Cited by 444Substance Abuse Treatment and OutcomesAlcohol Consumption and Health EffectsAlcoholism and Thiamine Deficiency

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Pharmacological Treatment of Alcohol Dependence: A Review of the Evidence

Garbutt, James C., West, Suzanne L., Carey, Timothy S., Lohr, Kathleen N., Crews, Fulton T.·1999·JAMA

DOI 10.1001/jama.281.14.1318

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Abstract

CONTEXT: Alcoholism affects approximately 10% of Americans at some time in their lives. Treatment consists of psychosocial interventions, pharmacological interventions, or both, but which drugs are most effective at enhancing abstinence and preventing relapse has not been systematically reviewed. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of 5 categories of drugs used to treat alcohol dependence--disulfiram, the opioid antagonists naltrexone and nalmefene, acamprosate, various serotonergic agents (including selective serotonergic reuptake inhibitors), and lithium. DATA SOURCES: Reports of randomized controlled trials, nonrandomized trials, and other study designs in English, French, and German identified from multiple searches of MEDLINE, EMBASE, and specialized databases; hand searching bibliographies of review articles; searches for unpublished literature; and discussions with investigators in the field. STUDY SELECTION: We included all studies on alcohol-dependent human subjects aged 18 years or older from all inpatient and outpatient settings between 1966 and December 1997 that met our inclusion criteria. DATA EXTRACTION: We abstracted the following information: study design and blinding, diagnostic instrument and severity assessment, drug interventions and cointerventions, demographic and comorbidity details about patients, compliance, and numerous outcome measures (eg, relapse, return to drinking, drinking or nondrinking days, time to first drink, alcohol consumed per unit of time, craving). We graded quality of the individual articles (scale, 0-100) independently from the strength of evidence for each drug class (A, strong and consistent evidence of efficacy in studies of large size and/or high quality; B, mixed evidence of efficacy; C, evidence of lack of efficacy; and I, insufficient evidence). DATA SYNTHESIS: Of 375 articles evaluated, we abstracted and analyzed data from 41 studies and 11 follow-up or subgroup studies. Naltrexone (grade A) reduces the risk of relapse to heavy drinking and the frequency of drinking compared with placebo but does not substantially enhance abstinence, ie, avoidance of any alcohol consumption. Acamprosate (grade A, from large-scale studies in Europe) reduces drinking frequency, although its effects on enhancing abstinence or reducing time to first drink are less clear. Controlled studies of disulfiram (grade B) reveal a mixed outcome pattern--some evidence that drinking frequency is reduced but minimal evidence to support improved continuous abstinence rates. The limited data on serotonergic agents were not very promising (grade I), although most studies were confounded by high rates of comorbid mood disorders. Lithium lacks efficacy (grade C) in the treatment of primary alcohol dependence. CONCLUSIONS: Recent reports documenting that naltrexone and acamprosate are more effective than placebo in the treatment of alcoholism justify clinical interest in use of these medications for alcohol-dependent patients. Use of disulfiram is widespread but less clearly supported by the clinical trial evidence; however, targeted studies on supervised administration of disulfiram may be warranted. Use of existing serotonergic agents or lithium for patients with primary alcohol dependence does not appear to be supported by the efficacy data available at this time; these medications may still have a positive effect in patients with coexisting psychiatric disorders.

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“First, these drugs have been shown to significantly reduce the rate of relapse in alcohol-dependent humans (see Garbutt et al, 1999; Litten et al, 1996; Mason and Ownby, 2000; for reviews of the clinic literature), despite the fact that these drugs work through different neurochemical mechanisms.”
Background
In search of a new pharmacological treatment for drug and alcohol addiction: N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) antagonists
Bisaga, A. M., & Popik, P. (2000) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/s0376-8716(99)00107-6 · Cited by 107
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“On the other hand, disulfiram has been used for treatment of alcohol abuse for many years (Garbutt et al., 1999) because of its ability to inhibit the liver mitochondrial form of aldehyde dehydrogenase (Ploemen et al., 1996).”
Background
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“To maintain abstinence, recent investigations suggest the benefits of adjuvant medications, e. g., naltrexone, which is an opiate receptor antagonist that blocks endogenous opioid reward and reduces alcohol-cue-conditioned reinforcement signals; acamprosate, an agent that exerts action through excitatory amino acids;…”
Searching for Responders to Acamprosate and Naltrexone in Alcoholism Treatment: Rationale and Design of thePredict Study
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A comprehensive review of cytochrome P450 2E1 for xenobiotic metabolism
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“Disulfiram, a suicide inhibitor of CYP2E1, is useful in the relapse prevention of alcohol dependence (Garbutt et al. 1999).”
Background
The BRENDA Model: Integrating Psychosocial Treatment and Pharmacotherapy for the Treatment of Alcohol Use Disorders
Starosta, A., Leeman, R. F., & Volpicelli, J. R. (2006) · Journal of Psychiatric Practice · doi:10.1097/00131746-200603000-00003 · Cited by 93
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Result
Ethanol oral self-administration is increased in mutant mice with decreased β-endorphin expression1Published on the World Wide Web on 1 April 1999.1
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Guidelines for biological treatment of substance use and related disorders, part 1: Alcoholism, first revision
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“A number of clinical studies of the efficacy of disulfiram in treating alcohol dependence have been conducted but there has been little consistency in the findings (Fuller et al. 1986; Hughes & Cook 1997; Garbutt et al. 1999; Krampe et al. 2006) (Level C).”
BackgroundResult
Screening tests for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with chronic hepatitis C: A systematic review
Gebo, K. A., Chander, G., Jenckes, M. W., Ghanem, K. G., Herlong, H. F., Torbenson, M. S., El‐Kamary, S. S., & Bass, E. B. (2002) · Hepatology · doi:10.1002/hep.1840360711 · Cited by 86
Pharmacotherapy of alcoholism – an update on approved and off-label medications
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Baclofen Blocks Expression and Sensitization of Anxiety‐Like Behavior in an Animal Model of Repeated Stress and Ethanol Withdrawal
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“Acamprosate has been widely used in Europe (and more recently the United States) to reduce relapse in alcoholic subjects, and some studies show it to be modestly effective (e.g., Garbutt et al., 1999; Pelc et al., 1997; Verheul et al., 2005; Wilde and Wagstaff, 1997).”
Background
Association Studies of Neurotransmitter Gene Polymorphisms in Alcoholic Caucasians
Foley, P. F., Loh, E., INNES, D. J., Williams, S. M., Tannenberg, A. E. G., Harper, C., & Dodd, P. R. (2004) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1316.005 · Cited by 83
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World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) Guidelines for Biological Treatment of Substance Use and Related Disorders, Part 1: Alcoholism
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“Garbutt et al. (1999) concluded that the efficacy evidence for disulfiram is inconsistent and that there is more often negative evidence on other outcome measures such as relapse (Level C).”
Background
An overview of medications for the treatment of alcohol withdrawal and alcohol dependence with an emphasis on the use of older and newer anticonvulsants
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Pathogenesis and management of alcoholic hepatitis
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Background

Authors: Garbutt, J. C., West, S. L., Carey, T. S., Lohr, K. N., & Crews, F. T.
Affiliations: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
RTI International (US)
ORCID: West, Suzanne L.
Carey, Timothy S.
Lohr, Kathleen N.
Crews, Fulton T.
Venue: JAMA
Publisher: American Medical Association (AMA)
Published: 1999-04-14
Volume: 281
Issue: 14
Pages: 1318
ISSN: 0002-9955 (ISSN-L)
0098-7484
DOI: 10.1001/jama.281.14.1318
OpenAlex: W2082518171
Cited by: 444
References: 43
Citations by year: 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 19
FWCI: 21.16
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: JAMA (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: U.S. Public Health Service (290-97-0011)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Alcohol Consumption and Health Effects
Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Alcoholism and Thiamine Deficiency
Keywords: alcoholism, pharmacotherapy, disulfiram, naltrexone, nalmefene, acamprosate, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, lithium, relapse prevention, abstinence, drinking frequency, craving, treatment efficacy, quality of evidence grading, psychosocial interventions
MeSH terms: Acamprosate, Adult, Alcohol Deterrents, Alcoholism, Disulfiram, Humans, Lithium, Naltrexone, Narcotic Antagonists, Taurine, Serotonin Agents

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Pharmacological Treatment of Alcohol Dependence: A Review of the Evidence

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