Student or educator? Sign up with your school email and get 6 months of Pro free.
CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 1,089

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 4 of the 4 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Mortality Risk Reduction Associated With Smoking Cessation in Patients With Coronary Heart Disease: A Systematic Review

Open access
Critchley, Julia A., Capewell, Simon·2003·JAMA
DOI 10.1001/jama.290.1.86
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

CONTEXT: As more interventions become available for the treatment of coronary heart disease (CHD), policy makers and health practitioners need to understand the benefits of each intervention, to better determine where to focus resources. This is particularly true when a patient with CHD quits smoking. OBJECTIVE: To conduct a systematic review to determine the magnitude of risk reduction achieved by smoking cessation in patients with CHD. DATA SOURCES: Nine electronic databases were searched from start of database to April 2003, supplemented by cross-checking references, contact with experts, and with large international cohort studies (identified by the Prospective Studies Collaboration). STUDY SELECTION: Prospective cohort studies of patients who were diagnosed with CHD were included if they reported all-cause mortality and had at least 2 years of follow-up. Smoking status had to be measured after CHD diagnosis to ascertain quitting. DATA EXTRACTION: Two reviewers independently assessed studies to determine eligibility, quality assessment of studies, and results, and independently carried out data extraction using a prepiloted, standardized form. DATA SYNTHESIS: From the literature search, 665 publications were screened and 20 studies were included. Results showed a 36% reduction in crude relative risk (RR) of mortality for patients with CHD who quit compared with those who continued smoking (RR, 0.64; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.58-0.71). Results from individual studies did not vary greatly despite many differences in patient characteristics, such as age, sex, type of CHD, and the years in which studies took place. Adjusted risk estimates did not differ substantially from crude estimates. Many studies did not adequately address quality issues, such as control of confounding, and misclassification of smoking status. However, restriction to 6 higher-quality studies had little effect on the estimate (RR, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.65-0.77). Few studies included large numbers of elderly persons, women, ethnic minorities, or patients from developing countries. CONCLUSIONS: Quitting smoking is associated with a substantial reduction in risk of all-cause mortality among patients with CHD. This risk reduction appears to be consistent regardless of age, sex, index cardiac event, country, and year of study commencement.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1001/jama.290.1.86

Cites

4 of 4 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 4 references

Research works printed but not linked: 57

  1. Reid, 1976, Smoking and other risk factors for coronary heart-disease in British civil servants., Lancet, 2, 979, 10.1016/S0140-6736(76)90830-8 · DOI · Paper page
  2. Doll, 1994, Mortality in relation to smoking: 40 years' observations on male British doctors., BMJ, 309, 901, 10.1136/bmj.309.6959.901 · DOI · Paper page
  3. Shaper, 1985, Risk factors for ischaemic heart disease: the prospective phase of the British Regional Heart Study., J Epidemiol Community Health, 39, 197, 10.1136/jech.39.3.197 · DOI · Paper page
  4. Kannel, 2000, Latest perspective on cigarette smoking and cardiovascular disease: the Framingham experience., J Cardiac Rehab, 4, 267
  5. Jousilahti, 1999, Is the effect of smoking on the risk for coronary heart disease even stronger than was previously thought?, J Cardiovasc Risk, 6, 293, 10.1177/204748739900600503 · DOI
  6. Wilhelmsson, 1975, Smoking and myocardial infarction., Lancet, 1, 415, 10.1016/S0140-6736(75)91488-9 · DOI · Paper page
  7. Johansson, 1985, Cessation of smoking after myocardial infarction in women: effects on mortality and reinfarctions., Am J Epidemiol, 121, 823, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a114053 · DOI
  8. Sato, 1992, Beneficial effect of stopping smoking on future cardiac events in male smokers with previous myocardial infarction., Jpn Circ J, 56, 217, 10.1253/jcj.56.217 · DOI
  9. Lightwood, 1997, Short-term economic and health benefits of smoking cessation: myocardial infarction and stroke., Circulation, 96, 1089, 10.1161/01.CIR.96.4.1089 · DOI · Paper page
  10. Grand, 1992, Effect of tobacco smoking on the incidence of recurrent myocardial infarction: a retrospective study of 208 cases [in French]., Ann Cardiol Angeiol Paris, 41, 55
  11. Gordon, 1974, Death and coronary attacks in men after giving up cigarette smoking: a report from the Framingham Study., Lancet, 2, 1345, 10.1016/S0140-6736(74)92214-4 · DOI · Paper page
  12. Dobson, 1991, How soon after quitting smoking does risk of heart attack decline?, J Clin Epidemiol, 44, 1247, 10.1016/0895-4356(91)90157-5 · DOI
  13. Negri, 1994, Acute myocardial infarction: association with time since stopping smoking in Italy: GISSI-EFRIM Investigators., J Epidemiol Community Health, 48, 129, 10.1136/jech.48.2.129 · DOI
  14. Doll, 1976, Mortality in relation to smoking: 20 years' observations on male British doctors., BMJ, 2, 1525, 10.1136/bmj.2.6051.1525 · DOI · Paper page
  15. Cook, 1986, Giving up smoking and the risk of heart attacks: a report from the British Regional Heart Study., Lancet, 2, 1376, 10.1016/S0140-6736(86)92017-9 · DOI
  16. Ben-Shlomo, 1994, What determines mortality risk in male former cigarette smokers?, Am J Public Health, 84, 1235, 10.2105/AJPH.84.8.1235 · DOI
  17. Dornelas, 2000, A randomized controlled trial of smoking cessation counseling after myocardial infarction., Prev Med, 30, 261, 10.1006/pmed.2000.0644 · DOI · Paper page
  18. Greenwood, 1995, Stress, social support, and stopping smoking after myocardial infarction in England., J Epidemiol Community Health, 49, 583, 10.1136/jech.49.6.583 · DOI
  19. Capewell, 2000, Trends in case-fatality in 117 718 patients admitted with acute myocardial infarction in Scotland., Eur Heart J, 21, 1833, 10.1053/euhj.2000.2318 · DOI
  20. MacIntyre, 2000, Evidence of improving prognosis in heart failure: trends in case fatality in 66 547 patients hospitalized between 1986 and 1995., Circulation, 102, 1126, 10.1161/01.CIR.102.10.1126 · DOI · Paper page
  21. Ho, 1993, The epidemiology of heart failure: the Framingham Study., J Am Coll Cardiol, 22, 6A, 10.1016/0735-1097(93)90455-A · DOI · Paper page
  22. Ho, 1993, Survival after the onset of congestive heart failure in Framingham Heart Study subjects., Circulation, 88, 107, 10.1161/01.CIR.88.1.107 · DOI · Paper page
  23. Hubert, 1982, Clinical characteristics and cigarette-smoking in relation to prognosis of angina-pectoris in Framingham., Am J Epidemiol, 115, 231, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113295 · DOI
  24. Rosenberg, 1990, Decline in the risk of myocardial infarction among women who stop smoking., N Engl J Med, 322, 213, 10.1056/NEJM199001253220401 · DOI · Paper page
  25. Tunstall-Pedoe H for WHO MONICA Project Principal Investigators, 1988, The World Health Organization MONICA Project (Monitoring Trends and Determinants in Cardiovascular Disease): a major international collaboration., J Clin Epidemiol, 41, 105, 10.1016/0895-4356(88)90084-4 · DOI · Paper page
  26. Prospective Studies Collaboration, 1999, Collaborative overview ("meta-analysis") of prospective observational studies of the associations of usual blood pressure and usual cholesterol levels with common causes of death: protocol for the second cycle of the Prospective Studies Collaboration., J Cardiovasc Risk, 6, 315, 10.1177/204748739900600508 · DOI
  27. Friedenreich, 1993, Methods for pooled analyses of epidemiologic studies., Epidemiology, 4, 295, 10.1097/00001648-199307000-00004 · DOI
  28. Bednarzewski, 1984, Czy zaniechanie palenia tytoniu po przebyciu zawalu serca wplywa na rokowanie odlegle chorych po zawale? [Does stopping tobacco smoking affect long-term prognosis after myocardial infarction?]., Wiad Lek, 37, 569
  29. Gupta, 1993, Influence of cessation of smoking on long term mortality in patients with coronary heart disease., Indian Heart J, 45, 125
  30. Burr, 1992, Haematological prognostic indices after myocardial infarction: evidence from the diet and reinfarction trial (DART)., Eur Heart J, 13, 166, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a060141 · DOI
  31. van Domburg, 2000, Smoking cessation reduces mortality after coronary artery bypass surgery: a 20-year follow-up study., J Am Coll Cardiol, 36, 878, 10.1016/S0735-1097(00)00810-X · DOI · Paper page
  32. Vlietstra, 1986, Effect of cigarette smoking on survival of patients with angiographically documented coronary artery disease: report from the CASS registry., JAMA, 255, 1023, 10.1001/jama.1986.03370080045023 · DOI
  33. Aberg, 1983, Cessation of smoking after myocardial-infarction—effects on mortality after 10 years., Br Heart J, 49, 416, 10.1136/hrt.49.5.416 · DOI
  34. Hasdai, 1997, Effect of smoking status on the long-term outcome after successful percutaneous coronary revascularization., N Engl J Med, 336, 755, 10.1056/NEJM199703133361103 · DOI
  35. Daly, 1983, Long term effect on mortality of stopping smoking after unstable angina and myocardial infarction., BMJ Clin Res Ed, 287, 324, 10.1136/bmj.287.6388.324 · DOI · Paper page
  36. Voors, 1996, Smoking and cardiac events after venous coronary bypass surgery: a 15-year follow-up study., Circulation, 93, 42, 10.1161/01.CIR.93.1.42 · DOI
  37. Salonen, 1980, Stopping smoking and long-term mortality after acute myocardial infarction., Br Heart J, 43, 463, 10.1136/hrt.43.4.463 · DOI
  38. Hallstrom, 1986, Smoking as a risk factor for recurrence of sudden cardiac arrest., N Engl J Med, 314, 271, 10.1056/NEJM198601303140502 · DOI
  39. Perkins, 1985, Smoking and myocardial infarction: secondary prevention., Postgrad Med J, 61, 295, 10.1136/pgmj.61.714.295 · DOI
  40. Sparrow, 1978, The influence of cigarette smoking on prognosis after a first myocardial infarction: a report from the Framingham Study., J Chronic Dis, 31, 425, 10.1016/0021-9681(78)90006-1 · DOI · Paper page
  41. Tofler, 1993, Comparison of long-term outcome after acute myocardial infarction in patients never graduated from high school with that in more educated patients: Multicenter Investigation of the Limitation of Infarct Size (MILIS)., Am J Cardiol, 71, 1031, 10.1016/0002-9149(93)90568-W · DOI
  42. Herlitz, 1995, Smoking habits in consecutive patients with acute myocardial infarction: prognosis in relation to other risk indicators and to whether or not they quit smoking., Cardiology, 86, 496, 10.1159/000176929 · DOI
  43. Baughman, 1982, Early discharge following acute myocardial infarction: long-term follow-up of randomized patients., Arch Intern Med, 142, 875, 10.1001/archinte.1982.00340180031006 · doi:10.1001/archinte.1982.00340180031006
  44. Hedback, 1993, Long-term reduction of cardiac mortality after myocardial infarction: 10-year results of a comprehensive rehabilitation programme., Eur Heart J, 14, 831, 10.1093/eurheartj/14.6.831 · DOI
  45. Hajek, 2002, Preventing relapse to smoking in cardiac rehabilitation patients—a controlled trial of brief intervention by cardiac rehab nurses., BMJ, 324, 87, 10.1136/bmj.324.7329.87 · DOI · Paper page
  46. Pignone, 2000, Use of lipid lowering drugs for primary prevention of coronary heart disease: meta-analysis of randomised trials., BMJ, 321, 983, 10.1136/bmj.321.7267.983 · DOI · Paper page
  47. Not Available, 2002, Collaborative meta-analysis of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy for prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke in high risk patients, BMJ, 324, 71, 10.1136/bmj.324.7329.71 · DOI · Paper page
  48. Flather, 2000, Long-term ACE-inhibitor therapy in patients with heart failure or left-ventricular dysfunction: a systematic overview of data from individual patients: ACE-Inhibitor Myocardial Infarction Collaborative Group., Lancet, 355, 1575, 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02212-1 · DOI · Paper page
  49. Naidoo, 2000, Modelling the short term consequences of smoking cessation in England on the hospitalisation rates for acute myocardial infarction and stroke., Tob Control, 9, 397, 10.1136/tc.9.4.397 · DOI
  50. Patrick, 1994, The validity of self-reported smoking: a review and meta-analysis., Am J Public Health, 84, 1086, 10.2105/AJPH.84.7.1086 · DOI · Paper page
  51. Woodward, 1992, Biochemical evidence of persistent heavy smoking after a coronary diagnosis despite self-reported reduction: analysis from the Scottish Heart Health Study., Eur Heart J, 13, 160, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a060140 · DOI
  52. Wilcox, 1979, Verification of smoking history in patients after infarction using urinary nicotine and cotinine measurements., BMJ, 2, 1026, 10.1136/bmj.2.6197.1026 · DOI
  53. Skaar, 1997, Smoking cessation 1: an overview of research., Behav Med, 23, 5, 10.1080/08964289709596362 · DOI
  54. Egger, 1998, Spurious precision? meta-analysis of observational studies., BMJ, 316, 140, 10.1136/bmj.316.7125.140 · DOI · Paper page
  55. Office on Smoking and Health, 1990, The Health Benefits of Smoking Cessation: A Report of the Surgeon General
  56. Stata version 6, 2000, Statistical Software, Version 6, 2000
  57. Cochrane Collaboration. Review Manager 4.1, 2000. Available at: http://www.cc-ims.net/RevMan. Access verified June 6, 2003.

Cited by

See all 1,089

Metadata

Authors
Critchley, J. A., & Capewell, S.
Venue
JAMA
Publisher
American Medical Association (AMA)
Published
2003-07-02
Volume
290
Issue
1
Pages
86
ISSN
  • 0002-9955 (ISSN-L)
  • 0098-7484
DOI
10.1001/jama.290.1.86
OpenAlex
W1996517131
Cited by
1,089
References
4
FWCI
15.56
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
green

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

How to cite

Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.

This page
CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Mortality Risk Reduction Associated With Smoking Cessation in Patients With Coronary Heart Disease: A Systematic Review. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1001/jama.290.1.86
The paper
Critchley, J. A., & Capewell, S. (2003). Mortality Risk Reduction Associated With Smoking Cessation in Patients With Coronary Heart Disease: A Systematic Review. JAMA. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.290.1.86

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.