Cited by 345Retinal Diseases and TreatmentsAntioxidant Activity and Oxidative StressRetinal Imaging and Analysis

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Dietary Intake of Antioxidants and Risk of Age-Related Macular Degeneration

van Leeuwen, Redmer·2005·JAMA

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Abstract

CONTEXT: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the most prevalent cause of irreversible blindness in developed countries. Recently, high-dose supplementation with beta carotene, vitamins C and E, and zinc was shown to slow the progression of AMD. OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether regular dietary intake of antioxidants is associated with a lower risk of incident AMD. DESIGN: Dietary intake was assessed at baseline in the Rotterdam Study (1990-1993) using a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. Incident AMD until final follow-up in 2004 was determined by grading fundus color transparencies in a masked way according to the International Classification and Grading System. SETTING: Population-based cohort of all inhabitants aged 55 years or older in a middle-class suburb of Rotterdam, the Netherlands. PARTICIPANTS: Of 5836 persons at risk of AMD at baseline, 4765 had reliable dietary data and 4170 participated in the follow-up. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Incident AMD, defined as soft distinct drusen with pigment alterations, indistinct or reticular drusen, geographic atrophy, or choroidal neovascularization. RESULTS: Incident AMD occurred in 560 participants after a mean follow-up of 8.0 years (range, 0.3-13.9 years). Dietary intake of both vitamin E and zinc was inversely associated with incident AMD. The hazard ratio (HR) per standard deviation increase of intake for vitamin E was 0.92 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.84-1.00) and for zinc was 0.91 (95% CI, 0.83-0.98). An above-median intake of all 4 nutrients, beta carotene, vitamin C, vitamin E, and zinc, was associated with a 35% reduced risk (HR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.46-0.92) of AMD. Exclusion of supplement users did not affect the results. CONCLUSION: In this study, a high dietary intake of beta carotene, vitamins C and E, and zinc was associated with a substantially reduced risk of AMD in elderly persons.

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A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Clinical Trial of High-Dose Supplementation With Vitamins C and E, Beta Carotene, and Zinc for Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Vision Loss: AREDS Report No. 8
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Authors: van Leeuwen, R.
Venue: JAMA
Publisher: American Medical Association (AMA)
Published: 2005-12-28
Volume: 294
Issue: 24
Pages: 3101
ISSN: 0002-9955 (ISSN-L)
0098-7484
DOI: 10.1001/jama.294.24.3101
OpenAlex: W2120882408
Cited by: 345
References: 25
Citations by year: 2026: 7 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 31
FWCI: 24.98
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: JAMA (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (publishedVersion)
Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion)
Pure Amsterdam UMC (submittedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Retinal Diseases and Treatments
Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry (medical) › Antioxidant Activity and Oxidative Stress
Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Retinal Imaging and Analysis
Keywords: age-related macular degeneration, dietary antioxidants, vitamin E, zinc, beta-carotene, vitamin C, drusen, geographic atrophy, choroidal neovascularization, dietary intake, older adults, Rotterdam Study
MeSH terms: Aged, Antioxidants, Ascorbic Acid, Diet, Diet Surveys, Female, Humans, Macular Degeneration, Male, Middle Aged, Netherlands, Risk, Vitamin E, Zinc, Cohort Studies, beta Carotene

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Dietary Intake of Antioxidants and Risk of Age-Related Macular Degeneration

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