Cited by 1,482Obstructive Sleep Apnea ResearchSleep and related disordersNeuroscience of respiration and sleep

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Diagnosis and Management of Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Review

Gottlieb, Daniel J., Punjabi, Naresh M.·2020·JAMA

DOI 10.1001/jama.2020.3514

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Abstract

Importance: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) affects 17% of women and 34% of men in the US and has a similar prevalence in other countries. This review provides an update on the diagnosis and treatment of OSA. Observations: The most common presenting symptom of OSA is excessive sleepiness, although this symptom is reported by as few as 15% to 50% of people with OSA in the general population. OSA is associated with a 2- to 3-fold increased risk of cardiovascular and metabolic disease. In many patients, OSA can be diagnosed with home sleep apnea testing, which has a sensitivity of approximately 80%. Effective treatments include weight loss and exercise, positive airway pressure, oral appliances that hold the jaw forward during sleep, and surgical modification of the pharyngeal soft tissues or facial skeleton to enlarge the upper airway. Hypoglossal nerve stimulation is effective in select patients with a body mass index less than 32. There are currently no effective pharmacological therapies. Treatment with positive airway pressure lowers blood pressure, especially in patients with resistant hypertension; however, randomized clinical trials of OSA treatment have not demonstrated significant benefit on rates of cardiovascular or cerebrovascular events. Conclusions and Relevance: OSA is common and the prevalence is increasing with the increased prevalence of obesity. Daytime sleepiness is among the most common symptoms, but many patients with OSA are asymptomatic. Patients with OSA who are asymptomatic, or whose symptoms are minimally bothersome and pose no apparent risk to driving safety, can be treated with behavioral measures, such as weight loss and exercise. Interventions such as positive airway pressure are recommended for those with excessive sleepiness and resistant hypertension. Managing asymptomatic OSA to reduce cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events is not currently supported by high-quality evidence.

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Authors: Gottlieb, D. J., & Punjabi, N. M.
Affiliations: Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
Johns Hopkins University (US)
ORCID: Gottlieb, Daniel J.
Punjabi, Naresh M.
Venue: JAMA
Publisher: American Medical Association (AMA)
Published: 2020-04-14
Volume: 323
Issue: 14
Pages: 1389
ISSN: 0002-9955 (ISSN-L)
0098-7484
DOI: 10.1001/jama.2020.3514
OpenAlex: W3015537361
Semantic Scholar: 0172e9c7f7ea58bd5623bd24ef5636cfe5f6c7df
Cited by: 1,482
References: 112
Citations by year: 2026: 266 · 2025: 330 · 2024: 287 · 2023: 230 · 2022: 225 · 2021: 109 · 2020: 32
FWCI: 19.00
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: JAMA (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL146709, R01HL137234)
National Institute of Nursing Research (R01NR018335)
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (U34DK120051)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Obstructive Sleep Apnea Research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Neuroscience of respiration and sleep
Keywords: obstructive sleep apnea, sleep apnea diagnosis, home sleep apnea testing, positive airway pressure, oral appliances, hypoglossal nerve stimulation, weight loss, physical activity, obesity, daytime sleepiness, resistant hypertension, cardiovascular risk, cerebrovascular risk, pharyngeal surgery, pharmacotherapy
MeSH terms: Female, Humans, Male, Prognosis, Risk Factors, Weight Loss, Health Behavior, Exercise, Mandibular Advancement, Sleep Apnea, Obstructive, Continuous Positive Airway Pressure

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Diagnosis and Management of Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Review

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