
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition in 2016 · hedged
- Probably not a substantial claim. 21
- It may state two separate claims as one. 13
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Recent studies suggest that these subsidies accounted for $146 billion of health care costs in 2017.32”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [32] 32. GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet. 2016;388(10053): 1545-1602. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Methods (Data sources; page unavailable) describe insurance claims used to estimate disease prevalence, not the cost of employer-sponsored insurance subsidies. Searches for “$146 billion,” “2017,” and employer-sponsored insurance subsidies found no passage addressing the claimed amount. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Could not verify
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The conditions with the highest spending varied by type of payer, age, sex, type of care, and year.”
- Also stated in: § Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition in 2016 · plain
“Spending varied based on type of care, age, and payer.”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition in 2016 · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Figure 3C shows that spending on diabetes occurs later in life than low back and neck pain and other musculoskeletal disorders and is generally financed by public insurance.”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Downloaded From: https://jamanetwork.com/ on 08/20/2023
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, there was higher spending for ischemic heart disease among men at younger ages than among women, and higher spending among women at older ages than among men.”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Downloaded From: https://jamanetwork.com/ on 08/20/2023
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“there was higher spending among men at older ages with a major increase at aged 55 years”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Downloaded From: https://jamanetwork.com/ on 08/20/2023
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Figure 3A shows that private insurance funded most of the modeled health care spending for low back and neck pain, whereas public insurance played a substantive role for the population aged 65 years or older, and out-of-pocket payments were relatively constant across age groups (when measured as a fraction of the total amount of low back and neck pain spending).”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Downloaded From: https://jamanetwork.com/ on 08/20/2023
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Out-of-pocket payments varied much less across age and sex than across public and private insurance, with the highest spending found among individuals older than aged 85 years.”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Health Care Spending by Payer, Age, and Aggregated Health Condition in 2016
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Health Care Estimated Spending in 2016 for the 100 Most Expensive Health Conditions of the 154 Health Conditions Analyzed”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Limitations
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Health Care Estimated Spending in 2016 for the 54 Least Expensive of the 154 Health Conditions Analyzed”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Limitations
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“154 Health Conditions Analyzed”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Limitations
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, bootstrapping methods only capture a subset of uncertainty and do not reflect the uncertainty associated with some modeling decisions and processes.”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Quantifying Uncertainty
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Bootstrapping methods assume that the empirical distribution of the errors in the sample data approximates the population's distribution.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Estimates of US spending on health care showed substantial increases from 1996 through 2016, with the highest increases in population-adjusted spending by public insurance.”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although spending on low back and neck pain, other musculoskeletal disorders, and diabetes accounted for the highest amounts of spending, the payers and the rates of change in annual spending growth rates varied considerably.”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Due to these limitations, the 95% CIs should be used as a relative indication of when the measurements are the most precise rather than as exact 95% CIs.”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Quantifying Uncertainty
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Bootstrapping methods assume that the empirical distribution of the errors in the sample data approximates the population's distribution.
In the paper
“Excluded from this study were home health care (2.6% of total health care spending between 1996 and 2016); durable medical equipment and nondurable medical products, which include over-the-counter medicines (3.7%); government public health activities (2.9%); and research and infrastructure investment (5.6%).”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Results
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [3] 3. Emergency department care F 0 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 Mean spending for 1996-2016, % Public insurance, 48.8 Private insurance, 47.0
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“the health burden (measured using disability-adjusted healthyears) increased by only 1.3% annually.25”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [25] 25. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Results from the 2016 national survey on drug use and health: detailed tables. http://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/results-2016- national-survey-drug-use-and-health-detailed- tables. Published September 7, 2017. Accessed January 23, 2020.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, the point estimate (ie, the reported value) of a percentile interval bootstrap is not based on the observed data but is instead based on the mean of the bootstrap draws and can be skewed in some cases.”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Quantifying Uncertainty
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Bootstrapping methods assume that the empirical distribution of the errors in the sample data approximates the population's distribution.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“these estimates are, at the time of publication, 3 years out of date.”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Limitations
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the many statistical adjustments and modeling necessary to complete this study are only as strong as the underlying data.”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Limitations
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This study assessed health care spending, which for many reasons differs from actual health system costs.”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Discussion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, it is unclear if the health condition, age group, and sex distribution for this spending actually reflects regular health care spending paid by public insurance.”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Discussion
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“it is estimated that specialty drugs contributed to 43% of net pharmaceutical spending across all health conditions despite only being 2% of the volume in 2016.29”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [29] 29. Patrick SW, Schumacher RE, Benneyworth BD, Krans EE, McAllister JM, Davis MM. Neonatal abstinence syndrome and associated health care expenditures: United States, 2000-2009. JAMA. 2012;307(18):1934-1940. doi:10.1001/jama.2012.3951 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, the data used in this study are imperfect.”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Limitations
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“this study cannot make any claims regarding the efficiency and effectiveness of these spending amounts and whether the trends are best suited in meeting national objectives to optimize the value of health care spending overall.”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Limitations
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This classification aligns with US government accounting in the National Health Expenditure Accounts”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Discussion
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the estimates extend 3 additional years through 2016”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Discussion
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the study did not provide granular and potentially distinct spending trends associated with the 2 major government insurance programs, Medicare and Medicaid”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Limitations
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the MEPS and other data sources exclude active military personnel, incarcerated individuals, and homeless individuals.”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Limitations
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the payers with the highest spending for each health condition may have been underrepresented in the survey data due to the infrequency in which these cases occur.”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Limitations
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These subsidies are indirect contributions from the government and provide further explanation as to why these estimates do not account for the health care system's entire effect on the government.”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the current study, spending was attributed to the entity that managed the spending rather than the originating source of the resources.”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Discussion
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
The paper relies on this without support.
Little is known about how spending by each type of payer is divided across health conditions.
“Although the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services provides annual estimates of total health care spending for each of these programs, little is known about how spending by each type of payer is divided across health conditions.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Bootstrapping methods assume that the empirical distribution of the errors in the sample data approximates the population's distribution.
“Bootstrapping methods assume that the empirical distribution of the errors in the sample data approximates the population's distribution.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Women live longer than men on average.
“on average, women live longer than men”
The paper relies on this without support.
Women are less likely to have an in-home informal caregiver (eg, a spouse) than men.
“are less likely to have an in-home informal caregiver (eg, a spouse)”
The paper relies on this without support.
Baby boomers will age into the years most affected by dementia.
“as baby boomers age into the years most affected by the disease”
The paper relies on this without support.
Out-of-pocket payments are not distributed evenly or according to individuals' ability to pay.
“the 9.4% (95% CI, 9.4%-9.4%)that is financed by out-of-pocket payments (in 2016) is not distributed evenly or in accordance to individuals' ability to pay.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Healthcare expenditure has become a significant component of global spending14, and many health systems face challenges to improve efficiency and provide sustainable care15,16.”
From Early prediction of diagnostic-related groups and estimation of hospital cost by processing clinical notes (2021) · cites this paper as [16]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Study coverage is reported as both 85.2% and 86.8%
MinorThe paper gives two different percentages for the share of health care spending included in the study over 1996-2016.
“The data reflected 85.2% of health care spending between 1996 and 2016.”
“During this period, 86.8% of this spending was included in this study.”
Citations
Cites
Vos, T., Allen, C., Arora, M., Barber, R. M., Bhutta, Z. A., Brown, A., Carter, A., Casey, D. C., Charlson, F. J., Chen, A. Z., et al. (2016) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31678-6 · Cited by 7,253
Self-citationThe Statistical Analysis of Compositional Data
Aitchison, J. (1986) · doi:10.1007/978-94-009-4109-0 · Cited by 4,383
The Statistical Analysis of Compositional Data
Aitchison, J. (1982) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B (Statistical Methodology) · doi:10.1111/j.2517-6161.1982.tb01195.x · Cited by 3,457
A better lemon squeezer? maximum-likelihood regression with beta-distributed dependent variables.
Smithson, M., & Verkuilen, J. (2006) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.11.1.54 · Cited by 1,788
US spending on personal health care and public health, 1996-2013.
Dieleman, J. L., Baral, R., Birger, M., Bui, A. L., Bulchis, A., Chapin, A., Hamavid, H., Horst, C., Johnson, E. K., Joseph, J., et al. (2016) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2016.16885 · Cited by 1,044
Self-citationNeonatal Abstinence Syndrome and Associated Health Care Expenditures: United States, 2000-2009
Patrick, S. W., Schumacher, R. E., Benneyworth, B. D., Krans, E. E., McAllister, J. M., & Davis, M. M. (2012) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2012.3951 · Cited by 907
Chou, R., Deyo, R. A., Friedly, J. L., Skelly, A. C., Weimer, M. B., Fu, R., Dana, T., Kraegel, P., Griffin, J. C., & Grusing, S. (2017) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/m16-2458 · Cited by 893
Chou, R., Deyo, R., Friedly, J., Skelly, A., Hashimoto, R., Weimer, M., Fu, R., Dana, T., Kraegel, P., Griffin, J., et al. (2017) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/m16-2459 · Cited by 855
Chang, A. Y., Cowling, K., Micah, A. E., Chapin, A., Chen, C. S., Ikilezi, G., Sadat, N., Tsakalos, G., Wu, J., Younker, T., et al. (2019) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(19)30841-4 · Cited by 520
Self-citationNeonatal Abstinence Syndrome and Associated Health Care Expenditures
Patrick, S. W., Schumacher, R. E., Benneyworth, B. D., Krans, E. E., McAllister, J. M., & Davis, M. M. (2013) · Obstetric Anesthesia Digest · doi:10.1097/01.aoa.0000429117.48176.cc · Cited by 454
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 19 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Morrisey, Health Insurance, 1
- CurrieJ, HoK, KellyBR, KuziemkoI. Who will be our moral conscience now? a tribute to Uwe Reinhardt. https://www.healthaffairs.org/do/10.1377/hblog20190805.922868/full/. Accessed February 4, 2020. · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 301–400 of 1,297
Systemic Bevacizumab for Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis: A Single Institution's Experience
So, R. J., Rayle, C., Joo, H. H., et al. (2024) · The Laryngoscope · doi:10.1002/lary.31387 · Cited by 16
Applying AI to Safely and Effectively Scale Care to Address Chronic MSK Conditions
Areias, A. C., Janela, D., Moulder, R. G., Jr., Molinos, M., Bento, V., Moreira, C., Yanamadala, V., Correia, F. D., & Costa, F. M. T. A. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm13154366 · Cited by 21
Jukema, R., Dahdal, J., Kooijman, E., Wahedi, E., de Winter, R. W., Guglielmo, M., Cramer, M. J., van der Harst, P., Remmelzwaal, S., Raijmakers, P. G. H. M., et al. (2024) · Heart · doi:10.1136/heartjnl-2024-324248 · Cited by 19
Scheer, J. K., Areias, A. C., Molinos, M., Janela, D., Moulder, R. G., Jr., Laíns, J., Bento, V., Yanamadala, V., Correia, F. D., & Costa, F. M. T. A. (2023) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/44316 · Cited by 21
Financial Toxicity in People With Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Bloomfeld, R. S., & Bickston, S. J. (2020) · Inflammatory Bowel Diseases · doi:10.1093/ibd/izaa267 · Cited by 16
Zhu, M.-Y., Jin, H., Yin, Y.-J., Xu, Y., & Zhu, Y.-G. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-83914-2 · Cited by 19
Hergenroeder, A., Quinn, T. D., Perdomo, S. J., Kline, C. E., & Gibbs, B. B. (2022) · Work · doi:10.3233/wor-205178 · Cited by 18
Manchikanti, L., Kaye, A. D., Latchaw, R. E., Sanapati, M. R., Pampati, V., Gharibo, C. G., Albers, S. L., & Hirsch, J. A. (2023) · Pain and Therapy · doi:10.1007/s40122-023-00476-3 · Cited by 15
Zhang, W., Wang, D., Li, H., Xu, G., Zhang, H., Xu, C., & Li, J. (2023) · Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology · doi:10.3389/fbioe.2023.1155357 · Cited by 16
Zhu, S., Wang, J., Suo, M., Huang, H., Liu, X., Wang, J., & Li, Z. (2023) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2023.102094 · Cited by 16
Self-citationGlobal burden of neck pain in 204 countries from 1990–2019
Li, Y., Zhang, S., & Shu, P. (2023) · Archives of Medical Science · doi:10.5114/aoms/170962 · Cited by 15
Lucia, A. D., Perlini, C., Chiarotto, A., Pachera, S., Pasini, I., Piccolo, L. D., & Donisi, V. (2024) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/55366 · Cited by 17
Mehling, W. E., Strigo, I. A., Goldman, V. M., Hartogensis, W., Adler, S. R., Lotz, J. C., & Hecht, F. M. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0307690 · Cited by 18
Burden of Respiratory Infection and Tuberculosis Among US States from 1990 to 2019
Zhong, W., Bragazzi, N. L., Kong, J. D., Safiri, S., Behzadifar, M., Liu, J., Liu, X., & Wang, W. (2021) · Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.2147/clep.s314802 · Cited by 15
Francio, V. T., Gill, B., Rupp, A., Sack, A., & Sayed, D. (2021) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare9111554 · Cited by 15
Yeh, C. H., Kawi, J., Ni, A., & Christo, P. J. (2021) · Pain Management Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.pmn.2021.11.007 · Cited by 15
Belton, J. L., Slater, H., Ravindran, T. K. S., & Briggs, A. M. (2022) · Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy · doi:10.2519/jospt.2022.11427 · Cited by 16
Elton, D., Kosloff, T. M., Zhang, M., Advani, P., Guo, Y., Shimotsu, S. T., Sy, S., & Feuer, A. (2022) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2022.06.17.22276443 · Cited by 16
From Life Span to Health Span: Declaring “Victory” in the Pursuit of Human LongevityPreprint
Olshansky, S. J. (2022) · Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine · doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a041480 · Cited by 17
Shao, M., Chen, J., Zhang, F., Su, Q., Lin, X., Wang, W., Chen, C., Ren, H., Zheng, S., Hui, S., et al. (2024) · Renal Failure · doi:10.1080/0886022x.2024.2403653 · Cited by 14
Self-citationKawi, J., Yeh, C. H., Lukkahatai, N., Wu, H., Morone, N. E., Glick, R. M., Schlenk, E. A., Campbell, C. M., Thrul, J., Huang, X., et al. (2025) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1093/pm/pnaf035 · Cited by 19
ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Cervical Pain or Cervical Radiculopathy: 2024 Update
Eldaya, R. W., Parsons, M. S., Hutchins, T. A., et al. (2025) · Journal of the American College of Radiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacr.2025.02.035 · Cited by 14
Volume and Intensity of Walking and Risk of Chronic Low Back Pain
Haddadj, R., Nordstoga, A. L., Nilsen, T. I. L., Skarpsno, E. S., Kongsvold, A., Flaaten, M., Schipperijn, J., Bach, K., & Mork, P. J. (2025) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.15592 · Cited by 16
Sun, G., Xu, D., Jiang, Y., Su, K., Lü, J., & Zhou, C. (2025) · Cellular & Molecular Biology Letters · doi:10.1186/s11658-025-00802-x · Cited by 18
Nguyen, N. H., Zhang, X., Long, M. D., Sandborn, W. J., Kappelman, M. D., & Singh, S. (2021) · Digestive Diseases and Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10620-021-07082-3 · Cited by 14
Nguyen, N. H., Patel, S., Gabunilas, J., Qian, A. S., Cecil, A., Jairath, V., Sandborn, W. J., Lucila Ohno-machado, A., Chen, P. L., & Singh, S. (2022) · Clinical and Translational Gastroenterology · doi:10.14309/ctg.0000000000000507 · Cited by 13
Wadhwa, H., Leung, C., Sklar, M., et al. (2022) · Neurosurgery · doi:10.1227/neu.0000000000002140 · Cited by 14
Vertsberger, D., Talmon, A., Ziadni, M. S., Kong, J., Darnall, B. D., Manber, R., Mackey, S., & Gross, J. J. (2022) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1093/pm/pnac151 · Cited by 16
A model for personalized diagnostics for non-specific low back pain: the role of the myofascial unit
Sikdar, S., Srbely, J. Z., Shah, J. P., Assefa, Y. M., Stecco, A., DeStefano, S., Imamura, M., & Gerber, L. H. (2023) · Frontiers in Pain Research · doi:10.3389/fpain.2023.1237802 · Cited by 16
U.S. dementia care spending by state: 2010–2019
Lastuka, A., Breshock, M. R., McHugh, T. A., Sogge, W. T., Swart, V. M., & Dieleman, J. L. (2024) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.13746 · Cited by 14
Self-citationMinimal Clinically Important Change of Movement Pain in Musculoskeletal Pain Conditions
Fleagle, T. R., Post, A. A., Dailey, D. L., Vance, C. G. T., Zimmerman, M. B., Bayman, E. O., Crofford, L. J., Sluka, K. A., & Chimenti, R. L. (2024) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2024.03.003 · Cited by 14
Fossa, A. J., D’Souza, J. C., Bergmans, R. S., Zivin, K., & Adar, S. D. (2024) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2024.109016 · Cited by 14
Vidal, R., Grotle, M., Johnsen, M. B., Yvernay, L., Hartvigsen, J., Ostelo, R., Kjønø, L. G., Enstad, C. L., Killingmo, R. M., Halsnes, E. H., et al. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2024.111593 · Cited by 16
Evaluation of the Multi-Cancer Early Detection (MCED) value of YiDiXie ™ -HS and YiDiXie ™ -SSPreprint
Sun, C., Lu, C., Zhang, Y., et al. (2024) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2024.03.11.24303683 · Cited by 14
Puterflam, J., Comis, J., Lan, Q., Liu, C., Lipschitz, A. J., Grunstein, R., Ferreira, P., & Gordon, C. (2022) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2022.101672 · Cited by 11
Hazazi, A., Wilson, A. J., & Larkin, S. (2022) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare10112294 · Cited by 14
Deconstructing cellular senescence in bone and beyond
Hofbauer, L. C., Lademann, F., & Rauner, M. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci169069 · Cited by 17
Gleadhill, C., Dooley, K., Kamper, S. J., Manvell, N., Corrigan, M., Cashin, A. G., Birchill, N., Donald, B., Leyland, M., Delbridge, A., et al. (2023) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-071489 · Cited by 13
Areias, A. C., Janela, D., Molinos, M., Moulder, R. G., Jr., Bento, V., Yanamadala, V., Cohen, S. P., Correia, F. D., & Costa, F. M. T. A. (2023) · JMIR Rehabilitation and Assistive Technologies · doi:10.2196/49673 · Cited by 14
Roseen, E. J., Patel, K. V., Ward, R. E., deGrauw, X., Atlas, S. J., Bartels, S. J., Keysor, J. J., & Bean, J. F. (2023) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-023-08438-3 · Cited by 14
Giusto, J. D., Cohen, D., Dadoo, S., et al. (2024) · Journal of ISAKOS Joint Disorders & Orthopaedic Sports Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.jisako.2024.04.004 · Cited by 13
Jiang, Y., Wang, L., Dong, Z., Xia, B., & Pang, S. (2024) · Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.1111/1753-0407.13563 · Cited by 12
Hout, J. D., & Ryu, J. (2024) · Safety Science · doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2024.106669 · Cited by 13
Tam, K., & Baar, K. (2024) · Matrix Biology · doi:10.1016/j.matbio.2024.12.001 · Cited by 17
Treating Opioid Use Disorder and Opioid Withdrawal in the Context of Fentanyl
Martinez, S., Ellis, J. D., Bergeria, C. L., Huhn, A. S., & Dunn, K. E. (2025) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-081423-023518 · Cited by 16
Chu, C. R., Hochberg, M. C., White, D. K., Rodeo, S. A., Huard, J., Shapiro, S. A., Lattermann, C. M., & Guilak, F. (2025) · Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism · doi:10.1016/j.semarthrit.2025.152652 · Cited by 14
Cornwell, B. R., Didier, P. R., Grogans, S. E., Anderson, A. S., Islam, S., Kim, H. C., Kuhn, M., Tillman, R. M., Hur, J., Scott, Z. S., et al. (2025) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2113-24.2025 · Cited by 14
Gruner, M., Hogaboom, N., Hasley, I. B., Hoffman, J., Gonzalez-Carta, K., Cheville, A. L., Li, Z., & Sellon, J. L. (2021) · Archives of Rehabilitation Research and Clinical Translation · doi:10.1016/j.arrct.2021.100151 · Cited by 15
Self-citationLumbar surgical drains do not increase the risk of infections in patients undergoing spine surgery
Buser, Z., Chang, K.-E., Kall, R., et al. (2022) · European Spine Journal · doi:10.1007/s00586-022-07130-0 · Cited by 13
Olson, A. L., Hartmann, N., Patnaik, P., et al. (2022) · Advances in Therapy · doi:10.1007/s12325-022-02066-9 · Cited by 13
Association between noise exposure and atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis of cohort studies
Song, Q., Guo, X., Sun, C., et al. (2022) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-022-21456-8 · Cited by 13
Webler, R. D., Oathes, D. J., van Rooij, S. J. H., Gewirtz, J. C., Nahas, Z. H., Lissek, S. M., & Widge, A. S. (2022) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.105005 · Cited by 14
Manchikanti, L., Pampati, V., Knežević, N. N., Kaye, A. D., Abdi, S., Sanapati, M. R., Abd-Elsayed, A. A., Kosanovic, R., Soin, A., Beall, D. P., et al. (2022) · Spine · doi:10.1097/brs.0000000000004574 · Cited by 13
Making Connections to Improve Health Outcomes
Langevin, H. M. (2022) · Global Advances in Health and Medicine · doi:10.1177/2164957x221079792 · Cited by 13
How Much Does the United States Spend on Respiratory Diseases?
Nurmagambetov, T. (2022) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/rccm.202209-1696ed · Cited by 12
The welfare cost of late-life depression
Miller, R., Chin, S., & Sedai, A. K. (2022) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2022.10.001 · Cited by 13
Kim, H. S., Strickland, K. J., Seitz, A. L., & McCarthy, D. M. (2023) · Annals of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2022.12.028 · Cited by 12
Young, J. J., Perruccio, A. V., Veillette, C., et al. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0289645 · Cited by 12
The Dual Role of Chemerin in Lung Diseases
Lavis, P., Bondue, B., & Cardozo, A. K. (2024) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells13020171 · Cited by 12
Horný, M., Chang, D., Christensen, E., et al. (2024) · Health Affairs Scholar · doi:10.1093/haschl/qxae030 · Cited by 12
Roseen, E. J., Joyce, C. T., Winbush, S., Pavco‐Luttschwager, N., Morone, N. E., Saper, R. B., Bartels, S. J., Patel, K. V., Keysor, J. J., Bean, J. F., et al. (2024) · PM&R · doi:10.1002/pmrj.13183 · Cited by 13
Wang, X., Wang, Q., Li, G., Xu, H., Liu, B., Yuan, B., Zhou, Y., & Li, Y. (2024) · Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1111/jcmm.18492 · Cited by 12
Skolasky, R. L., Nolan, S., Pierre, R., Vinch, P. M., & Taylor, J. L. W. (2024) · BMC Nursing · doi:10.1186/s12912-024-02155-w · Cited by 14
Obesity and Atrial Fibrillation: A Comprehensive Review
Na, J. S., Garapati, S. S., & Lador, A. (2025) · Methodist DeBakey Cardiovascular Journal · doi:10.14797/mdcvj.1516 · Cited by 19
Dimitrijević, V., Rašković, B., Jevtić, N., Nikolić, S., Viduka, D., & Obradović, B. (2025) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare13090960 · Cited by 20
Stucki, M., Nemitz, J., Trottmann, M., & Wieser, S. (2021) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-021-07262-x · Cited by 12
Damato, T. M. D. M., Christófaro, D. G. D., Pinheiro, M. B., et al. (2022) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1002/ejp.1977 · Cited by 12
Leech, J. B., Lulofs-MacPherson, K., Klopper, M., Shumway, J., Salvatori, R. T., Rhon, D. I., & Young, J. L. (2023) · PM&R · doi:10.1002/pmrj.12983 · Cited by 11
Gou, L., & Zheng, Q. (2023) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000033710 · Cited by 14
Lystad, R. P., Brown, B. T., Swain, M. S., et al. (2020) · Chiropractic & Manual Therapies · doi:10.1186/s12998-020-00338-1 · Cited by 12
Quality Improvement in Neurology
Rae-Grant, A. D., Amezcua, L., English, J., et al. (2021) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000012124 · Cited by 12
Costa, F. M. T. A., Janela, D., Molinos, M., Moulder, R. G., Jr., Bento, V., Laíns, J., Scheer, J. K., Yanamadala, V., Cohen, S. P., & Correia, F. D. (2022) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/38942 · Cited by 12
Wu, G., Wang, S., Wu, W., Benmarhnia, T., Lin, S., Zhang, K., Romeiko, X. X., Qu, Y., Qu, Y., Xiao, J., et al. (2024) · Sustainable Cities and Society · doi:10.1016/j.scs.2024.106071 · Cited by 11
A Systematic Review of Regenerative Medicine Therapies for Axial Spine Pain of Facet Joint Origin
Manchikanti, L., Abd-Elsayed, A. A., Kaye, A. D., Sanapati, M. R., Pampati, V., Shekoohi, S., & Hirsch, J. A. (2025) · Current Pain and Headache Reports · doi:10.1007/s11916-025-01376-1 · Cited by 13
Nogueira-Leite, D., & Cruz-Correia, R. J. (2023) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/41040 · Cited by 10
America’s Continuing Struggle with Mental Illnesses: Economic Considerations
Frank, R. G., & Glied, S. (2023) · The Journal of Economic Perspectives · doi:10.1257/jep.37.2.153 · Cited by 11
Mitchell, E. S., Fabry, A., Ho, A. S., May, C. N., Baldwin, M. W., Blanco, P., Smith, K., Michaelides, A. P., Shokoohi, M., West, M. E. D., et al. (2023) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/47473 · Cited by 12
Applications of SPECT/CT in the Evaluation of Spinal Pathology: A Review
Hirsch, B. P., Sossamon, J., Khan, M. A., et al. (2023) · The International Journal of Spine Surgery · doi:10.14444/8552 · Cited by 11
Janapala, R. N., Knezevic, E., Knežević, N. N., et al. (2024) · Current Pain and Headache Reports · doi:10.1007/s11916-024-01226-6 · Cited by 11
Watanabe, A., Miyamoto, Y., Ueyama, H. A., Gotanda, H., Tsugawa, Y., & Kuno, T. (2024) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.123.034645 · Cited by 11
Lang, W., Ai, Q., He, Y., Pan, Y., Jiang, Q., Ouyang, M., & Sun, T. (2024) · International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy · doi:10.1007/s11096-024-01802-1 · Cited by 11
Hess, A., Jacobs, J. V., Sullivan, S., et al. (2024) · Applied Ergonomics · doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2024.104400 · Cited by 11
Menezes, C. M., Tucci, C., Tamai, K., Chhabra, H. S., AlHelal, F. H., Bussières, A., Muehlbauer, E. J., Roberts, L. C., Alsobayel, H., Barneschi, G., et al. (2024) · Global Spine Journal · doi:10.1177/21925682241290226 · Cited by 15
Lang, W. J., Ai, Q., Zhang, W., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2024.1461571 · Cited by 11
Sobott, N., Crowther, M. E., Vincent, G. E., Belavý, D. L., Buntine, P., Ferguson, S. A., Mundell, N. L., Sprajcer, M. A., Tagliaferri, S. D., Tait, J. L., et al. (2025) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2025.105475 · Cited by 11
Michalik, A. J., & Patel, R. K. (2020) · The Spine Journal · doi:10.1016/j.spinee.2020.10.018 · Cited by 11
Fritz, J. M., Sharpe, J. A., Greene, T., Lane, E., Hadizadeh, M., McFadden, M., Santillo, D., Farley, J. R., Magel, J. S., Thackeray, A., et al. (2020) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2020.11.008 · Cited by 11
The Intersection of Dissemination Research and Acupuncture: Applications for Chronic Low Back Pain
Roseen, E. J., Purtle, J., Zhang, W., Miller, D. W., Schwartz, A. W., Ramanadhan, S., & Sherman, K. J. (2021) · Global Advances in Health and Medicine · doi:10.1177/2164956120980694 · Cited by 10
Magel, J. S., Kietrys, D. M., Kruger, E. S., Fritz, J. M., & Gordon, A. J. (2021) · Substance Abuse · doi:10.1080/08897077.2021.1971818 · Cited by 11
Rhon, D. I., Mayhew, R. J., Greenlee, T. A., & Fritz, J. M. (2021) · BMC Family Practice · doi:10.1186/s12875-021-01549-y · Cited by 10
Hays, R. D., Shannon, Z. K., Long, C. R., Spritzer, K. L., Vining, R. D., Coulter, I. D., Pohlman, K. A., Walter, J. A. G., & Goertz, C. (2022) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1093/pm/pnac009 · Cited by 13
Wang, Z., Han, L., Chen, H., Zhang, S., Zhang, S., Zhang, H., Li, Y., Tao, H., & Li, J. (2022) · Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology · doi:10.3389/fbioe.2022.816362 · Cited by 11
Wang, A. S., & Xiang, H. (2022) · Journal of Surgical Research · doi:10.1016/j.jss.2022.06.071 · Cited by 11
Yang, F., Zhu, J., Wang, Z., Wang, L., Tan, T., & Sun, L. (2022) · Frontiers in Pediatrics · doi:10.3389/fped.2022.1000532 · Cited by 11
Bejarano, G., Vining, R. D., Desai, D. P., Minchew, J., Guo, H. M., & Goertz, C. (2024) · Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research · doi:10.1186/s13018-023-04492-z · Cited by 12
Li, B.-Z., Tang, W.-H., Li, Y., et al. (2022) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2022/8952220 · Cited by 11
Battlefield acupuncture appears to be an effective therapy for pain management
Kim, H., Markert, R. J., & Burtson, K. M. (2021) · Acupuncture in Medicine · doi:10.1177/09645284211050648 · Cited by 11
Dietary ω-3 fatty acids and the incidence of atrial fibrillation in the Million Veteran Program
Guardino, E. T., Li, Y., Nguyen, X. T., Wilson, P. W. F., Gaziano, J. M., Cho, K., Benjamin, E. J., & Djoussé, L. (2023) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.06.001 · Cited by 13
Panebianco, C. J., Constant, C., Vernengo, J., Nehrbass, D., Gehweiler, D., DiStefano, T. J., Martin, J., Alpert, D. J., Chaudhary, S. B., Hecht, A. C., et al. (2023) · JOR Spine · doi:10.1002/jsp2.1293 · Cited by 10
Low-Density Neutrophils Contribute to Subclinical Inflammation in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes
Dumont, B. L., Neagoe, P., Charles, E., Villeneuve, L. R., Tardif, J., Räkel, A., White, M., & Sirois, M. G. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25031674 · Cited by 19
Metadata
- Authors
- Dieleman, J. L., Cao, J., Chapin, A., Chen, C., Li, Z., Liu, A., Horst, C., Kaldjian, A., Matyasz, T., Scott, K. W., Bui, A. L., Campbell, M., Duber, H. C., Dunn, A. C., Flaxman, A. D., Fitzmaurice, C., Naghavi, M., Sadat, N., Shieh, P., Squires, E., Yeung, K., & Murray, C. J. L.
- Affiliations
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- Seattle Children's Hospital (US)
- Meta (United States) (US)
- University of Washington (US)
- Bureau of Economic Analysis (US)
- Microsoft (United States) (US)
- The Improve Group, St Paul, Minnesota
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (US)
- Corresponding author
- Dieleman, Joseph L.
- ORCID
- Venue
- JAMA
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2020-03-03
- Volume
- 323
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 863
- ISSN
- 0002-9955 (ISSN-L)
- 0098-7484
- PMC
- PMC7054840
- OpenAlex
- W3010268726
- Cited by
- 1,313
- References
- 19
- Citations by year
- 2026: 171 · 2025: 269 · 2024: 284 · 2023: 221 · 2022: 160 · 2021: 139 · 2020: 69
- FWCI
- 125.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- JAMA (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (P30AG047845)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Healthcare Policy and Management
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Global Health Care Issues
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Healthcare Systems and Reforms
- Keywords
- health care spending, public insurance, private insurance, out-of-pocket costs, Medicare, Medicaid, health conditions, outpatient care, inpatient care, nursing facilities, emergency department care, dental care, prescription drug spending, health care costs
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Child, Child, Preschool, Disease, Health Expenditures, Female, Health Status, Humans, Infant, Insurance, Health, Male, Middle Aged, United States, Age Distribution, Sex Distribution, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-11, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-11 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
