The Medical Costs of Gunshot Injuries in the United States
Abstract
CONTEXT: The cost of treating gunshot injuries imposes a financial burden on society. Estimates of such costs are relevant to evaluation of gun violence reduction programs and may help guide reimbursement policies. OBJECTIVES: To develop reliable US estimates of the medical costs of treating gunshot injuries and to present national estimates for the sources of payment for treating these injuries. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cost analysis using E-coded discharge data from hospitals in Maryland for 1994-1995 and New York for 1994 and from emergency departments in South Carolina for 1997. Other sources of data included the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System for 1994 incidence of nonfatal gun injuries, the National Spinal Cord Injury Statistical Center database for 1988-1992 estimates of lifetime medical costs of gun injuries, and the 1994 Vital Statistics census for incidence of fatal gun injuries. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Estimated national acute-care and follow-up treatment costs and payment sources for gunshot injuries. RESULTS: At a mean medical cost per injury of about $17000, the 134445 (95% confidence interval [CI], 109465-159425) gunshot injuries in the United States in 1994 produced $2.3 billion (95% CI, $2.1 billion-$2.5 billion) in lifetime medical costs (in 1994 dollars, using a 3% real discount rate), of which $1.1 billion (49%) was paid by US taxpayers. Gunshot injuries due to assaults accounted for 74% of total costs. CONCLUSIONS: Gunshot injury costs represent a substantial burden to the medical care system. Nearly half this cost is borne by US taxpayers.
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- Authors
- Cook, P. J.
- Affiliations
- Duke University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Cook, Philip J.
- ORCID
- Cook, Philip J.
- Venue
- JAMA
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 1999-08-04
- Volume
- 282
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 447
- ISSN
- 0002-9955 (ISSN-L)
- 0098-7484
- OpenAlex
- W2163746139
- Cited by
- 151
- References
- 19
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 8.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- JAMA (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Gun Ownership and Violence Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Emergency Medicine › Trauma and Emergency Care Studies
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Healthcare Policy and Management
- Keywords
- gunshot wounds, gun violence, health care costs, lifetime medical costs, health care financing, public funding of health care, assault injuries, emergency department care, hospital discharge costs, spinal cord injury
- MeSH terms
- Emergency Medical Services, Emergency Service, Hospital, Hospitalization, Humans, United States, Violence, Wounds, Gunshot, Incidence, Health Care Costs, Hospital Costs
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