The DOI matches its Crossref record; 18 of the 19 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 1 of the 9 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016
Open accessAbstract
Importance: US health care spending has continued to increase and now accounts for 18% of the US economy, although little is known about how spending on each health condition varies by payer, and how these amounts have changed over time. Objective: To estimate US spending on health care according to 3 types of payers (public insurance [including Medicare, Medicaid, and other government programs], private insurance, or out-of-pocket payments) and by health condition, age group, sex, and type of care for 1996 through 2016. Design and Setting: Government budgets, insurance claims, facility records, household surveys, and official US records from 1996 through 2016 were collected to estimate spending for 154 health conditions. Spending growth rates (standardized by population size and age group) were calculated for each type of payer and health condition. Exposures: Ambulatory care, inpatient care, nursing care facility stay, emergency department care, dental care, and purchase of prescribed pharmaceuticals in a retail setting. Main Outcomes and Measures: National spending estimates stratified by health condition, age group, sex, type of care, and type of payer and modeled for each year from 1996 through 2016. Results: Total health care spending increased from an estimated $1.4 trillion in 1996 (13.3% of gross domestic product [GDP]; $5259 per person) to an estimated $3.1 trillion in 2016 (17.9% of GDP; $9655 per person); 85.2% of that spending was included in this study. In 2016, an estimated 48.0% (95% CI, 48.0%-48.0%) of health care spending was paid by private insurance, 42.6% (95% CI, 42.5%-42.6%) by public insurance, and 9.4% (95% CI, 9.4%-9.4%) by out-of-pocket payments. In 2016, among the 154 conditions, low back and neck pain had the highest amount of health care spending with an estimated $134.5 billion (95% CI, $122.4-$146.9 billion) in spending, of which 57.2% (95% CI, 52.2%-61.2%) was paid by private insurance, 33.7% (95% CI, 30.0%-38.4%) by public insurance, and 9.2% (95% CI, 8.3%-10.4%) by out-of-pocket payments. Other musculoskeletal disorders accounted for the second highest amount of health care spending (estimated at $129.8 billion [95% CI, $116.3-$149.7 billion]) and most had private insurance (56.4% [95% CI, 52.6%-59.3%]). Diabetes accounted for the third highest amount of the health care spending (estimated at $111.2 billion [95% CI, $105.7-$115.9 billion]) and most had public insurance (49.8% [95% CI, 44.4%-56.0%]). Other conditions estimated to have substantial health care spending in 2016 were ischemic heart disease ($89.3 billion [95% CI, $81.1-$95.5 billion]), falls ($87.4 billion [95% CI, $75.0-$100.1 billion]), urinary diseases ($86.0 billion [95% CI, $76.3-$95.9 billion]), skin and subcutaneous diseases ($85.0 billion [95% CI, $80.5-$90.2 billion]), osteoarthritis ($80.0 billion [95% CI, $72.2-$86.1 billion]), dementias ($79.2 billion [95% CI, $67.6-$90.8 billion]), and hypertension ($79.0 billion [95% CI, $72.6-$86.8 billion]). The conditions with the highest spending varied by type of payer, age, sex, type of care, and year. After adjusting for changes in inflation, population size, and age groups, public insurance spending was estimated to have increased at an annualized rate of 2.9% (95% CI, 2.9%-2.9%); private insurance, 2.6% (95% CI, 2.6%-2.6%); and out-of-pocket payments, 1.1% (95% CI, 1.0%-1.1%). Conclusions and Relevance: Estimates of US spending on health care showed substantial increases from 1996 through 2016, with the highest increases in population-adjusted spending by public insurance. Although spending on low back and neck pain, other musculoskeletal disorders, and diabetes accounted for the highest amounts of spending, the payers and the rates of change in annual spending growth rates varied considerably.
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In the paper
“33.7% (95% CI, 30.0%-38.4%) by public insurance”
- Also stated in: § Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition in 2016 · plain
“33.7% (95% CI, 30.0%-38.4%)paid by public insurance”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition in 2016 · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“urinary diseases ($86.0 billion [95% CI, $76.3-$95.9billion])”
- Also stated in: § Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition in 2016 · hedged
“urinary diseases at $86.0 billion (95% CI, $76.3 billion-$95.9billion)”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition in 2016 · hedged
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and out-of-pocket payments, 1.1% (95% CI, 1.0%-1.1%)”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“9.4% (95% CI, 9.4%-9.4%)by out-of-pocket payments”
- Also stated in: § Health Care Spending by Payer, Age, and Aggregated Health Condition in 2016 · hedged
“an estimated $255.2 billion (95% CI, $255.0 billion-$255.2billion) or 9.4% (95% CI, 9.4%-9.4%)by out-of-pocket payments”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Health Care Spending by Payer, Age, and Aggregated Health Condition in 2016 · hedged
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In the paper
“Diabetes accounted for the third highest amount of the health care spending (estimated at $111.2 billion [95% CI, $105.7-$115.9billion])”
- Also stated in: § Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition in 2016 · hedged
“diabetes at $111.2 billion (95% CI, $105.7 billion-$115.9billion)”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Abstract
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition in 2016 · hedged
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“government administration and net cost of insurance programs was 9.8% (range, 8.9%-10.5%) in 2016.”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Health Care Spending by Payer, Age, and Aggregated Health Condition in 2016
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“falls ($87.4 billion [95% CI, $75.0-$100.1 billion])”
- Also stated in: § Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition in 2016 · plain
“falls at $87.4 billion (95% CI, $75.0 billion-$100.1 billion)”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition in 2016 · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In 2016, an estimated 48.0% (95% CI, 48.0%-48.0%) of health care spending was paid by private insurance”
- Also stated in: § Health Care Spending by Payer, Age, and Aggregated Health Condition in 2016 · hedged
“In 2016, an estimated $1.3 trillion (95% CI, $1.3 trillion-$1.3trillion) or 48.0%(95% CI, 48.0%-48.0%) of total spending was accounted for by private insurance”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Abstract
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Health Care Spending by Payer, Age, and Aggregated Health Condition in 2016 · hedged
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“hypertension ($79.0 billion [95% CI, $72.6-$86.8billion])”
- Also stated in: § Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition in 2016 · hedged
“hypertension at $79.0 billion (95% CI, $72.6 billion-$86.8billion)”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition in 2016 · hedged
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“ischemic heart disease ($89.3 billion [95% CI, $81.1-$95.5 billion])”
- Also stated in: § Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition in 2016 · hedged
“ischemic heart disease at $89.3 billion (95% CI, $81.1 billion-$95.5 billion)”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition in 2016 · hedged
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“42.6% (95% CI, 42.5%-42.6%)by public insurance”
- Also stated in: § Health Care Spending by Payer, Age, and Aggregated Health Condition in 2016 · hedged
“an estimated $1.2 trillion (95% CI, $1.2 trillion-$1.2trillion) or 42.6% (95% CI, 42.5%-42.6%)by public insurance”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Health Care Spending by Payer, Age, and Aggregated Health Condition in 2016 · hedged
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and most had public insurance (49.8% [95% CI, 44.4%-56.0%])”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“After adjusting for changes in inflation, population size, and age groups, public insurance spending was estimated to have increased at an annualized rate of 2.9% (95% CI, 2.9%-2.9%)”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Abstract
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Total health care spending increased from an estimated $1.4 trillion in 1996 (13.3% of gross domestic product [GDP]; $5259 per person) to an estimated $3.1 trillion in 2016 (17.9% of GDP; $9655 per person)”
- Also stated in: § Health Care Spending by Payer, Age, and Aggregated Health Condition in 2016 · hedged
“Total health care spending increased from an estimated $1.4 trillion in 1996 (13.3% of gross domestic product [GDP]; $5259 per person) to an estimated $3.1 trillion in 2016 (17.9% of GDP; $9655 per person).”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Abstract
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Health Care Spending by Payer, Age, and Aggregated Health Condition in 2016 · hedged
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Other musculoskeletal disorders accounted for the second highest amount of health care spending (estimated at $129.8 billion [95% CI, $116.3-$149.7 billion])”
- Also stated in: § Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition in 2016 · hedged
“the health condition estimated to have the next highest health care spending was other musculoskeletal disorders (including joint and limb pain, myalgia, and osteoporosis) at $129.8 billion (95% CI, $116.3 billion-$149.7 billion)”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Abstract
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Also stated in: § Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition in 2016 · hedged
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“private insurance, 2.6% (95% CI, 2.6%-2.6%)”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“dementias ($79.2 billion [95% CI, $67.6-$90.8billion])”
- Also stated in: § Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition in 2016 · plain
“dementias at $79.2 billion (95% CI, $67.6 billion-$90.8billion)”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition in 2016 · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In 2016, among the 154 conditions, low back and neck pain had the highest amount of health care spending with an estimated $134.5 billion (95% CI, $122.4-$146.9 billion) in spending”
- Also stated in: § Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition in 2016 · hedged
“In 2016, among the 154 conditions, low back and neck pain had the highest health care spending with an estimated $134.5 billion (95% CI, $122.4-$146.9 billion) in spending”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Abstract
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition in 2016 · hedged
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“osteoarthritis ($80.0 billion [95% CI, $72.2-$86.1 billion])”
- Also stated in: § Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition in 2016 · hedged
“osteoarthritis at $80.0 billion (95% CI, $72.2 billion-$86.1 billion)”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition in 2016 · hedged
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cardiovascular diseases was the aggregated health category with the third highest spending in 2016, estimated to be $255.1 billion (95% CI, $233.4 billion-$282.6 billion).”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Health Care Spending by Payer, Age, and Aggregated Health Condition in 2016
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“skin and subcutaneous diseases ($85.0 billion [95% CI, $80.5-$90.2billion])”
- Also stated in: § Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition in 2016 · hedged
“skin and subcutaneous diseases at $85.0 billion (95% CI, $80.5 billion-$90.2billion)”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition in 2016 · hedged
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Spending on diabetes, urogenital, blood, and endocrine disorders was the aggregated health category with the second highest spending in 2016, estimated to be $309.1 billion (95% CI, $292.4 billion-$328.4billion)”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Health Care Spending by Payer, Age, and Aggregated Health Condition in 2016
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“of which 57.2% (95% CI, 52.2%-61.2%)was paid by private insurance”
- Also stated in: § Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition in 2016 · plain
“of which 57.2% (95% CI, 52.2%-61.2%)was paid by private insurance”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition in 2016 · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In 2016, the aggregated health category with the highest modeled spending was musculoskeletal disorders with an estimated $380.9 billion (95% CI, $360.0 billion-$405.4billion) (Table 1).”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Health Care Spending by Payer, Age, and Aggregated Health Condition in 2016
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In the paper
“9.2% (95% CI, 8.3%-10.4%)by out-of-pocket payments”
- Also stated in: § Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition in 2016 · plain
“9.2% (95% CI, 8.3%-10.4%)paid by out-ofpocket payments”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition in 2016 · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and most had private insurance (56.4% [95% CI, 52.6%-59.3%])”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Abstract
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In the paper
“Spending on dementias and diabetes also increased substantially.”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“substantially higher spending among women than men”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Downloaded From: https://jamanetwork.com/ on 08/20/2023
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and 9.4% (95% CI, 9.4%-9.4%)by out-of-pocket payments.”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Discussion
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In the paper
“a relatively large fraction of the spending was associated with working-aged adults.”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“ischemic heart disease (an estimated $48.2 billion [95% CI, $43 billion-$54.6billion])”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Downloaded From: https://jamanetwork.com/ on 08/20/2023
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Figure 4A shows that spending on skin and subcutaneous disorders was similar at all ages”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Downloaded From: https://jamanetwork.com/ on 08/20/2023
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In the paper
“the health conditions with the highest private insurance spending were low back and neck pain and other musculoskeletal disorders”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“A relatively large fraction of this was out-of-pocket payments.”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Downloaded From: https://jamanetwork.com/ on 08/20/2023
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In 2016, the health conditions with the highest spending funded by public insurance were diabetes (an estimated $55.4 billion [95% CI, $49.3 billion-$62.7 billion])”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Downloaded From: https://jamanetwork.com/ on 08/20/2023
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“After adjusting for changes in inflation, population size, and age groups, health care spending was estimated to have increased between 1996 and 2016 at an annualized rate of 2.9% (95% CI, 2.9%-2.9%)for public insurance”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Health Care Spending by Payer Across Time
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“HIV/AIDS (10.8% [95% CI, 4.2%-19.9%])”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Health Care Spending by Payer Across Time
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“pregnancy and postpartum care (an estimated $52.8 billion [95% CI, $46.4 billion-$59.4billion])”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Downloaded From: https://jamanetwork.com/ on 08/20/2023
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“other musculoskeletal disorders (an estimated $73.3 billion [95% CI, $62.2 billion-$87.5 billion])”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Downloaded From: https://jamanetwork.com/ on 08/20/2023
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“whereas 7.7% (95% CI, 7.7%-7.7%)was for dental care.”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Health Care Spending by Payer Across Time
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“dementias (an estimated $19.4 billion [95% CI, $7.2 billion-$31.7 billion])”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Downloaded From: https://jamanetwork.com/ on 08/20/2023
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“with more spending on women than men at the oldest ages”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Downloaded From: https://jamanetwork.com/ on 08/20/2023
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and 1.1% (95% CI, 1.0%-1.1%)for out-of-pocket payments”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Health Care Spending by Payer Across Time
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among those same 10 health conditions, other musculoskeletal disorders, hypertension, low back and neck pain, skin and subcutaneous diseases, and urinary diseases had the highest fraction of spending during ambulatory care”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Downloaded From: https://jamanetwork.com/ on 08/20/2023
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“with little spending paid by out-of-pocket payments (4.2% [95% CI, 4.2%-4.2%]and 4.5% [95% CI, 4.5%-4.5%],respectively).”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Health Care Spending by Payer Across Time
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Figure 5 shows that the health conditions with the highest modeled spending for each payer varied.”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Downloaded From: https://jamanetwork.com/ on 08/20/2023
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“roughly even among men and women”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Downloaded From: https://jamanetwork.com/ on 08/20/2023
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“osteoarthritis and ischemic heart disease had the highest fraction of spending during inpatient care”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Downloaded From: https://jamanetwork.com/ on 08/20/2023
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By 2016, the proportion of total health spending was 42.6% (95% CI, 42.5%-42.6%)accounted for by public insurance”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“diabetes had the highest fraction of spending on prescribed pharmaceuticals”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Downloaded From: https://jamanetwork.com/ on 08/20/2023
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Figure 4B shows spending was higher among women with osteoarthritis”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Downloaded From: https://jamanetwork.com/ on 08/20/2023
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“with higher spending among women and among those with private insurance”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Downloaded From: https://jamanetwork.com/ on 08/20/2023
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because a substantial amount of spending for nursing care facility stays was paid by out-ofpocket payments”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Downloaded From: https://jamanetwork.com/ on 08/20/2023
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“with higher spending among women and among those with private insurance”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Downloaded From: https://jamanetwork.com/ on 08/20/2023
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“other musculoskeletal disorders (an estimated $46.9 billion [95% CI, $42 billion-$52.6billion])”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Downloaded From: https://jamanetwork.com/ on 08/20/2023
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“oral disorders (an estimated $30.5 billion [95% CI, $29.1 billion-$32 billion])”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Downloaded From: https://jamanetwork.com/ on 08/20/2023
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Across this period, 48.8% (95% CI, 48.8%-48.8%) of inpatient care”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Health Care Spending by Payer Across Time
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the spending on low back and neck pain increased by 6.7% (95% CI, 6.1%-7.4%)annually between 1996 and 2016”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the majority of the modeled spending (57.2%[95% CI, 52.2%-61.2%])was paid by private insurance”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“spending on dementias increased from an estimated $38.6 billion (95% CI, $34.1 billion-$42.8billion) in 1996 to an estimated $79.2 billion (95% CI, $67.6 billion-$90.8billion) in 2016.”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Discussion
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Figure 3E shows that spending on falls was greatest at older ages”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Downloaded From: https://jamanetwork.com/ on 08/20/2023
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the health conditions with the highest out-ofpocket payments were oral disorders and well dental.”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“with a transition from private financing to public financing at aged 65 years”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Downloaded From: https://jamanetwork.com/ on 08/20/2023
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Between 1996 and 2016, 53.7% (95% CI, 53.7%-53.7%) of ambulatory care was paid by private insurance”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Health Care Spending by Payer Across Time
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“multiple sclerosis (10.8% [95% CI, 7.5%-14.3%])”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Health Care Spending by Payer Across Time
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Several of the health conditions with the highest spending have had substantial spending increases over the past 2 decades.”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Figure 4C shows that the highest spending was among older women with dementias”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Downloaded From: https://jamanetwork.com/ on 08/20/2023
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Spending paid by public insurance was 57.8% (95% CI, 57.8%-57.8%)for nursing care facility stays”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Health Care Spending by Payer Across Time
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“hyperlipidemia (9.3% [95% CI, 8.2%-10.4%])”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Health Care Spending by Payer Across Time
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“with little spending paid by out-of-pocket payments (4.2% [95% CI, 4.2%-4.2%]and 4.5% [95% CI, 4.5%-4.5%],respectively).”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Health Care Spending by Payer Across Time
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The highest amount of private insurance spending in 2016 was for women and men aged 60 to 64 years.”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Health Care Spending by Payer, Age, and Aggregated Health Condition in 2016
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Private insurance spending generally increased with age from birth until aged 64 years.”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Health Care Spending by Payer, Age, and Aggregated Health Condition in 2016
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“dementias had the highest fraction of spending during nursing care facility stays.”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Downloaded From: https://jamanetwork.com/ on 08/20/2023
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“with increases from 33.1% (95% CI, 33.1%-33.1%)to 39.6% (95% CI, 39.6%-39.6%) in spending paid by public insurance.”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Health Care Spending by Payer Across Time
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Figure 3B shows that other musculoskeletal disorders had a similar funding pattern as low back and neck pain, with more financing from private insurance for those younger than aged 65 years.”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Downloaded From: https://jamanetwork.com/ on 08/20/2023
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Spending on dementias, chronic kidney disease, urinary disease, and heart failure increased the most.”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Downloaded From: https://jamanetwork.com/ on 08/20/2023
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In 2016, public insurance spending was highest for those aged 65 years or older.”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Health Care Spending by Payer, Age, and Aggregated Health Condition in 2016
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“spending paid by public insurance increased substantially from 19.1% (95% CI, 19.1%-19.2%) in 1996 to 40.6% (95% CI, 40.4%-40.8%) in 2016”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Health Care Spending by Payer Across Time
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“47.7% (95% CI, 47.7%-47.7%) of ED care were paid by public insurance”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Health Care Spending by Payer Across Time
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“hemoglobinopathies and hemolytic anemias (18.3% [95% CI, 7.7%-23.7%])”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Health Care Spending by Payer Across Time
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“indirect maternal complications due to a preexisting condition (10.8% [95% CI, 4.6%-18.2%])”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Health Care Spending by Payer Across Time
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“with spending roughly split between public and private insurance”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Downloaded From: https://jamanetwork.com/ on 08/20/2023
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of the 5 health conditions with the highest spending in 2016, low back and neck pain and diabetes had the highest increases (in absolute terms).”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Between 1996 and 2016, 108 of the 154 (70.1%) health conditions increased their spending after adjusting for population growth and aging.”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Health Care Spending by Payer Across Time
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The health conditions with the highest public insurance spending were diabetes and ischemic heart disease”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“rheumatoid arthritis (11.2% [95% CI, 7.8%-14.7%])”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Health Care Spending by Payer Across Time
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Unlike low back and neck pain, spending on other musculoskeletal disorders was higher for women than men, especially between the ages of 40 and 70 years.”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Downloaded From: https://jamanetwork.com/ on 08/20/2023
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similarly, Figure 3D shows that spending for ischemic heart disease occurs generally later in life.”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Downloaded From: https://jamanetwork.com/ on 08/20/2023
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“well dental care (an estimated $21.1 billion [95% CI, $20 billion-$22.6billion])”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Downloaded From: https://jamanetwork.com/ on 08/20/2023
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Spending on dementias and diabetes also increased substantially.”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In 2016, there was more health care spending on low back and neck pain, other musculoskeletal disorders, diabetes, ischemic heart disease, and falls than other health conditions.”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Figure 6 shows that across time, the composition of which payers contributed spending in each type of care has changed little.”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Health Care Spending by Payer Across Time
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Figure 4D shows that spending for hypertension occurs later in life”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Downloaded From: https://jamanetwork.com/ on 08/20/2023
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although 49.1% (95% CI, 49.0%-49.1%) of prescribed pharmaceutical care spending was paid by private insurance across all years”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Health Care Spending by Payer Across Time
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“2.6% (95% CI, 2.6%-2.6%)for private insurance”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Health Care Spending by Payer Across Time
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“48.0% (95% CI, 48.0%-48.0%)by private insurance”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Spending on septicemia, falls, and lower respiratory tract infection decreased the most.”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Downloaded From: https://jamanetwork.com/ on 08/20/2023
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and primarily funded by public insurance”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Downloaded From: https://jamanetwork.com/ on 08/20/2023
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“multiple sclerosis (8.8% [95% CI, 7.1%-10.7%])”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Health Care Spending by Payer Across Time
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“while there was higher spending on urinary diseases among women aged 20 to 40 years”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Downloaded From: https://jamanetwork.com/ on 08/20/2023
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“non-Hodgkin lymphoma (12.7% [95% CI, 8.8%-15.8%])”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Health Care Spending by Payer Across Time
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“low back and neck pain (an estimated $76.9 billion [95% CI, $66.8 billion-$88 billion])”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Downloaded From: https://jamanetwork.com/ on 08/20/2023
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“some of the health conditions with the highest changes in health care spending were also those that had an introduction of specialty drug treatment within the course of the current study, including hepatitis, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and osteoarthritis.”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“85.2% of that spending was included in this study.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“The data reflected 85.2% of health care spending between 1996 and 2016.”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“with an increase in 2006 associated with the implementation of Medicare Part D.”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Health Care Spending by Payer Across Time
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Spending on dementias is likely to continue to increase as baby boomers age into the years most affected by the disease.”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Baby boomers will age into the years most affected by dementia.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Health conditions routinely coded as secondary or as a comorbidity had spending increased as part of our adjustments if the microdata showed they were systematically associated with higher spending.”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Downloaded From: https://jamanetwork.com/ on 08/20/2023
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“the number of prevalent cases increased by only 1.1% annually”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [25] 25. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Results from the 2016 national survey on drug use and health: detailed tables. http://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/results-2016- national-survey-drug-use-and-health-detailed- tables. Published September 7, 2017. Accessed January 23, 2020. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“the lack of data demonstrating that newer therapies are any more effective than traditional low-cost treatments.[26][27][28]”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [26][27][28]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“a relatively large portion of spending for dementias was paid by out-of-pocket payments”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Downloaded From: https://jamanetwork.com/ on 08/20/2023
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For health conditions that were routinely coded as a primary diagnosis but frequently had comorbidities present that increased spending, the spending was reduced.”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Downloaded From: https://jamanetwork.com/ on 08/20/2023
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and therefore have substantially higher spending for nursing care facility stays”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Downloaded From: https://jamanetwork.com/ on 08/20/2023
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Women live longer than men on average.
- Rests on an assumption: Women are less likely to have an in-home informal caregiver (eg, a spouse) than men.
In the paper
“Spending on diabetes also increased, with the recent growth fueled by increases in pharmaceutical spending.21”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [21] 21. US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; National Center for Health Statistics. National nursing home survey. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/ nnhs/index.htm. Published January 10, 2018. Accessed March 30, 2018.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“it was unable to delineate spending by geographic region, income, race, or education level”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“additional data sources were used to improve the precision of the estimates”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“It was estimated that $74.9 billion of the health care costs in 2013 were for uncompensated care received by those without insurance.30”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [30] 30. Tangka FK, Trogdon JG, Richardson LC, Howard D, Sabatino SA, Finkelstein EA. Cancer treatment cost in the United States: has the burden shifted over time? Cancer. 2010;116(14):3477-3484. doi:10. 1002/cncr.25150 source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“spending on government administration and the net cost of insurance programs has been included.”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“the government pays a major portion of these premiums.31”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [31] 31. Hwang W, Weller W, Ireys H, Anderson G. Out-of-pocket medical spending for care of chronic conditions. Health Aff (Millwood). 2001;20(6): 267-278. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.20.6.267 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When the research was conducted (summer of 2019), the MEPS and the National Health Expenditure Accounts were the only data sources that provided 2017 data”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These estimates also identify which payer faces the highest burden of spending for a given disease and for each age group.”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“these sources were not deemed sufficient to make comprehensive estimates for 2017.”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“these are the first estimates, to our knowledge, to disaggregate the administrative costs of insurance across health conditions and key patient demographics.”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 21
- It may state two separate claims as one. 13
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Recent studies suggest that these subsidies accounted for $146 billion of health care costs in 2017.32”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [32] 32. GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet. 2016;388(10053): 1545-1602. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Methods (Data sources; page unavailable) describe insurance claims used to estimate disease prevalence, not the cost of employer-sponsored insurance subsidies. Searches for “$146 billion,” “2017,” and employer-sponsored insurance subsidies found no passage addressing the claimed amount. (LLM, conf=0.78)
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Could not verify
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The conditions with the highest spending varied by type of payer, age, sex, type of care, and year.”
- Also stated in: § Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition in 2016 · plain
“Spending varied based on type of care, age, and payer.”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition in 2016 · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Figure 3C shows that spending on diabetes occurs later in life than low back and neck pain and other musculoskeletal disorders and is generally financed by public insurance.”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Downloaded From: https://jamanetwork.com/ on 08/20/2023
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, there was higher spending for ischemic heart disease among men at younger ages than among women, and higher spending among women at older ages than among men.”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Downloaded From: https://jamanetwork.com/ on 08/20/2023
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“there was higher spending among men at older ages with a major increase at aged 55 years”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Downloaded From: https://jamanetwork.com/ on 08/20/2023
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Figure 3A shows that private insurance funded most of the modeled health care spending for low back and neck pain, whereas public insurance played a substantive role for the population aged 65 years or older, and out-of-pocket payments were relatively constant across age groups (when measured as a fraction of the total amount of low back and neck pain spending).”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Downloaded From: https://jamanetwork.com/ on 08/20/2023
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Out-of-pocket payments varied much less across age and sex than across public and private insurance, with the highest spending found among individuals older than aged 85 years.”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Health Care Spending by Payer, Age, and Aggregated Health Condition in 2016
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Health Care Estimated Spending in 2016 for the 100 Most Expensive Health Conditions of the 154 Health Conditions Analyzed”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Limitations
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Health Care Estimated Spending in 2016 for the 54 Least Expensive of the 154 Health Conditions Analyzed”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Limitations
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“154 Health Conditions Analyzed”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, bootstrapping methods only capture a subset of uncertainty and do not reflect the uncertainty associated with some modeling decisions and processes.”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Quantifying Uncertainty
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Bootstrapping methods assume that the empirical distribution of the errors in the sample data approximates the population's distribution.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Estimates of US spending on health care showed substantial increases from 1996 through 2016, with the highest increases in population-adjusted spending by public insurance.”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although spending on low back and neck pain, other musculoskeletal disorders, and diabetes accounted for the highest amounts of spending, the payers and the rates of change in annual spending growth rates varied considerably.”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Due to these limitations, the 95% CIs should be used as a relative indication of when the measurements are the most precise rather than as exact 95% CIs.”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Quantifying Uncertainty
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Bootstrapping methods assume that the empirical distribution of the errors in the sample data approximates the population's distribution.
In the paper
“Excluded from this study were home health care (2.6% of total health care spending between 1996 and 2016); durable medical equipment and nondurable medical products, which include over-the-counter medicines (3.7%); government public health activities (2.9%); and research and infrastructure investment (5.6%).”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Results
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [3] 3. Emergency department care F 0 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 Mean spending for 1996-2016, % Public insurance, 48.8 Private insurance, 47.0
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“the health burden (measured using disability-adjusted healthyears) increased by only 1.3% annually.25”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [25] 25. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Results from the 2016 national survey on drug use and health: detailed tables. http://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/results-2016- national-survey-drug-use-and-health-detailed- tables. Published September 7, 2017. Accessed January 23, 2020.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, the point estimate (ie, the reported value) of a percentile interval bootstrap is not based on the observed data but is instead based on the mean of the bootstrap draws and can be skewed in some cases.”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Quantifying Uncertainty
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Bootstrapping methods assume that the empirical distribution of the errors in the sample data approximates the population's distribution.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“these estimates are, at the time of publication, 3 years out of date.”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the many statistical adjustments and modeling necessary to complete this study are only as strong as the underlying data.”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Limitations
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This study assessed health care spending, which for many reasons differs from actual health system costs.”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, it is unclear if the health condition, age group, and sex distribution for this spending actually reflects regular health care spending paid by public insurance.”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“it is estimated that specialty drugs contributed to 43% of net pharmaceutical spending across all health conditions despite only being 2% of the volume in 2016.29”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [29] 29. Patrick SW, Schumacher RE, Benneyworth BD, Krans EE, McAllister JM, Davis MM. Neonatal abstinence syndrome and associated health care expenditures: United States, 2000-2009. JAMA. 2012;307(18):1934-1940. doi:10.1001/jama.2012.3951 source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, the data used in this study are imperfect.”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“this study cannot make any claims regarding the efficiency and effectiveness of these spending amounts and whether the trends are best suited in meeting national objectives to optimize the value of health care spending overall.”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This classification aligns with US government accounting in the National Health Expenditure Accounts”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the estimates extend 3 additional years through 2016”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the study did not provide granular and potentially distinct spending trends associated with the 2 major government insurance programs, Medicare and Medicaid”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the MEPS and other data sources exclude active military personnel, incarcerated individuals, and homeless individuals.”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the payers with the highest spending for each health condition may have been underrepresented in the survey data due to the infrequency in which these cases occur.”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Limitations
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These subsidies are indirect contributions from the government and provide further explanation as to why these estimates do not account for the health care system's entire effect on the government.”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the current study, spending was attributed to the entity that managed the spending rather than the originating source of the resources.”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper relies on this without support.
Little is known about how spending by each type of payer is divided across health conditions.
“Although the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services provides annual estimates of total health care spending for each of these programs, little is known about how spending by each type of payer is divided across health conditions.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Bootstrapping methods assume that the empirical distribution of the errors in the sample data approximates the population's distribution.
“Bootstrapping methods assume that the empirical distribution of the errors in the sample data approximates the population's distribution.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Women live longer than men on average.
“on average, women live longer than men”
The paper relies on this without support.
Women are less likely to have an in-home informal caregiver (eg, a spouse) than men.
“are less likely to have an in-home informal caregiver (eg, a spouse)”
The paper relies on this without support.
Baby boomers will age into the years most affected by dementia.
“as baby boomers age into the years most affected by the disease”
The paper relies on this without support.
Out-of-pocket payments are not distributed evenly or according to individuals' ability to pay.
“the 9.4% (95% CI, 9.4%-9.4%)that is financed by out-of-pocket payments (in 2016) is not distributed evenly or in accordance to individuals' ability to pay.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Healthcare expenditure has become a significant component of global spending14, and many health systems face challenges to improve efficiency and provide sustainable care15,16.”
From Early prediction of diagnostic-related groups and estimation of hospital cost by processing clinical notes (2021) · cites this paper as [16]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Results
“The data reflected 85.2% of health care spending between 1996 and 2016.”
§ US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016 > Health Care Spending by Payer, Age, and Aggregated Health Condition in 2016
“During this period, 86.8% of this spending was included in this study.”
Citations
Cites
Vos, T., Allen, C., Arora, M., Barber, R. M., Bhutta, Z. A., Brown, A., Carter, A., Casey, D. C., Charlson, F. J., Chen, A. Z., et al. (2016) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31678-6 · Cited by 7,253
Self-citationThe Statistical Analysis of Compositional Data
Aitchison, J. (1986) · doi:10.1007/978-94-009-4109-0 · Cited by 4,383
The Statistical Analysis of Compositional Data
Aitchison, J. (1982) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B (Statistical Methodology) · doi:10.1111/j.2517-6161.1982.tb01195.x · Cited by 3,457
A better lemon squeezer? maximum-likelihood regression with beta-distributed dependent variables.
Smithson, M., & Verkuilen, J. (2006) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.11.1.54 · Cited by 1,788
US spending on personal health care and public health, 1996-2013.
Dieleman, J. L., Baral, R., Birger, M., Bui, A. L., Bulchis, A., Chapin, A., Hamavid, H., Horst, C., Johnson, E. K., Joseph, J., et al. (2016) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2016.16885 · Cited by 1,044
Self-citationNeonatal Abstinence Syndrome and Associated Health Care Expenditures: United States, 2000-2009
Patrick, S. W., Schumacher, R. E., Benneyworth, B. D., Krans, E. E., McAllister, J. M., & Davis, M. M. (2012) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2012.3951 · Cited by 907
Chou, R., Deyo, R. A., Friedly, J. L., Skelly, A. C., Weimer, M. B., Fu, R., Dana, T., Kraegel, P., Griffin, J. C., & Grusing, S. (2017) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/m16-2458 · Cited by 893
Chou, R., Deyo, R., Friedly, J., Skelly, A., Hashimoto, R., Weimer, M., Fu, R., Dana, T., Kraegel, P., Griffin, J., et al. (2017) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/m16-2459 · Cited by 855
Chang, A. Y., Cowling, K., Micah, A. E., Chapin, A., Chen, C. S., Ikilezi, G., Sadat, N., Tsakalos, G., Wu, J., Younker, T., et al. (2019) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(19)30841-4 · Cited by 520
Self-citationNeonatal Abstinence Syndrome and Associated Health Care Expenditures
Patrick, S. W., Schumacher, R. E., Benneyworth, B. D., Krans, E. E., McAllister, J. M., & Davis, M. M. (2013) · Obstetric Anesthesia Digest · doi:10.1097/01.aoa.0000429117.48176.cc · Cited by 454
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Morrisey, Health Insurance, 1
- CurrieJ, HoK, KellyBR, KuziemkoI. Who will be our moral conscience now? a tribute to Uwe Reinhardt. https://www.healthaffairs.org/do/10.1377/hblog20190805.922868/full/. Accessed February 4, 2020. · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2023 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association
Tsao, C. W., Aday, A. W., Almarzooq, Z. I., Anderson, C. A. M., Arora, P., Avery, C. L., Baker-Smith, C. M., Beaton, A. Z., Boehme, A. K., Buxton, A. E., et al. (2023) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000001123 · Cited by 8,300
Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2022 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association
Tsao, C. W., Aday, A. W., Almarzooq, Z. I., Alonso, A., Beaton, A. Z., Bittencourt, M. S., Boehme, A. K., Buxton, A. E., Carson, A. P., Commodore-Mensah, Y., et al. (2022) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000001052 · Cited by 5,987
Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2021 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association
Virani, S. S., Alonso, A., Aparicio, H. J., Benjamin, E. J., Bittencourt, M. S., Callaway, C. W., Carson, A. P., Chamberlain, A. M., Cheng, S., Delling, F. N., et al. (2021) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000950 · Cited by 5,784
Ong, K. L., Stafford, L. K., McLaughlin, S. A., Boyko, E. J., Vollset, S. E., Smith, A. E., Dalton, B. E., Duprey, J., Cruz, J. A., Hagins, H., et al. (2023) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(23)01301-6 · Cited by 4,681
Self-citationJoglar, J. A., Chung, M. K., Armbruster, A. L., Benjamin, E. J., Chyou, J. Y., Cronin, E. M., Deswal, A. M., Eckhardt, L. L., Goldberger, Z. D., Gopinathannair, R., et al. (2023) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000001193 · Cited by 3,072
Metadata
- Authors
- Dieleman, J. L., Cao, J., Chapin, A., Chen, C., Li, Z., Liu, A., Horst, C., Kaldjian, A., Matyasz, T., Scott, K. W., Bui, A. L., Campbell, M., Duber, H. C., Dunn, A. C., Flaxman, A. D., Fitzmaurice, C., Naghavi, M., Sadat, N., Shieh, P., Squires, E., Yeung, K., & Murray, C. J. L.
- Affiliations
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- Seattle Children's Hospital (US)
- Meta (United States) (US)
- University of Washington (US)
- Bureau of Economic Analysis (US)
- Microsoft (United States) (US)
- The Improve Group, St Paul, Minnesota
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (US)
- Corresponding author
- Dieleman, Joseph L.
- ORCID
- Venue
- JAMA
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2020-03-03
- Volume
- 323
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 863
- ISSN
- 0002-9955 (ISSN-L)
- 0098-7484
- PMC
- PMC7054840
- OpenAlex
- W3010268726
- Cited by
- 1,313
- References
- 19
- Citations by year
- 2026: 171 · 2025: 269 · 2024: 284 · 2023: 221 · 2022: 160 · 2021: 139 · 2020: 69
- FWCI
- 125.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- JAMA (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (P30AG047845)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Healthcare Policy and Management
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Global Health Care Issues
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Healthcare Systems and Reforms
- Keywords
- health care spending, public insurance, private insurance, out-of-pocket costs, Medicare, Medicaid, health conditions, outpatient care, inpatient care, nursing facilities, emergency department care, dental care, prescription drug spending, health care costs
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Child, Child, Preschool, Disease, Health Expenditures, Female, Health Status, Humans, Infant, Insurance, Health, Male, Middle Aged, United States, Age Distribution, Sex Distribution, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-11, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-11 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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